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Yousuf FA, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Presence of rotavirus and free-living amoebae in the water supplies of Karachi, Pakistan. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e32. [PMID: 28591260 PMCID: PMC5459539 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus and pathogenic free-living amoebae are causative agents of important health problems, especially for developing countries like Pakistan where the population has limited access to clean water supplies. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of rotavirus and free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri) in drinking water supplies of Karachi, Pakistan. Six water filtration plants that supply drinking water to the population of Karachi were investigated. Additionally, drinking water samples from households were analyzed for the presence of rotavirus and free-living amoebae. Rotavirus was present in 35% of the water samples collected from water filtration plants; however, domestic tap water samples had a prevalence of only 5%. Out of 20 water samples from filtration plants, 13 (65%) were positive for Acanthamoeba spp., and one (5%) was positive for B. mandrillaris. Out of 20 drinking water samples collected from different areas of Karachi, 35% were positive for Acanthamoeba spp. Rotavirus was detected in 5% of the drinking water samples tested. Overall, these findings showed for the first time the presence of rotavirus, in addition to pathogenic free-living amoebae in drinking water supplies of Karachi that could be an important public health risk for the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Sunway University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Sunway University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Malaysia
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da Silva Poló T, Peiró JR, Mendes LCN, Ludwig LF, de Oliveira-Filho EF, Bucardo F, Huynen P, Melin P, Thiry E, Mauroy A. Human norovirus infection in Latin America. J Clin Virol 2016; 78:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Presencia de virus entéricos en muestras de agua para el consumo humano en Colombia: desafíos de los sistemas de abastecimiento. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:169-78. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> El agua de consumo humano puede ser vehículo de transmisión de agentes patógenos. La detección de virus entéricos en estas muestras de agua es esencial para establecer las acciones adecuadas de control y prevención de las enfermedades asociadas.<br /><strong>Objetivo.</strong> Analizar los resultados del diagnóstico de virus entéricos en muestras de agua para el consumo humano recibidas en el Instituto Nacional de Salud y establecer su asociación con los datos sobre la calidad del agua en los municipios de Colombia.<br /><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Se hizo un análisis descriptivo retrospectivo de los resultados obtenidos en la detección de rotavirus, enterovirus, virus de la hepatitis A y adenovirus, en muestras de agua recibidas para estudios complementarios en la investigación de brotes de hepatitis entérica, de enfermedad diarreica aguda y de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Dicha información se correlacionó con los datos de la vigilancia de la calidad del agua municipal determinada según el índice de riesgo de la calidad del agua (IRCA).<br /><strong>Resultados.</strong> Se procesaron 288 muestras de 102 municipios de Colombia, de las cuales el 50,7 % fue positivo para algún virus: 26,73 %, para el virus de la hepatitis A; 20,48 %, para enterovirus y rotavirus, y 18,05 % para adenovirus. Se detectaron virus en 48,26 % de las muestras de agua no tratada y en 45,83 % de las de agua tratada. El IRCA no mostró correlación con la presencia de virus.<br /><strong>Conclusiones.</strong> La presencia de virus en el agua representa un riesgo para la salud pública. La prevención de la transmisión de virus por medio del agua requiere políticas para fortalecer los sistemas de suministro y para mejorar la vigilancia epidemiológica.</p>
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Gutierrez L, Nguyen TH. Interactions between rotavirus and natural organic matter isolates with different physicochemical characteristics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14460-8. [PMID: 24152034 DOI: 10.1021/la402893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interaction forces between rotavirus and Suwanee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) or Colorado River NOM (CRNOM) were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in NaCl solutions and at unadjusted pH (5.7-5.9). Compared to CRNOM, SRNOM has more aromatic carbon and phenolic/carboxylic functional groups. CRNOM is characterized with aliphatic structure and considerable presence of polysaccharide moieties rich in hydroxyl functional groups. Strong repulsive forces were observed between rotavirus and silica or mica or SRNOM. The interaction decay length derived from the approaching curves for these systems involving rotavirus in high ionic strength solution was significantly higher than the theoretical Debye length. While no adhesion was observed for rotavirus and SRNOM, attraction was observed between CRNOM and rotavirus during approach and adhesion during retraction. Moreover, these adhesion forces decreased with increasing ionic strength. Interactions due to ionic hydrogen bonding between deprotonated carboxyl groups on rotavirus and hydroxyl functional groups on CRNOM were suggested as the dominant interaction mechanisms between rotavirus and CRNOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gutierrez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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ZHOU X, LI H, SUN L, MO Y, CHEN S, WU X, LIANG J, ZHENG H, KE C, VARMA JK, KLENA JD, CHEN Q, ZOU L, YANG X. Epidemiological and molecular analysis of a waterborne outbreak of norovirus GII.4. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:2282-9. [PMID: 22400795 PMCID: PMC3487484 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated water is one of the main sources of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis outbreaks globally. Waterborne NoV outbreaks are infrequently attributed to GII.4 NoV. In September 2009, a NoV outbreak affected a small school in Guangdong Province, China. Epidemiological investigations indicated that household use water, supplied by a well, was the probable source (relative risk 1·9). NoV nucleic acid material in concentrated well-water samples was detected using real-time RT-PCR. Nucleotide sequences of NoV extracted from diarrhoea and well-water specimens were identical and had the greatest sequence identity to corresponding sequences from the epidemic strain GII.4-2006b. Our report documents the first laboratory-confirmed waterborne outbreak caused by GII.4 NoV genotype in China. Our investigations indicate that well water, intended exclusively for household use but not for consumption, caused this outbreak. The results of this report serve as a reminder that private well water intended for household use should be tested for NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. ZHOU
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - H. LI
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - L. SUN
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Y. MO
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - S. CHEN
- Field Epidemiology Training Program of Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - X. WU
- Field Epidemiology Training Program of Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - J. LIANG
- Field Epidemiology Training Program of Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - H. ZHENG
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - C. KE
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - J. K. VARMA
- China–US Collaborative Program on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China and United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. D. KLENA
- China–US Collaborative Program on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China and United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Q. CHEN
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - L. ZOU
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - X. YANG
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
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Genomas virales fragmentados sugieren contaminación para aguas de consumo humano. INFECTIO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Suzuki Y, Narimatsu S, Furukawa T, Iwakiri A, Miura M, Yamamoto S, Katayama H. Comparison of real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of noroviruses in municipal wastewater. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:369-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yang W, Gu AZ, Zeng SY, Li D, He M, Shi HC. Development of a combined immunomagnetic separation and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for sensitive detection of infectious rotavirus in water samples. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 84:447-53. [PMID: 21256895 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative and rapid detection method for rotavirus in water samples was developed using immunomagnetic separation combined with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IMS-RT-qPCR). Magnetic beads coated with antibodies against representative group A rotavirus were used to capture and purify intact rotavirus particles in both artificial and real environmental water sample matrix. Compared to extracting RNA using commercial kits and RT-qPCR assay, the developed IMS-RT-qPCR method increased the detection sensitivity by about one order of magnitude when applied in clean water, with a detection limit of 3.16 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50))/mL within 5h. This method was compatible with various commonly used virus eluants, including beef extract (BE), beef extract with 0.05M glycine (BEG) and urea arginine phosphate buffer (UAPB). The recovery efficiencies from various eluants using IMS-RT-qPCR are higher than that using direct RT-qPCR method, demonstrating the effectiveness of the IMS step for eliminating inhibitors in the eluant matrix. This method was also successfully applied to purify and detect rotavirus particles seeded in 10(3)-fold concentrated wastewater influent samples. It seemed to reduce the interference from complex sample background and increase the qPCR product reliability comparing to RT-qPCR method without the IMS step. The results indicated that IMS-RT-qPCR is a rapid, sensitive and reliable tool for detecting rotaviruses in complex water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ajami N, Koo H, Darkoh C, Atmar RL, Okhuysen PC, Jiang ZD, Flores J, Dupont HL. Characterization of norovirus-associated traveler's diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:123-30. [PMID: 20540620 DOI: 10.1086/653530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traveler's diarrhea is the most common medical complaint of international visitors to developing regions. Previous findings suggested that noroviruses (NoVs) are an underappreciated cause of traveler's diarrhea. METHODS. In the present study, we sought to define the presence of NoVs in 320 acute diarrheic stool samples collected from 299 US students who traveled to Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, or Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, during the period from 2007 through 2008. Conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect and determine NoV loads in stool samples. NoV strains were characterized by purification of viral RNA followed by sequencing of the viral capsid protein 1 gene. Sequences were compared using multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic trees were generated to evaluate the evolutionary relatedness of the viral strains associated with cases of traveler's diarrhea. RESULTS NoV RNA was detected in 30 (9.4%) of 320 samples. Twelve strains belonged to genogroup I, and 18 strains belonged to genogroup II. NoV prevalence was higher in the winter season than in the summer season (23% vs 7%, respectively; P = .001). The cDNA viral loads of genogroup I viruses were found to be 500-fold higher than those of genogroup II strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a diverse population of NoV strains over different locations and years. CONCLUSIONS NoV strains are important causes of traveler's diarrhea in Mexico, especially during the wintertime, and US students in Mexico may represent a suitable group for future NoV vaccine efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ajami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gutierrez L, Li X, Wang J, Nangmenyi G, Economy J, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Nguyen TH. Adsorption of rotavirus and bacteriophage MS2 using glass fiber coated with hematite nanoparticles. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:5198-208. [PMID: 19766286 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Batch and flow-through experiments were conducted to investigate the removal and inactivation of rotavirus (RV) and bacteriophage MS2 using glass fiber coated with hematite nanoparticles. Batch tests showed a high removal of MS2 (2.49x10(11) plaque forming unit/g) and RV (8.9x10(6) focal forming unit/g) at a low concentration of hematite nanoparticles in solution (0.043g/L and 0.26g/L, respectively). Virus adsorption was, however, decreased in the presence of bicarbonate ions and natural organic matter (NOM) in solution, suggesting a great affinity of iron oxide nanoparticles for these competitors. Adsorption on hematite nanoparticles by MS2 and RV was also tested with aquifer groundwater under saturated flow conditions to mimic environmental conditions with promising results (8x10(8) plaque forming unit/g and 3x10(4) focal forming unit/g, respectively). Desorption of up to 63% of infectious MS2 and only 2% of infectious RV from hematite nanoparticles were achieved when an eluant solution containing beef extract and glycine was used. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed evidence of electrostatic adsorption of apparently intact MS2 and structurally damaged RV particles to hematite nanoparticles. Results from this research suggest that a cartridge made of glass fiber coated with hematite nanoparticles could be used as a point-of-use device for virus removal for drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gutierrez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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He XQ, Cheng L, Zhang DY, Li W, Xie XM, Ma M, Wang ZJ. First molecular detection of group A rotaviruses in drinking water sources in Beijing, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 83:120-124. [PMID: 19330275 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent group A rotavirus found in the diarrheic children was also determined in drinking water sources including raw water, treated water and tap water in Beijing, and then the possible contamination contributions to tap water for human consumption were discussed in this study. A total of 26 raw water samples, 77 treated water samples and 143 tap water samples in Beijing were collected for analysis of group A rotavirus from April 2006 to August 2007. According to the results, it was shown that group A rotaviruses occurred in 9 raw water samples (34.6%), 9 treated water samples (11.7%) and 32 tap water samples (22.4%) during the sampling period, and low disinfectant residuals or a vulnerability of the distribution system to pressure transients, in addition to raw water, may account for the group A rotaviruses contamination to tap water. The rotavirus contamination observed in this study may highlight a potential public health risk and illustrate the importance of including routine virological analysis of drinking water supplies during winter time in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Greer AL, Drews SJ, Fisman DN. Why "winter" vomiting disease? Seasonality, hydrology, and Norovirus epidemiology in Toronto, Canada. ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:192-199. [PMID: 20151172 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009-0247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis, and is thought to be the causative agent in 68-90% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks. The seasonality of disease occurrence is sufficiently stereotyped to result in this disease being dubbed "winter vomiting disease." The genesis of this seasonality has been obscure. We sought to identify environmental factors associated with Norovirus outbreaks in Toronto, Canada. We evaluated 253 outbreaks of gastroenteritis linked to Norovirus between November 2005 and March 2008. Poisson regression models were constructed to evaluate associations between average environmental exposures and case counts. A case-crossover approach was used to evaluate associations between acute changes in environment and outbreak risk. Case-crossover analysis indicated an association between low Lake Ontario temperature (<or=4 degrees C) (hazard ratio [HR], 5.61 [95% CI, 2.81-11.12]) and high flow (>2.5 m(3)/s) in the Don River (HR, 3.17 [95% CI, 2.30-4.36]), 1-7 days prior to case occurrence. For both exposure variables, the highest hazard ratios were found 24-48 h prior to case onset. Regression models provided further support for these patterns. The association between local watershed conditions and Norovirus outbreak risk suggest a source-water reservoir for this pathogen. We hypothesize that the reservoir may be maintained through the discharge of wastewater containing virus particles; wintertime seasonality may be explained by enhanced viral persistence at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Greer
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Análisis filogenético de las cepas de rotavirus y virus de la hepatitis A encontradas en agua de consumo en el municipio de Quibdó, Chocó. BIOMEDICA 2009. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v29i2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Suzuki Y, Narimatsu S, Furukawa T, Mekata T, Kono T, Sakai M, Itami T, Katayama H. Removal of Noroviruses from Municipal Wastewater by Foam Separation using Dispersed Air-Bubbles and Surface-Active Substance. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390802634281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jothikumar N, Kang G, Hill VR. Broadly reactive TaqMan assay for real-time RT-PCR detection of rotavirus in clinical and environmental samples. JIN2@cdc.gov. J Virol Methods 2008; 155:126-31. [PMID: 18951923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are enteric pathogens responsible for a significant burden of disease, especially in children, through person-to-person transmission and exposure to contaminated food and water. In the present study, a TaqMan probe-based real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed and validated for sensitive and specific detection and quantification of rotavirus for the routine screening of clinical and environmental samples. The assay primers and probes were designed to target the non-structural protein region 3 (NSP3) of rotavirus. The rotavirus real-time RT-PCR assay was found to be specific to rotavirus, but broadly reactive to rotavirus genogroups 1-4, 9, 10 and 12. Specificity testing did not identify any cross-reactivity of the assay with a panel of 36 non-rotavirus enteric virus specimens. The sensitivity of the assay was determined using quantified rotavirus stocks and a plasmid DNA stock. Estimated detection limits in reagent-grade water were five genome equivalent copies (GEC) per reaction and two to four rotavirus particles per reaction. The sensitivity of the assay for detecting rotaviruses in environmental water samples was found to be six virus particles per reaction. The rotavirus real-time RT-PCR assay was effective in detecting rotavirus in all 79 stool specimens obtained from a hospital in India. The results of this study demonstrate that the real-time RT-PCR assay for rotavirus is broadly reactive, specific, and sensitive for detection of rotaviruses in clinical specimens and water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jothikumar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
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Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of Manaus, central Amazonia, Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:375-82. [PMID: 18065620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00944-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the Tarumã-Açu, São Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8%), human astrovirus (15.4%), and norovirus (5.8%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.
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