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Contreras JA, Valenzuela EI, Quijano G. Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane (N-AOM) as a technology platform for greenhouse gas abatement in wastewater treatment plants: State-of-the-art and challenges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115671. [PMID: 35816965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane (N-AOM) is a metabolic process recently discovered and partially characterized in terms of the microorganisms and pathways involved. The N-AOM process can be a powerful tool for mitigating the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants by coupling the reduction of nitrate or nitrite with the oxidation of residual dissolved methane. Besides specific anaerobic methanotrophs such as bacteria members of the phylum NC10 and archaea belonging to the lineage ANME-2d, recent reports suggested that other methane-oxidizing bacteria in syntrophy with denitrifiers can also perform the N-AOM process, which facilitates the application of this metabolic process for the oxidation of residual methane under realistic scenarios. This work constitutes a state-of-art review that includes the fundamentals of the N-AOM process, new information on process microbiology, bioreactor configurations, and operating conditions for process implementation in WWTP. Potential advantages of the N-AOM process over aerobic methanotrophic biotechnologies are presented, including the potential interrelation of the N-AOM with other nitrogen removal processes within the WWTP, such as the anaerobic ammonium oxidation. This work also addressed the challenges of this biotechnology towards its application at full scale, identifying and discussing critical research niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Contreras
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Edgardo I Valenzuela
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Quijano
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico.
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Mei X, Gao H, Ding Y, Xue C, Xu L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Ma M, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Yang X, Yin C, Wang Z, Yang M, Xia D, Wang C. Coupling of (methane + air)-membrane biofilms and air-membrane biofilms: Treatment of p-nitroaniline wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128946. [PMID: 35468395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane biofilm (MBf) technology is a promising biological water treatment process that combines membrane aeration with biofilms. To expand its application in the treatment of toxic organic wastewater, methane/air gas mixture-MBfs ((CH4 + Air)-MBfs) and air-MBfs were coupled to enhance the treatment of p-nitroaniline (PNA) wastewater. Based on exploration of the membrane permeability of methane and oxygen, a hybrid MBf reactor was constructed, and the degradation characteristics of PNA and the coupling effects of (CH4 + Air)-MBfs and air-MBfs were studied. The permeation flux of methane was found to be 1.114 g/(m2 d) when using a methane/air gas mixture at an aeration pressure of 10 kPa, and this result was better than that when methane was used as the aeration gas alone. Aeration with a methane/air gas mixture provided conditions for realizing aerobic methane oxidation; the aerobic methane oxidation that occurred in the (CH4 + Air)-MBfs promoted the reduction of PNA, and the intermediates of PNA degradation were further degraded by the air-MBfs. At an influent PNA membrane area load of 1.67 g/(m2 d), the PNA removal load reached 187.30 g/(m3 d). The coupling of MBfs took advantage of different matrix-based MBfs and promoted the degradation of PNA by utilizing the synergistic effects of various functional microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Mei
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Han Gao
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Ding
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chao Xue
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengyuan Ma
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zimiao Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanyan Xiao
- Nanjing Haiyi Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Nanjing Haiyi Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Chengqi Yin
- Environmental Protection Design & Research Center, China Design Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dongyu Xia
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Cai Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Kerckhof FM, Sakarika M, Van Giel M, Muys M, Vermeir P, De Vrieze J, Vlaeminck SE, Rabaey K, Boon N. From Biogas and Hydrogen to Microbial Protein Through Co-Cultivation of Methane and Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:733753. [PMID: 34527661 PMCID: PMC8435580 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.733753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing efforts are directed towards the development of sustainable alternative protein sources among which microbial protein (MP) is one of the most promising. Especially when waste streams are used as substrates, the case for MP could become environmentally favorable. The risks of using organic waste streams for MP production-the presence of pathogens or toxicants-can be mitigated by their anaerobic digestion and subsequent aerobic assimilation of the (filter-sterilized) biogas. Even though methane and hydrogen oxidizing bacteria (MOB and HOB) have been intensively studied for MP production, the potential benefits of their co-cultivation remain elusive. Here, we isolated a diverse group of novel HOB (that were capable of autotrophic metabolism), and co-cultured them with a defined set of MOB, which could be grown on a mixture of biogas and H2/O2. The combination of MOB and HOB, apart from the CH4 and CO2 contained in biogas, can also enable the valorization of the CO2 that results from the oxidation of methane by the MOB. Different MOB and HOB combinations were grown in serum vials to identify the best-performing ones. We observed synergistic effects on growth for several combinations, and in all combinations a co-culture consisting out of both HOB and MOB could be maintained during five days of cultivation. Relative to the axenic growth, five out of the ten co-cultures exhibited 1.1-3.8 times higher protein concentration and two combinations presented 2.4-6.1 times higher essential amino acid content. The MP produced in this study generally contained lower amounts of the essential amino acids histidine, lysine and threonine, compared to tofu and fishmeal. The most promising combination in terms of protein concentration and essential amino acid profile was Methyloparacoccus murrelli LMG 27482 with Cupriavidus necator LMG 1201. Microbial protein from M. murrelli and C. necator requires 27-67% less quantity than chicken, whole egg and tofu, while it only requires 15% more quantity than the amino acid-dense soybean to cover the needs of an average adult. In conclusion, while limitations still exist, the co-cultivation of MOB and HOB creates an alternative route for MP production leveraging safe and sustainably-produced gaseous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Gent, Belgium
| | - Myrsini Sakarika
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Gent, Belgium
| | - Marie Van Giel
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Muys
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo De Vrieze
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E. Vlaeminck
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Gent, Belgium
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Gent, Belgium
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Ruiz-Ruiz P, Gómez-Borraz TL, Revah S, Morales M. Methanotroph-microalgae co-culture for greenhouse gas mitigation: Effect of initial biomass ratio and methane concentration. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127418. [PMID: 32574848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the effect of different initial biomass ratios in a co-culture of an alkaliphilic methanotrophic bacteria consortium (AMB) and the green microalga Scenedesmus obtusiusculus (GM) on the maximum CH4 specific biodegradation rate and global carbon uptake. The highest maximum specific biodegradation rate was 589 ± 0.01 mgCH4 gbiomass-1 d-1 obtained for a proportion of 3:1 AMB-GM (w w-1) and 8% of initial CH4 in the headspace. The methane degradation rate was 1.5 times lower than the value obtained solely by the AMB consortium, and it was associated with pH increases due to the evolved CO2 consumption by the microalga. Increased activity of the AMB consortium along the experiments was due to progressive adaptation. Massive sequencing revealed the presence of methanotrophic/methylotrophic species such as Methylocystis sp., Methylomicrobium sp., Methylophaga sp., and Hyphomicrobium sp. Successful complete methane and carbon dioxide uptake was obtained with the 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1 AMB-GM biomass ratios, while for the rest of the ratios tested, more than 70% of the initial methane was transformed into biomass and inorganic carbon. This study showed that methanotrophic-microalgal co-cultures lead to a promising strategy for greenhouse gases mitigation in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz-Ruiz
- Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - Tania L Gómez-Borraz
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, colonia Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, C.P. 05300, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Revah
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, colonia Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, C.P. 05300, Cd. de México, Mexico.
| | - Marcia Morales
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, colonia Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, C.P. 05300, Cd. de México, Mexico.
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Liu LY, Xie GJ, Xing DF, Liu BF, Ding J, Ren NQ. Biological conversion of methane to polyhydroxyalkanoates: Current advances, challenges, and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:100029. [PMID: 36160923 PMCID: PMC9487992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Methane emissions and plastic pollution are critical global challenges. The biological conversion of methane to poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) not only mitigates methane emissions but also provides biodegradable polymer substitutes for petroleum-based materials used in plastics production. This work provides an early overview of the methane-based PHB advances and discusses challenges and related strategies. Recent advances of PHB, including PHB biosynthetic pathways, methanotrophs, bioreactors, and the performances of PHB materials are introduced. Major challenges of methane-based PHB production are discussed in detail; these include low efficiency of methanotrophs, low gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency, and poor material properties. To overcome these limitations, various approaches are also explored, such as feast-famine regimes, engineered microorganisms, gas-permeable membrane bioreactors, two-phase partitioning bioreactors, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate synthesis, and molecular weight manipulation.
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Qu Y, Ma Y, Wan J, Wang Y. Quantitative structure-activity relationship for the partition coefficient of hydrophobic compounds between silicone oil and air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15641-15650. [PMID: 29574640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The silicon oil-air partition coefficients (KSiO/A) of hydrophobic compounds are vital parameters for applying silicone oil as non-aqueous-phase liquid in partitioning bioreactors. Due to the limited number of KSiO/A values determined by experiment for hydrophobic compounds, there is an urgent need to model the KSiO/A values for unknown chemicals. In the present study, we developed a universal quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model using a sequential approach with macro-constitutional and micromolecular descriptors for silicone oil-air partition coefficients (KSiO/A) of hydrophobic compounds with large structural variance. The geometry optimization and vibrational frequencies of each chemical were calculated using the hybrid density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G** level. Several quantum chemical parameters that reflect various intermolecular interactions as well as hydrophobicity were selected to develop QSAR model. The result indicates that a regression model derived from logKSiO/A, the number of non-hydrogen atoms (#nonHatoms) and energy gap of ELUMO and EHOMO (ELUMO-EHOMO) could explain the partitioning mechanism of hydrophobic compounds between silicone oil and air. The correlation coefficient R2 of the model is 0.922, and the internal and external validation coefficient, Q2LOO and Q2ext , are 0.91 and 0.89 respectively, implying that the model has satisfactory goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictive ability and thus provides a robust predictive tool to estimate the logKSiO/A values for chemicals in application domain. The applicability domain of the model was visualized by the Williams plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Qu
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongwen Ma
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Jinquan Wan
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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AlSayed A, Fergala A, Khattab S, Eldyasti A. Kinetics of type I methanotrophs mixed culture enriched from waste activated sludge. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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San-Valero P, Dorado AD, Quijano G, Álvarez-Hornos FJ, Gabaldón C. Biotrickling filter modeling for styrene abatement. Part 2: Simulating a two-phase partitioning bioreactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:1075-1082. [PMID: 29096881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic model describing styrene abatement was developed for a two-phase partitioning bioreactor operated as a biotrickling filter (TPPB-BTF). The model was built as a coupled set of two different systems of partial differential equations depending on whether an irrigation or a non-irrigation period was simulated. The maximum growth rate was previously calibrated from a conventional BTF treating styrene (Part 1). The model was extended to simulate the TPPB-BTF based on the hypothesis that the main change associated with the non-aqueous phase is the modification of the pollutant properties in the liquid phase. The three phases considered were gas, a water-silicone liquid mixture, and biofilm. The selected calibration parameters were related to the physical properties of styrene: Henry's law constant, diffusivity, and the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient. A sensitivity analysis revealed that Henry's law constant was the most sensitive parameter. The model was successfully calibrated with a goodness of fit of 0.94. It satisfactorily simulated the performance of the TPPB-BTF at styrene loads ranging from 13 to 77 g C m-3 h-1 and empty bed residence times of 30-15 s with the mass transfer enhanced by a factor of 1.6. The model was validated with data obtained in a TPPB-BTF removing styrene continuously. The experimental outlet emissions associated to oscillating inlet concentrations were satisfactorily predicted by using the calibrated parameters. Model simulations demonstrated the potential improvement of the mass-transfer performance of a conventional BTF degrading styrene by adding silicone oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau San-Valero
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de La Universitat S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio D Dorado
- Department of Mining Engineering and Natural Resources, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Bases de Manresa 61-73, 08240, Manresa, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quijano
- CONACYT - Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Wastewater Treatment, Engineering Institute, Juriquilla Academic Unit, National Autonomous University of México (UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - F Javier Álvarez-Hornos
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de La Universitat S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carmen Gabaldón
- Research Group GI(2)AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de La Universitat S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Stone KA, Hilliard MV, He QP, Wang J. A mini review on bioreactor configurations and gas transfer enhancements for biochemical methane conversion. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cáceres M, Dorado AD, Gentina JC, Aroca G. Oxidation of methane in biotrickling filters inoculated with methanotrophic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25702-25712. [PMID: 27370536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of methane (CH4) using biofilters has been proposed as an alternative to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions with a low concentration of CH4 that cannot be used as a source of energy. However, conventional biofilters utilize organic packing materials that have a short lifespan, clogging problems, and are commonly inoculated with non-specific microorganisms leading to unpredictable CH4 elimination capacities (EC) and removal efficiencies (RE). The main objective of this work was to characterize the oxidation of CH4 in two biotrickling filters (BTFs) packed with polyethylene rings and inoculated with two methanotrophic bacteria, Methylomicrobium album and Methylocystis sp., in order to determine EC and CO2 production (pCO2) when using a specific inoculum. The repeatability of the results in both BTFs was determined when they operated at the same inlet load of CH4. A dynamic mathematical model that describes the CH4 abatement in the BTFs was developed and validated using mass transfer and kinetic parameters estimated independently. The results showed that EC and pCO2 of the BTFs are not identical but very similar for all the conditions tested. The use of specific inoculum has shown a faster startup and higher EC per unit area (0.019 gCH4 m-2 h-1) in comparison to most of the previous studies at the same CH4 load rate (23.2 gCH4 m-3 h-1). Global mass balance showed that the maximum reduction of CO2 equivalents was 98.5 gCO2eq m-3 h-1. The developed model satisfactorily described CH4 abatement in BTFs for a wide range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Cáceres
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Antonio D Dorado
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
- Manresa School of Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Bases de Manresa 61-73, 08242, Manresa, Spain
| | - Juan C Gentina
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Germán Aroca
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
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