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Xu S, Wang P, Xie L, Du Y, Zhang W. Reverse Osmosis with Intermediate Chemical Demineralization: Scale Inhibitor Selection, Degradation, and Seeded Precipitation. Molecules 2024; 29:2163. [PMID: 38792025 PMCID: PMC11124285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) processes with intermediate concentrate demineralization (ICD) provide an efficient strategy to treat brines with high CaSO4 contents and reduce concentrate discharge. In this paper, an SRO concentrate is treated using ICD to remove CaSO4 and then mixed with a PRO concentrate for further desalination in SRO, thereby reducing the discharge of the concentrate. We investigate the selection and degradation of scale inhibitors, as well as seeded precipitation in the two-stage RO process with ICD, to achieve a high water recovery rate. A scale inhibitor is added to restrain CaSO4 crystallization on the membrane surface, and the optimized scale inhibitor, RO-400, is found to inhibit calcium sulfate scaling effectively across a wide range of the saturation index of gypsum (SIg) from 2.3 to 6. Under the optimized parameters of 40 W UV light and 70 mg/L H2O2, UV/H2O2 can degrade RO-400 completely in 15 min to destroy the scale inhibitor in the SRO concentrate. After scale inhibitor degradation, the SRO concentrate is desaturated by seeded precipitation, and the reaction degree of CaSO4 reaches 97.12%, leading to a concentrate with a low SIg (1.07) for cyclic desalination. Three UVD-GSP cycle tests show that the reused gypsum seeds can also ensure the effect of the CaSO4 precipitation process. This paper provides a combined UVD-GSP strategy in two-stage RO processes to improve the water recovery rate for CaSO4-contained concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Ping Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Lixin Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Yawei Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
| | - Wen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (S.X.); (P.W.)
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Yang Q, Xu L, He Q, Wu D. Reduced cathodic scale and enhanced electrochemical precipitation of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ by a novel fenced cathode structure: Formation of strong alkaline microenvironment and favorable crystallization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117893. [PMID: 34872026 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical precipitation is a promising technique for hardness abatement without the addition of external ions. However, the scale layer on cathode deteriorated the removal efficiency and limited the practical application. Herein, a fenced cathode structure was designed to prevent cathodic precipitation. The cathode was fenced by a crystallization-inducing material for separating the OH- production and crystallization processes. Precipitation on the cathode was confirmed to shift to the crystallization-inducing material, and the clean fenced cathode provided efficient long-term OH- production. At a current density of 40 A/m2, the Ca2+ or Mg2+ removal efficiency increased by 12.8% or 46.1%, respectively, compared to those of a traditional cathode. Thermodynamic equilibrium in synthetic water and mine water, mass transfer and the location of precipitation were analyzed to elucidate the electrochemical precipitation process. The enhanced mechanism was ascribed to the crystallization-inducing material, which remarkably promoted the crystallization process, and hindered OH- migration, thereby increased the pH of alkaline microenvironment. Notably, a recovery design was proposed to recover pure calcite and brucite from alkalinity-free wastewater. The design reveals a promising strategy for enhancing the crystallization process and reducing cathodic scale, also initiating a new research direction toward hardness removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qunbiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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3
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Cheng Z, Qin Q, Jia H, Li J, Yan F, Meng X, Wang J. Scale evaluation and antiscalant testing based on fluorescent probe technology in RO process. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Zhang W, Zhang X. Effective inhibition of gypsum using an ion–ion selective nanofiltration membrane pretreatment process for seawater desalination. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Choi JY, Kaufmann F, Rahardianto A, Cohen Y. Desupersaturation of RO concentrate and gypsum removal via seeded precipitation in a fluidized bed crystallizer. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116766. [PMID: 33388534 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of a continuous chemically-enhanced seeded precipitation (CCESP) process was evaluated for desupersaturation of primary reverse osmosis (PRO) concentrate generated from RO desalting of inland agricultural drainage (AD) water with high gypsum scaling potential. The CCESP approach, comprised of partial lime treatment (PLT) followed by gypsum seeded precipitation (GSP), was assessed via laboratory and field tests, along with model simulations. PLT effectiveness was confirmed for residual antiscalant removal from the PRO concentrate, which otherwise would suppress gypsum crystallization. GSP was carried out in a fluidized bed crystallizer (FBC) demonstrating the feasibility of continuous PRO concentrate desupersaturation with suitable solids management. FBC operation was stable, with respect to desupersaturation performance, when operating over a sequence of periodic solids purge-only mode with intermittent seeds replenishment. The study suggests that CCESP integration with primary and secondary RO desalting (i.e., PRO-CCESP-SRO) can provide for significant enhancement of product water recovery for inland water of high gypsum scaling propensity. For example, source water of high salinity (14,347 mg/L total dissolved solid) AD water, nearly saturated with respect to gypsum, could be desalted up to a recovery of 88-96% (relative to merely 66% recovery feasible via PRO desalting. Moreover, net salt harvesting of 2.6-3.6 kg per m3 RO concentrate (with concentrate recycle) can be obtained from high recovery desalting of the above PRO concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Choi
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli school of Engineering and Applied Science, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1592, USA; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, 300 LaKretz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496
| | - Florian Kaufmann
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli school of Engineering and Applied Science, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1592, USA
| | - Anditya Rahardianto
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli school of Engineering and Applied Science, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1592, USA; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, 300 LaKretz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli school of Engineering and Applied Science, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1592, USA; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, 300 LaKretz Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496.
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6
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Drenkova-Tuhtan A, Sheeleigh EK, Rott E, Meyer C, Sedlak DL. Sorption of recalcitrant phosphonates in reverse osmosis concentrates and wastewater effluents - influence of metal ions. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:934-947. [PMID: 33617499 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microparticles functionalized with tailored ZnFeZr oxyhydroxide adsorbent were used for the reversible sorption of orthophosphate and recalcitrant organo-phosphonates from wastewater. The loaded particles were harvested magnetically from water, regenerated in an alkaline solution and reused numerous times. The applicability of the technology to treat brackish water reverse osmosis concentrates was tested under controlled synthetic conditions by investigating the influence of typical metals (Ca2+, Pb2+, Cu2+) on the removal of common phosphonates (HEDP, NTMP, EDTMP), and vice versa. When present at equimolar concentrations, metal cations enhanced the adsorption of phosphonates and were co-adsorbed at pH 4.0-4.5 (with removals of 83-93% for Pb2+ and 53-73% for Cu2+), likely through ternary complex formation. In the absence of metals, at pH > pHPZC ∼ 7 (the material point of zero charge), a drop in adsorption efficiency was observed for orthophosphate and all phosphonates. Thus, at pH 7, an increased adsorbent dose (>0.1 g/L) was necessary to remove 1 mg/L NTMP-P in 30 min. The reusability and effluent polishing potential of the ZnFeZr particles was demonstrated in a pilot test with municipal wastewater throughout 55 adsorption/desorption cycles without any drop in performance. Consistent removal of the non-reactive phosphorus species to ultra-low concentrations (<0.05 mg/L Ptot) and complete orthophosphate elimination (<0.005 mg/L PO4-P) was maintained under optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Drenkova-Tuhtan
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Bandtaele 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail: ; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB/KBFI), Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Emily K Sheeleigh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eduard Rott
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Bandtaele 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail:
| | - Carsten Meyer
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Bandtaele 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail:
| | - David L Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Yu W, Song D, Chen W, Yang H. Antiscalants in RO membrane scaling control. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:115985. [PMID: 32619802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) plays an important role in freshwater production. Mineral scaling is an inevitable problem in the RO desalination process. Various methods, including the pretreatment of feed water, the optimization of operational processes, the development of novel membrane materials, and the addition of antiscalants, have been developed to mitigate scale formation in RO systems. Among these methods, the addition of antiscalants is a relatively cost-effective and convenient technique for membrane scaling control. In the current work, various kinds of antiscalants, scale inhibition mechanisms, and their applications to RO membrane scaling control are reviewed. Weakness of existing antiscalants and challenge arising from their practical applications, such as membrane fouling caused by antiscalants, increased bacterial growth, dosing control, and the disposal of resultant concentrates, are also presented. To effectively alleviate scaling on RO membrane by using antiscalants, the development of novel, high-performance, and environment-friendly antiscalants on the basis of an in-depth study of the inhibition mechanisms and well-established structure-activity relationships is urgently necessary. The optimization of antiscalants and their combinations with other pretreatments in practical RO operations are essential in efficient scaling control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Di Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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8
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Choi JY, Lee T, Cheng Y, Cohen Y. Observed Crystallization Induction Time in Seeded Gypsum Crystallization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Choi
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
| | - Tae Lee
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Water Technology Research Center, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
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9
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Dai Z, Zhang F, Kan AT, Ruan G, Yan F, Bhandari N, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lu AYT, Deng G, Tomson MB. Two-Stage Model Reveals Barite Crystallization Kinetics from Solution Turbidity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Ayoub GM, Korban L, Al-Hindi M, Zayyat R. Removal of fouling species from brackish water reverse osmosis reject stream. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:804-813. [PMID: 28345484 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1311946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Brine disposal from reverse osmosis (RO) systems remains a major challenge for the desalination industry especially in inland areas where discharge options are very limited. Solutions will entail the introduction of economic treatment processes that will alleviate the brine's negative impact on the environment and reduce its discharge volume. Such processes could act as an intermediary treatment process for the recycling of the brine through an additional RO stage which, for brackish water (BW) desalination, could lead to saving valuable water while reducing the amount of brine discharge. In this context, the study at hand attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of a one-step chemical process for the treatment of BWRO brine. This study seeks to determine optimal operating conditions relative to type, ratio, and dosage of alkalizing chemicals, pH and temperature, for substantially reducing the concentrations of scaling parameters such as calcium, magnesium, silica, and strontium. The results indicate that precipitation softening at pH = 11.5 using combined chemical dosages of NaOH and Na2CO3 in a ratio of 2:1 leads to substantial removal of calcium and magnesium (>95%) and moderately high removal of strontium and silica (>71%).
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ayoub
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - L Korban
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - M Al-Hindi
- b Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - R Zayyat
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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12
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Cheng H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cheng F, Han J, Zhao J, Wang N, Sun Y. Theoretical and experimental investigation of time-varying properties in the coagulation of kaolinite containing wastewater by gypsum. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Effect of solution composition on seeded precipitation of calcium for high recovery RO of magnesium-bearing wastewater, surface water or groundwater. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Smith RC, SenGupta AK. Mixed Anion Exchange Resins for Tunable Control of Sulfate–Chloride Selectivity for Sustainable Membrane Pretreatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Smith
- Department
of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Arup K. SenGupta
- Department
of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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15
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Subramani A, Jacangelo JG. Treatment technologies for reverse osmosis concentrate volume minimization: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Halevy S, Korin E, Gilron J. Kinetics of Gypsum Precipitation for Designing Interstage Crystallizers for Concentrate in High Recovery Reverse Osmosis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400977p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Halevy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eli Korin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jack Gilron
- Department
of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg
Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva, 84105, Israel
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