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Moravej M, Renouf MA, Kenway S, Urich C. What roles do architectural design and on-site water servicing technologies play in the water performance of residential infill? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118109. [PMID: 35203018 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
More than half of new urban residential developments are planned as infill in Australia's major cities. This provides an unprecedented opportunity to use innovative design and technology to address urban water challenges such as flooding, reduced water security and related infrastructure and urban heat island issues. However, infill can have positive or negative water impacts, depending on architectural design and on-site water servicing technologies implemented. In this study we asked, "What influence does residential infill development have on the local urban water cycle?" and "What roles do architectural design and technologies play?" To answer these questions, a set of 196 design-technology configurations were developed by combining 28 architectural designs and 7 on-site water-servicing technology options. The configurations represent three cases: (i) existing (EX) or before infill, (ii) business-as-usual development (BAU), and (iii) alternative development (ALT). Using the Site-scale Urban Water Mass Balance Assessment (SUWMBA) model and a set of water performance indicators, the impact of configurations on the urban water cycle was quantified. The results showed BAU, on average, increases population density, stormwater discharge, and imported water by 98%, 44% and 85%, and decreases evapotranspiration and infiltration by 53% and 34%, compared to the EX conditions. More population density (141%) with lower impacts on the urban water cycle (21% and 64% increase for stormwater discharge and imported water, and 29% and 17% reduction in evapotranspiration and infiltration) can be achieved by appropriate integration of ALT designs and technologies. Architectural design has a greater influence on urban water flows than the implementation of on-site water servicing technologies. The results have a great implication for sustainable urban water management for managing the risks associated with pluvial flooding, water insecurity, and urban heat. It also highlights the underutilised role of architects and urban planners to address urban water issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moravej
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Marguerite A Renouf
- CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steven Kenway
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia; CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Urich
- CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Hydrology and Risk Consulting (HARC), Blackburn, VIC 3130, Australia; Civil Engineering Department, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Diniz Caldeira DC, Mudadu Silva C, Colodette JL, de Ávila Rodrigues F, Da Mata RA, da Silva Menezes K, Vieira JC, Vinha Zanuncio AJ. A case study on the treatment and recycling of the effluent generated from a thermo-mechanical pulp mill in Brazil after the installation of a new bleaching process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142996. [PMID: 33498121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A Brazilian thermo-mechanical pulp mill (TMP) was evaluating the installation of a proposed bleaching process, with changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the wastewaters and the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The objectives of this research were to evaluate the treatment plant configuration for the future industrial effluent, consisting of a flotation unit followed by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), an activated sludge process and nanofiltration (NF) using polymeric membranes, and to study the technical feasibility of recycling the treated effluents in the industrial process. The possible options for recycling the treated effluent were determined through a water balance of the mill. The pulp quality was evaluated in laboratory bleaching assays, based on brightness and brightness reversion tests after the recycling of 50%, 75% and 100% of the treated effluent. The buildup of the non-process elements (NPE) in the industrial water cycle after each effluent recycling proportion was evaluated through computer simulation, using the Aspen Plus® simulator software. The future mill effluent, considering the implementation of a proposed bleaching stage with hydrogen peroxide, was generated in the laboratory and treated in a bench-scale effluent plant, simulating the future configuration. The treatment plant removed 99.8%, 99.2% and 61.6% of soluble COD, BOD5 and color, respectively. The water consumption was highest in the bleaching plant and, therefore, the recycling of 50%, 75% and 100% of the treated effluent for washing the pulp was simulated. The brightness and brightness reversion of the pulp, with 100% of the treated effluent used in the bleaching process, were similar to those provided by fresh water. The recycling of 100% of the treated effluent in the proposed treatment plant was possible in the TMP pulp mill without decreasing the pulp quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudio Mudadu Silva
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Luiz Colodette
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Ávila Rodrigues
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36,570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafles Anselmo Da Mata
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36,570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karyna da Silva Menezes
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36,570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jhennifer Cristina Vieira
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36,570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Moravej M, Renouf MA, Lam KL, Kenway SJ, Urich C. Site-scale Urban Water Mass Balance Assessment (SUWMBA) to quantify water performance of urban design-technology-environment configurations. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116477. [PMID: 33137527 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Historically, little consideration has been given to water performance of urban developments such as "hydrological naturalness" or "local water self-sufficiency". This has led to problems with increased stormwater runoff, flooding, and lack of local contributions to urban water security. Architectural design, water servicing technologies and environmental conditions are each known to influence water performance. However, most existing models have overlooked the integration of these factors. In this work, we asked 'how the water performance of urban developments at site-scale can be quantified, with joint consideration of architectural design, water servicing technologies, and environmental context (i.e. climate and soil)'. Answering this question led to the development of a new method and tool called Site-scale Urban Water Mass Balance Assessment (SUWMBA). It uses a daily urban water mass balance to simulate design-technology-environment configurations. Key features include: (i) a three-dimensional boundary focussed on the "entity" of development (ii) a comprehensive water balance accounting for all urban water flows, (iii) methods that include key variables capturing the interactions of natural, built-environment and socio-technological systems on water performance. SUWMBA's capabilities were demonstrated through an evaluation of a residential infill development case study with alternative design-technology-environment configurations, combining three dwelling designs, seven water technologies and three environmental contexts. The evaluation showed how a configuration can be identified that strikes a balance between the conflicting objectives of achieving the desired dwelling densities whilst simultaneously improving water performance. For two climate zones, the optimal configuration increases the total number of residents by 300% while reducing the imported water per capita and stormwater discharge by 45% and 15%, respectively. We infer that SUWMBA could have strong potential to contribute to performance-based urban design and planning by enabling the water performance of dwelling designs to be quantified, and by facilitating the setting of locally-specific water performance objectives and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moravej
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Marguerite A Renouf
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ka Leung Lam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Steven J Kenway
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Urich
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Nika CE, Gusmaroli L, Ghafourian M, Atanasova N, Buttiglieri G, Katsou E. Nature-based solutions as enablers of circularity in water systems: A review on assessment methodologies, tools and indicators. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:115988. [PMID: 32683049 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water has been pushed into a linear model, which is increasingly acknowledged of causing cumulative emissions of pollutants, waste stocks, and impacting on the irreversible deterioration of water and other resources. Moving towards a circular model in the water sector, the configuration of future water infrastructure changes through the integration of grey and green infrastructure, forming Nature-based Solutions (NBS) as an integral component that connects human-managed to nature-managed water systems. In this study, a thorough appraisal of the latest literature is conducted, providing an overview of the existing tools, methodologies and indicators that have been used to assess NBS for water management, as well as complete water systems considering the need of assessing both anthropogenic and natural elements. Furthermore, facilitators and barriers with respect to existing policies and regulations on NBS and circularity have been identified. The study concludes that the co-benefits of NBS for water management are not adequately assessed. A holistic methodology assessing complete water systems from a circularity perspective is still needed integrating existing tools (i.e. hydro-biogeochemical models), methods (i.e. MFA-based and LCA) and incorporating existing and/or newly-developed indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Nika
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, Uxbridge, UK
| | - L Gusmaroli
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - M Ghafourian
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, Uxbridge, UK
| | - N Atanasova
- Faculty of Civic and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Hajdrihova 28, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - E Katsou
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge Campus, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, Uxbridge, UK.
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Landa-Cansigno O, Behzadian K, Davila-Cano DI, Campos LC. Performance assessment of water reuse strategies using integrated framework of urban water metabolism and water-energy-pollution nexus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4582-4597. [PMID: 31129899 PMCID: PMC7028841 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the metabolism-based performance of a number of centralised and decentralised water reuse strategies and their impact on integrated urban water systems (UWS) based on the nexus of water-energy-pollution. The performance assessment is based on a comprehensive and quantitative framework of urban water metabolism developed for integrated UWS over a long-term planning horizon. UWS performance is quantified based on the tracking down of mass balance flows/fluxes of water, energy, materials, costs, pollutants, and other environmental impacts using the WaterMet2 tool. The assessment framework is defined as a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) within the context of the water-energy-pollution nexus. The strategies comprise six decentralised water reuse configurations (greywater or domestic wastewater) and three centralised ones, all within three proportions of adoption by domestic users (i.e. 20, 50, and 100%). This methodology was demonstrated in the real-world case study of San Francisco del Rincon and Purisima del Rincon cities in Mexico. The results indicate that decentralised water reuse strategies using domestic wastewater can provide the best performance in the UWS with respect to water conservation, green house gas (GHG) emissions, and eutrophication indicators, while energy saving is almost negligible. On the other hand, centralised strategies can achieve the best performance for energy saving among the water reuse strategies. The results also show metabolism performance assessment in a complex system such as integrated UWS can reveal the magnitude of the interactions between the nexus elements (i.e. water, energy, and pollution). In addition, it can also reveal any unexpected influences of these elements that might exist between the UWS components and overall system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Landa-Cansigno
- Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Kourosh Behzadian
- School of Engineering and Computing, University of West London, St. Mary's Rd, London, W55RF, UK
| | - Diego I Davila-Cano
- Sistema Integrado de Tratamiento en los municipios de Rincón SITRATA, Camino a San Jerónimo s/n, col. San Jeronimo, 36407, Purisima, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E6BT, UK.
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Xiong W, Li Y, Pfister S, Zhang W, Wang C, Wang P. Improving water ecosystem sustainability of urban water system by management strategies optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109766. [PMID: 31733479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water management strategies play an important role in water shortage alleviation. This study evaluates the cost and water ecosystem benefit of 14 water management strategies in Beijing in the future scenarios for 2020 and 2035. In addition, optimal implements of abatement strategies are obtained within the context of legislated targets, with the consideration of interaction among strategies. The result shows that Beijing can meet its commitments for total water use and pollution control by the water management strategies implementation in both 2020 and 2035. For 14 water management strategies analyzed in this study, 5 options with negative abatement cost value achieve 12.2-24.1% of the total water ecosystem benefit in 2020 and 2035. Wastewater reclamation is the most efficient strategy in water ecosystem impact (WEI) reduction, which contributes 38.4% of the total WEI reduction with an abatement cost of 1.6 Yuan/m3 H2O -eq. However, the sequence of optimal strategy implementation rate is not in accordance with the abatement cost of the strategies. The most cost-effective option is the water-efficient shower head, while the highest implementation rate is found for promotion of production technologies. A comparison between water management optimization with and without the consideration of interactions among strategies shows that taking the interaction among strategies into account imposes almost no influence on the total WEI reduction. But it has impacts on optimal implementation rate of each water management option and the cost estimation (+10.8%) of water management implementation. Such a systematic analysis of water management strategies provides general recommendations on sustainable water resource management in water scarce regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Stephan Pfister
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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King S, Kenway SK, Renouf MA. How has urban water metabolism been communicated? Perspectives from the USA, Europe and Australia. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:1627-1638. [PMID: 31241468 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban metabolism is increasingly being adopted to guide city planning towards improved water, energy and material efficiency. Stakeholder participation in the adoption of this concept will be important, and hence effective communication will be crucial. This study aimed to determine how urban metabolism has been communicated and interpreted, with attention to water. The approach included (i) literature review, (ii) structured international interviews and (iii) thematic analysis. We demonstrate how diverse language, metaphors, methods, visual imagery, data and information have been used to communicate this complex topic. Maps, Sankey diagrams, concept figures, spider diagrams, pictorial flow diagrams, art, and animation have all been used. We observe barriers to communication in order to understand the communication techniques which may be effective, and clarify issues relating to awareness and target audiences. We include a discussion of the themes that emerged from the research that are relevant for integrated water planning and the power of visual imagery. Inconsistent language is influenced by widely different overarching metaphors which range from 'organism' to 'ecosystem' metabolism. Fragmented data are a major gap for shared understanding. The research provides new understanding of how stakeholders perceive urban water metabolism and its relationship to Integrated urban water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S King
- International Water Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia E-mail:
| | - S K Kenway
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia and Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - M A Renouf
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia and Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Renouf MA, Kenway SJ, Lam KL, Weber T, Roux E, Serrao-Neumann S, Choy DL, Morgan EA. Understanding urban water performance at the city-region scale using an urban water metabolism evaluation framework. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 137:395-406. [PMID: 29544822 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water sensitive interventions are being promoted to reduce the adverse impacts of urban development on natural water cycles. However it is currently difficult to know the best strategy for their implementation because current and desired urban water performance is not well quantified. This is particularly at the city-region scale, which is important for strategic urban planning. This work aimed to fill this gap by quantifying the water performance of urban systems within city-regions using 'urban water metabolism' evaluation, to inform decisions about water sensitive interventions. To do this we adapted an existing evaluation framework with new methods. In particular, we used land use data for defining system boundaries, and for estimating natural hydrological flows. The criteria for gauging the water performance were water efficiency (in terms of water extracted externally) and hydrological performance (how much natural hydrological flows have changed relative to a nominated pre-urbanised state). We compared these performance criteria for urban systems within three Australian city-regions (South East Queensland, Melbourne and Perth metropolitan areas), under current conditions, and after implementation of example water sensitive interventions (demand management, rainwater/stormwater harvesting, wastewater recycling and increasing perviousness). The respective water efficiencies were found to be 79, 90 and 133 kL/capita/yr. In relation to hydrological performance, stormwater runoff relative to pre-urbanised flows was of most note, estimated to be 2-, 6- and 3- fold, respectively. The estimated performance benefits from water sensitive interventions suggested different priorities for each region, and that combined implementation of a range of interventions may be necessary to make substantive gains in performance. We concluded that the framework is suited to initial screening of the type and scale of water sensitive interventions needed to achieve desired water performance objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite A Renouf
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Steven J Kenway
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Ka Leung Lam
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Weber
- Alluvium, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Estelle Roux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Silvia Serrao-Neumann
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Darryl Low Choy
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Edward A Morgan
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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