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Adachi T, Suzuki Y, Fujisawa T. Photodegradation of an Anilide Fungicide Inpyrfluxam in Water and Nitrate Aqueous Solution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12966-12973. [PMID: 34699205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation behavior of a new anilide fungicide, inpyrfluxam [3-difluoromethyl-N-[(R)-2,3-dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-inden-4-yl]-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxamide] (1), was investigated in aqueous buffer and nitrate solutions under irradiation with artificial sunlight (λ > 290 nm). In both media, 1 mainly photodegraded via oxidation at the 3'-position of the Indane ring, cleavage of the C-N bond of the amide linkage and N-phenyl ring bond, and finally mineralization to carbon dioxide. No isomerization of 1 occurred at the 3'-position of the Indane ring. In the presence of nitrate ion, which originates from fertilizer in agricultural fields, the degradation of 1 was significantly accelerated as compared with buffer solution, and the reaction rate was strongly correlated with the concentration of hydroxyl radicals derived from the photolysis of nitrate ions. The reaction rate constant of hydroxyl radicals with 1 was determined to be 3.0 × 1010 /M/s, which was higher than that of hydroxyl radicals with other pesticides possessing aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Adachi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
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Hong M, Yang X, Zhang X, Ji Y, Zhou L, Xiu G, Ni Z, Richard C. Aqueous photodegradation of the benzophenone fungicide metrafenone: Carbon-bromine bond cleavage mechanism. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117775. [PMID: 34706320 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metrafenone (MF), as a new type of benzophenone fungicide, has been widely used in agriculture and is persistent in the environment. Understanding its photochemical fate is essential for the comprehensive evaluation of its ecological risk. In the present work, we reported a detailed study on the photochemical transformation of MF in aqueous solution under irradiation (at λ > 290 nm using a high pressure mercury lamp). MF was relatively photo-reactive showing a low polychromatic quantum yield of photolysis (1.06 × 10-4, 20 µM) counterbalanced by a significant light absorption above 290 nm. A series of photoproducts were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis, and three different pathways, including oxidation of the methyl group, debromination and replacement of bromine by hydroxyl group were proposed. Among them, debromination was identified as the dominating process that could be achieved via homolytic C-Br bond cleavage from singlet and triplet MF, as confirmed by laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Toxicity assessment revealed that photochemical degradation reduced the ecotoxicity of MF efficiently. Nitrate ions and humic acid promoted the MF photolysis, while bicarbonate exhibited no effect. Results obtained in this work would increase our understanding on the environmental fate of MF in sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Hong
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Claire Richard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma-Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière F-63178, France
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He Y, Su W, Zhai X, Luo L, Luan T, Yang L. Experimental and theoretical studies into the hydroxyl radical mediated transformation of propylparaben to methylparaben in the presence of dissolved organic matter surrogate. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117623. [PMID: 34517267 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved humic and biogenic substances might be present in the aphotic zone and contribute to the fate of parabens in natural aquatic ecosystem under the fluctuation of water multi-parameters. Through the combination of batch tests with quantum chemical calculation, hydroxyl radical (•OH) mediated degradation of propylparaben (PP) to methylparaben (MP) has been confirmed in the present study. The interaction of dissolved oxygen with environmental relevant concentration of humic acid (HA), algal and bacterial cell lysis leads to a slow production of •OH. Aqueous PP undergoes a mild removal process with the pseudo-first order rate constant (10-7, s-1) higher at 7.43 in HA than at 3.30-4.89 in biogenic cell lysis. PP removal is correlated with the aromaticity of DOM surrogate and the produced •OH concentration, which could be enhanced by the increase of light intensity and DO other than HA. The •OH mediated process on PP removal has been confirmed by the linearly inhibited effect of tert-butanol while totally inhibited effects of higher concentration of sodium azide and co-existent chemical (17β-estradiol). Based on the detection of byproduct MP, two possible reaction pathways, •OH attacking at β-carbon (path-β) and terminal γ-carbon (path-γ) of the propyl side chain of PP, are proposed. Through the analysis of thermal and kinetics parameters, the •OH initiated H-abstraction and the resulting C-C bond cleavage leading to the formation of MP and acetaldehyde in path-β is confirmed to be the dominant reaction mechanism. Considering the universal occurrence of parabens and these DOM surrogates, this mild removal process has special implications for the self-purification of organic pollutants in natural aquatic ecosystems, especially in DOM-rich matrices in the aphotic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyao He
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiqi Su
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xue Zhai
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Li X, Zhou Y, Liu G, Lei H, Zhu D. Mechanisms of the photochemical release of phosphate from resuspended sediments under solar irradiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:779-786. [PMID: 28410527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, resuspended sediments that were exposed to simulated solar irradiation could release dissolved phosphate (PO43-). However, the mechanisms of phosphate release remain unclear. In this research, a battery of experiments was performed to reveal the mechanisms of the photochemical release of phosphate from resuspended sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake under solar irradiation. The results show that the PO43- released in resuspended sediments was significantly higher than that in the dark control or in water alone after treatment with solar irradiation for 6h. The results of sequential chemical extractions showed that the concentrations of labile organic, moderately labile organic and residual organic phosphorus decreased in the resuspended sediment after 6h of solar irradiation; of these, moderately labile organic phosphorus was the greatest contributor to the release of dissolved phosphate in resuspended sediment. Orthophosphate, phosphate monoesters, phosphate diesters and pyrophosphate were detected with 31P NMR. It is worth mentioning that the diester-P and pyro-P species disappeared after 6h of irradiation. In addition, enzyme activity and radical trapping experiments were applied to identify the roles of biomineralization and photochemical degradation during phosphate release from resuspended sediments under solar irradiation. The amount of PO43- released in fresh sediment was greater than that in the autoclaved sediment, which should be attributed to the higher alkaline phosphatase activity in the fresh sediment. However, the PO43- released from the photochemical degradation of organic phosphorus is the primary phosphate source during sediment resuspension under 6h of solar irradiation. The phosphate photorelease was inhibited when methanol was added to the suspension and decreased significantly when the concentration of methanol was increased from 0.5M to 2.0M. All of these results suggest that photochemical processes may lead to PO43- release from sediment in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hongjun Lei
- School of Water resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Liu G, Tang Q, Zhou Y, Cao X, Zhao J, Zhu D. Photo-induced phosphate released from organic phosphorus degradation in deionized and natural water. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:467-475. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate could be released during organic phosphorus photodegradation by natural photosensitizers, which influenced the phosphorus level in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430072
- China
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research
- College of Resources and Environment
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Xiuyun Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research
- College of Resources and Environment
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research
- College of Resources and Environment
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- China
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Jiang Y, Kang N, Zhou Y, Liu G, Zhu D. The role of Fe(III) on phosphate released during the photo-decomposition of organic phosphorus in deionized and natural waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:208-214. [PMID: 27591372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photo-decomposition of organic phosphorus is an important route for the phosphorus cycle by which phosphate is regenerated in the aquatic environment. In this study, the role of Fe3+ as a natural photosensitizer toward the decomposition of organic phosphorus to release phosphate was examined in deionized and natural waters under UV and sunlight irradiation using glyphosate as the organic phosphorus model. The results showed that the concentration of glyphosate decreased with irradiation time in the Fe3+/UV and Fe3+/sunlight systems and TOC gradually decreased, which confirmed that glyphosate was degraded by Fe3+. The amount of phosphate released from the photo-decomposition of glyphosate was higher in the presence of Fe3+ than that of the control experiment under UV and sunlight irradiation conditions, and the generation rate of phosphate also increased with increasing Fe3+concentrations. The formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the Fe3+/UV and Fe3+/sunlight systems was identified according to the photoluminescence spectra (PL) using coumarin as the trapping molecule, and the steady-state concentrations of ·OH for the Fe3+/UV and Fe3+/sunlight systems were 1.06 × 10-14 M and 0.09 × 10-14 M, respectively. When natural water was spiked with glyphosate and Fe3+, the phosphate that was released in the Fe3+ was higher than that of the control, and the phosphate that was released was inhibited when isopropanol was added to the reaction. All of these results demonstrate that the photochemical activity of Fe3+ has significantly impact in the release of phosphate from the photo-decomposition of organic phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcan Jiang
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Naixin Kang
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chen L, Li X, Zhang J, Fang J, Huang Y, Wang P, Ma J. Production of Hydroxyl Radical via the Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide by Hydroxylamine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10373-10379. [PMID: 26274915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The production of the hydroxyl radical (HO·) is important in environmental chemistry. This study reports a new source of HO· generated solely from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activated by hydroxylamine (HA). Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and the oxidation of a HO· probe, benzoic acid, were used to confirm the production of HO·. The production of HO· increased with increasing concentrations of either HA or H2O2 as well as decreasing pH. The second-order rate constant for the reaction was (2.2 ± 0.2) × 10(-4) M(-1) s(-1). HO· was probably produced in two steps: the activation of H2O2 by protonated HA and then reaction between the H2O2 and the intermediate protonated aminoxyl radical generated in the first step. Such a two-step oxidation can possibly be ascribed to the ionizable hydroxyl moiety in the molecular structure of HA, as is suggested by comparing the reactivity of a series of HA derivatives in HO· production. The results shed light on a previously unknown source of HO· formation, which broadens the understanding of its role in environmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chen
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuchun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanmin Huang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
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De Laurentiis E, Minella M, Berto S, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. The fate of nitrogen upon nitrite irradiation: Formation of dissolved vs. gas-phase species. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vione D, Minella M, Maurino V, Minero C. Indirect photochemistry in sunlit surface waters: photoinduced production of reactive transient species. Chemistry 2014; 20:10590-606. [PMID: 24888627 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the main reactive transient species that are produced in surface waters by sunlight illumination of photoactive molecules (photosensitizers), such as nitrate, nitrite, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The main transients (˙OH, CO3(-˙) , (1)O2, and CDOM triplet states) are involved in the indirect phototransformation of a very wide range of persistent organic pollutants in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino (Italy), Fax: (+39) 011-6705242; NatRisk Inter-Department Centre, University of Torino, Via Leonardo Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO) (Italy).
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Passananti M, Temussi F, Iesce MR, Previtera L, Mailhot G, Vione D, Brigante M. Photoenhanced transformation of nicotine in aquatic environments: involvement of naturally occurring radical sources. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 55:106-114. [PMID: 24602865 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the fate of nicotine (Nico) in aqueous solution upon reaction with singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and hydroxyl radical (HO·). The second-order rate constants of Nico with (1)O2 (k(Nico,(1)O(2)) = (3.38 ± 0.14) × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) and HO· (kNico,·OH = (1.08 ± 0.10) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)) were determined using competition kinetics. Photochemical modelling showed that the reaction of Nico with HO· would prevail over that with (1)O2 in surface waters transformation pathway. The Nico photochemical half-life time could be accounted for by the two reactions. This value would vary in the month-year range depending on the environmental conditions: phototransformation would be favoured in shallow water poor in organic matter and rich in nitrate and nitrite. Irradiation experiments of Nico with nitrite suggested that transformation could not be accounted for by HO· reaction alone. Indeed, a variable fraction of Nico transformation (30-80% depending on the conditions) would take place upon reaction with additional transients, photogenerated NOx being possible candidates. The chemical structures of the transformation intermediates were derived by means of HPLC-MS. The detection of nitroderivatives upon irradiation of Nico with nitrite suggests the involvement of nitrogen dioxide in the relevant photoprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Passananti
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) - ENSCCF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubière, France; UdR Napoli 4 INCA Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Temussi
- UdR Napoli 4 INCA Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Iesce
- UdR Napoli 4 INCA Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucio Previtera
- UdR Napoli 4 INCA Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) - ENSCCF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubière, France
| | - Davide Vione
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy(1); Università degli Studi di Torino, Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy(2)
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) - ENSCCF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubière, France.
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