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Aghabalaei V, Baghdadi M, Goharrizi BA, Noorimotlagh Z. A systematic review of strategies to overcome barrier for nitrate separation systems from drinking water: Focusing on waste streams treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140757. [PMID: 38013022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
By 2030, the UN General Assembly issued the Sustainable Development Goal 6, which calls for the provision of safe drinking water. However, water resources are continuously decreasing in quantity and quality. NO3- is the most widespread pollutant worldwide, threatening both human health and ecosystems. NO3- separation systems (NSS) using IX and membrane-based techniques (MBT) are considered practical and efficient technologies, but the management of IX waste brine (IXWB) and concentrate streams for MBT (CSM), as well as the high salt requirements for IX regeneration, are challenging from both economic and environmental perspectives. It is essential to classify the different waste management strategies in order to examine the current state of research and identify the best option to address these issues. This review provides harmonized information on IXWB/CSM management strategies. This study is the first systematic review of all papers available in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases published until February 2023. 75% of the studies focused on the use of biological denitrification (BD) and catalytic denitrification (CD). Although innovative technologies (bio-regeneration and direct CD) have advantages over indirect processes, they are not yet practical for large-scale plants because their reliability is unknown. Moreover, the generation of NH4+ is the major challenge for application large-scale of chemical reduction. An innovative work flow diagram, challenges, and future prospects are presented. The review shows that integrating modified NSS with IXWB/CSM treatment is a promising sustainable solution, as the combination could be economically and environmentally beneficial and remove barriers to NNS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Aghabalaei
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Baghdadi
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Noorimotlagh
- Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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An F, Zhou Z, Sun D. Micron zero-valent iron chitosan hydrogel balls boosts nitrate removal in constructed wetlands for secondary effluent treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 391:129971. [PMID: 37952595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Reducing nitrate in the secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants can prevent eutrophication, which can be achieved by constructed wetlands. Zero-valent iron has been used as electron donors for nitrate removal in constructed wetlands to deal with the low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) problem, but the effects are often limited by passivation. In this study, micron zero-valent iron chitosan hydrogel balls were prepared as part of the substrate. The total nitrogen removal efficiency maintained at 85 %-96 % in 70 days. The chelating ability of chitosan could reduce the formation of iron oxides on the surface of iron particles and microbial cells, thus eliminating the passivation. Denitrification microorganisms were enriched and the expressions of denitrification genes were increased. The study provides new understandings of further improving the nitrate removal efficiency of constructed wetlands under low C/N and efficient use of iron materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facai An
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuoqing Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Zhu D, Li G, Yan X, Geng C, Gao L. Electrochemical nitrate reduction to high-value ammonia on two-dimensional molybdenum carbide nanosheets for nitrate-containing wastewater upcycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163145. [PMID: 37001674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of nitrate wastewater into high-value ammonia fertilizer has attracted extensive attention in wastewater treatment and resource recovery, but presents great challenges due to complicated reaction pathways and competing side reactions. Herein, we report a feasible method for the successful fabrication of Mo2C nanosheets (Mo2C NSs) as electrocatalyst for the electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia. Compared to Mo2C nanoparticles, the Mo2C NSs exhibited superior activity and selectivity in NH3 electrosynthesis with an NH3 yield rate of 25.2 mg·h-1·mg-1cat. at -0.4 V and a Faradaic efficiency of 81.4 % at -0.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterization verifted the controllable conversion of 2D MoO2 NSs into 2D Mo2C NSs. In situ spectroscopic studies and on-line differential electrochemical mass spectrometry revealed the proposed reaction pathway of NO3- to NH3 conversion, *NO3- → *NO2- → *NO→*NOH → *NH2OH → *NH3. Density functional theory calculations further verified the effective N-end NOH pathway with the conversion of *NH2OH to *NH2 as the rate-determining step requiring a low energy barrier of 0.58 eV. Importantly, the key hydrogenation of *NO to form *NOH species underwent a lower energy barrier of 0.39 eV compared with the formation of *ONH species (1.06 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Zhu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Guoguang Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xu Yan
- Huizhou Innovation Research Institute of Next Generation Industrial Internet, Huizhou 516006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Geng
- Beijing Water Planning Institute, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
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Sorption–desorption characteristics and internal mechanism of lead ions on polycarboxylic ion exchange resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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An F, Feng X, Dang Y, Sun D. Enhancing nitrate removal efficiency of micro-sized zero-valent iron by chitosan gel balls encapsulating. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153641. [PMID: 35131244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The activity of micro-sized zero-valent iron (MZVI) material for nitrate removal in neutral pH and low C/N ratios water needs to be improved. In this study, micro-sized zero-valent iron@chitosan (MZVI@CS) material was synthesized through embedding MZVI particles into chitosan (CS) gel by sol-gel method, and was used for deep removal of NO3--N in the absence of organic carbon sources and neutral pH. The NO3--N removal rate of MZVI@CS was 0.37 mg-N·L-1·d-1 (dosage of 1%, initial pH = 7, 25 °C, initial nitrate concentration = 15 mg-N·L-1), which was 11.33 times higher than that of MZVI. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of MZVI@CS with nitrate was 38.23 kJ·mol-1. MZVI@CS can remove nitrate effectively at a low concentration (15 mg-N·L-1). A stable denitration rate (0.37-2.28 mg-N·L-1·d-1) could be maintained under weak acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions (pH = 5-9). More than 80% of reduced nitrate was converted to N2, and only a small amount was converted to NH4+ or NO2-. The gel structure of MZVI@CS eliminated the agglomeration between MZVI particles while the forming of Fe-CS chelates reduced the formation of iron oxide and solved the problems of passivation, hence successfully strengthened the NO3--N removal efficiency of MZVI. Therefore MZVI@CS has great application potential in NO3--N deep removal of water bodies with neutral pH and low C/N ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facai An
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xianlu Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Dang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Zhao X, Li X, Zhang H, Chen X, Xu J, Yang J, Zhang H, Hu G. Atomic-dispersed copper simultaneously achieve high-efficiency removal and high-value-added conversion to ammonia of nitrate in sewage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127319. [PMID: 34583155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly electrochemical reduction pathways from NO3- to NH3 or N2 have provided feasible strategy into the green production of ammonia or the treatment of nitrate wastewater. Here, we anchored single-atom Cu with boron carbon nitride on carbon nanotube (BCN@Cu/CNT), and achieved the efficient operation of electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NIRR). BCN@Cu/CNT can efficiently catalyze the selective conversion of high-concentration nitrate into high-value-added ammonia, where the ammonia yield rate and Faradaic efficiency are as high as 172,226.5 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 and 95.32% (at -0.6 V), respectively. BCN@Cu/CNT also shows the ability to efficiently remove low-concentration nitrates in sewage. Specifically, here only takes 5 h to nearly 100% (99.32%) eliminate NO3- (50 mg L-1) in sewage without any residual NO2-. The excellent catalytic activity and physicochemical stability of BCN@Cu/CNT for NIRR suggest the promising industrial application prospects, including the green production of ammonia and the purification of nitrate wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 457001, China
| | - Hucai Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
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Duan S, Tong T, Zheng S, Zhang X, Li S. Achieving low-cost, highly selective nitrate removal with standard anion exchange resin by tuning recycled brine composition. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115571. [PMID: 32035280 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the presence of a critical equivalent ratio of the competing anion (i.e., sulfate and bicarbonate) to chloride ion in recycled brine to achieve highly-selective nitrate removal from nitrate-rich groundwater in the standard-anion exchange resin (AER) (i.e., with trimethylamine functional groups) column process. With increasing bicarbonate (or sulfate):chloride equivalent ratio in brine used to circularly activate/regenerate the standard-AER column, considerable bicarbonate (sulfate) removal and dumping were observed. The critical bicarbonate (sulfate):chloride equivalent ratio of 2:5 (8:1) in brine effectively achieved zero net bicarbonate (sulfate) removal (<5%) from feedwater during long-term exhaustion-regeneration cyclic operation. The feed rate (6-18 BV/h) played a key role in determining the critical sulfate:chloride equivalent ratio in brine, while the feed sulfate concentration (145-345 mg/L) slightly changed the critical sulfate:chloride equivalent ratio. The use of optimized ternary brine (with a sulfate:chloride:bicarbonate equivalent ratio of 42:5:2) stably achieved long-term highly-selective nitrate removal from groundwater in the standard-AER column process with brine electrochemical treatment. The possible mechanism for nitrate selectivity included the modification of the sulfate: and bicarbonate:chloride equivalent ratios in the standard-AER column by the optimized brine in circular activation/regeneration mode; this changed the column elution and breakthrough curves, inhibited the competition of sulfate and bicarbonate for ion exchange sites during exhaustion according to the separation factor, and finally achieved selective nitrate removal from feedwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Duan
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tiezheng Tong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xueyu Zhang
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shida Li
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Chen C, Li K, Li C, Sun T, Jia J. Combination of Pd-Cu Catalysis and Electrolytic H 2 Evolution for Selective Nitrate Reduction Using Protonated Polypyrrole as a Cathode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13868-13877. [PMID: 31577132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pd-Cu catalysis is combined with in situ electrolytic H2 evolution for NO3- reduction with protonated polypyrrole (PPy) as a cathode. The surface of PPy is not only beneficial for H2 evolution, but exclusive for NO3- adsorption, and thus inhibits NO3- reduction. Meanwhile, the in situ H2 generation exhibits a much higher utilization efficiency because of the smaller bubble size and higher dispersion. The Pd-Cu catalysts with the ratios of 6:1 and 4:1 exhibit the highest NO3--N removal (100%) and N2 selectivity (93-95%) after 90 min. In comparison with the results obtained with other cathode materials (Ti, Cu, Co3O4, and Fe2O3) and obtained by other researchers, the new process shows a faster NO3--N reduction rate and much higher N2 selectivity. However, the O2 generated on the anode can oxidize Cu to Cu2O that may work as the catalyst for NO3--N reduction to NH4+-N by H2, resulting in more than 60% NH4+-N generated without a proton exchange membrane. Both the PPy film and Pd-Cu catalyst exhibit good stability and there is no Cu2+ or Pd2+ in solution after reaction. Real industrial wastewater is further treated in this system, the NO3--N is reduced from 670 mg L-1 to less than 100 mg L-1 in 90 min, and only little amount of NH4+-N is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | | | | | - Jinping Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
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Simulation of Ion Exchange Resin with Finite Difference Methods. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion exchange resin is used to remove potentially corrosive impurities from coolant in the first circuit of a nuclear power plant. After one operational cycle, the used and unused resin in the mixed bed is discarded as solid waste. The aim of this work is to create a mathematical model to predict the operational cycle time of the mixed bed resin for reducing unused resin discharge. A partial differential equation (PDE) was set up with the conservation of matter. A finite difference method was used to solve the PDE. Matlab was the programming and calculating tool used in this work. The data from solution were obtained at different time and space nodes. The model was then verified experimentally using different ions on exchange columns. Concentrations of K+, Mn2+, and Cl- were calculated to verify the validation of the model by comparing it with experimental data. The calculated values showed good consistency with the experimental value.
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Faccini J, Ebrahimi S, Roberts DJ. Regeneration of a perchlorate-exhausted highly selective ion exchange resin: Kinetics study of adsorption and desorption processes. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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