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Chao C, Lv T, Wang L, Li Y, Han C, Yu W, Yan Z, Ma X, Zhao H, Zuo Z, Zhang C, Tao M, Yu D, Liu C. The spatiotemporal characteristics of water quality and phytoplankton community in a shallow eutrophic lake: Implications for submerged vegetation restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153460. [PMID: 35093376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious consequences of eutrophication in shallow lakes is deterioration of water quality, proliferation of phytoplankton and disappearance of submerged macrophytes. After removing herbivorous and plankti-benthivorous fish, submerged macrophyte restoration was utilized at the entire lake (82.7 km2) to combat eutrophication and improve water quality in the shallow subtropical aquaculture of Lake Datong. We conducted two years of monitoring, from March 2018 to February 2020. During the first year of restoration, 80% of the area of Lake Datong (approximately 60 km2) was successfully recovered by submerged vegetation, and the water quality was improved. For example, the phosphorous (P) content (including total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total dissolved P (TDP)) and turbidity decreased, and the Secchi depth (SD) increased. However, the submerged vegetation disappeared from autumn 2019 in the intermittent recovery area (MN), while the continuous recovery area (DX) continued to recover with an abundance of submerged vegetation. During the second year, the water quality continued to improve significantly in the DX area, with high biomass and coverage of submerged vegetation. In the MN area, although turbidity and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) increased significantly and SD decreased significantly, the P content (TP, TDP, and DRP) still continued to decrease. The restoration of submerged macrophytes could significantly decrease the density of phytoplankton. Over time, there was a regime shift in Lake Datong. The structural equation model (SEM) results illustrated that the water level and submerged plant coverage were the primary drivers that triggered changes in the state of the lake ecosystem. Our results highlight the potential of restoring submerged vegetation to control water eutrophication at the whole-lake scale. However, the water level in spring was the primary driver that triggered changes in the state of the lake ecosystem. Water level management should be emphasized during the early stages of recovery of submerged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Chao
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Tian Lv
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ligong Wang
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chen Han
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Weicheng Yu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haocun Zhao
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Zuo
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chang Zhang
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Tao
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dan Yu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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Wang Y, Wang W, Zhou Z, Xia W, Zhang Y. Effect of fast restoration of aquatic vegetation on phytoplankton community after removal of purse seine culture in Huayanghe Lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144024. [PMID: 33736347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The disappearance of submerged aquatic vegetation caused by the use of purse seine in productive fishery has aroused the attention of the national government. In order to restore aquatic vegetation, the government has removed the seine nets on the Huayanghe Lake's surface. Here, fourteen cruises were conducted in the Huayanghe Lakes from 2016 to 2019 to study the response of water quality and phytoplankton communities to rapidly recovering aquatic vegetation. The results showed that the restoration of aquatic vegetation increased the Secchi depth (from 65.36 to 105.52 cm) and dissolved oxygen (from 8.98 to 12.17 mg/L), while the concentration of total nitrogen (from 0.98 to 0.53 mg/L), and total phosphorus (from 0.04 to 0.02 mg/L) decreased, resulting in a 35.3% and 11.6% reduction in the total phytoplankton density and chlorophyll ɑ, respectively. In addition, the restoration of aquatic vegetation significantly increased Shannon-Wiener diversity, Margalef richness indices by 51.6% and 40.1%. We also observed that phytoplankton density exhibited significant changes based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS). In Lake Huangda, the coverage of aquatic vegetation was as high as 80%. We also observed that after the restoration of aquatic vegetation, the proportion of cyanobacteria decreased significantly by 21%. Our study emphasizes that aquatic plants can alleviate eutrophication and increase the diversity of phytoplankton, thus providing guidance for the restoration and protection of water ecosystems in the lakes connected to the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Wencai Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental of PRC, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhongze Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Wan Xia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yixing Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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Gao X, Chen H, Gu B, Jeppesen E, Xue Y, Yang J. Particulate organic matter as causative factor to eutrophication of subtropical deep freshwater: Role of typhoon (tropical cyclone) in the nutrient cycling. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116470. [PMID: 33045638 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intense storms pose a serious threat to ecosystem functioning and services. However, the effects of typhoons (tropical cyclones) on the biogeochemical processes mediating risk of eutrophication in deep freshwater ecosystems remain unclear. Here, we conducted a three-year study to elucidate linkages between environmental change, stable isotopes and the stoichiometry of particulate organic matter (POM), and nutrient cycling (i.e., carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) in a subtropical deep reservoir subjected to typhoon events. The typhoons significantly changed the nutrient levels in the deep waters as well as the thermocline position. Increased typhoon-driven organic matter input, algae sinking and heterotrophic decomposition interacted with each other to cause steep and prolonged increases of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus in the bottom waters of the reservoir. Small-sized or pico-sized POM (i.e., 0.2-3 μm) showed a substantial increase in bottom waters, and it exhibited stronger response than large-sized POM (i.e., 3-20, 20-64, 64-200 μm) to the typhoons. Our results also indicated that typhoons boost the nutrient cycling in deep waters mainly through pico-sized POM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Gao
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binhe Gu
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, 106 Newell Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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An M, Yang S, Wu H, Luo G, Li M. Recommended turbulent energy dissipation rate for biomass and lipid production of Scenedesmus obliquus in an aerated photosynthetic culture system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26473-26483. [PMID: 32367240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of turbulent energy dissipation rate (increased from 1.28 × 10-6 to 1.67 × 10-5 m2 s-3) on Scenedesmus obliquus biomass and lipid accumulation at different aeration rates (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 L min-1) were investigated. The turbulent energy dissipation rate was calculated by CFD model simulation. When the turbulent energy dissipation rate increased to 7.30 × 10-6 m2 s-3, the biomass and lipid productivity increased gradually, and finally reached their maximum values of 1.11 × 107 cells mL-1 and 16.0 mg L-1 day-1, respectively. When it exceeded 7.30 × 10-6 m2 s-3, the biomass and lipid productivity showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, the most favorable turbulent energy dissipation rate for S. obliquus growth and lipid accumulation was 7.30 × 10-6 m2 s-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei An
- Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Key laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, 734000, People's Republic of China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Songqi Yang
- Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Key laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, 734000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Luo
- Gansu Microalgae Technology Innovation Center, Key laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, 734000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Liu M, Ma J, Kang L, Wei Y, He Q, Hu X, Li H. Strong turbulence benefits toxic and colonial cyanobacteria in water: A potential way of climate change impact on the expansion of Harmful Algal Blooms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:613-622. [PMID: 30909039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extreme natural events such as typhoons can amplify the effect of hydrodynamics on the lake ecosystems. Here we presented data on the effect of typhoons on algal cell size based on field observation. Then turbulence simulation systems were used to decipher the response of natural phytoplankton communities to a range of turbulence regimes (linked to typhoon-induced turbulence intensity) under laboratory conditions. Turbulence intensities of 6.17 × 10-3, 1.10 × 10-2 and 1.80 × 10-2 m2/s3 benefited algal growth and triggered abrupt switches from unicellular Chlorella dominated to colonial Microcystis dominance, and the abundance of colonial algae depended on the turbulence intensity. Under the influence of elevated turbulence, Microcystis dominated biomass increased by 2.60-6.58 times compared with that of Chlorella. At a given phytoplankton density and community composition, we observed a significant increase in extracellular microcystins (MCs) and a 47.5-fold increase in intracellular MCs with intensified turbulent mixing, suggesting that the damage of algal cells concomitantly the stimulation of toxin-producing Microcystis. Our results confirmed that the formation of large colonial algal cells, enhancement of the succession of algal species, and most importantly, the induction of toxin-producing Microcystis, were the active adaption strategy when phytoplankton were impacted by strong turbulence. The result implies that the ongoing climates changes and typhoon events are likely to contribute to undesirable outcomes concerning phytoplankton populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jianrong Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Li Kang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Deng J, Paerl HW, Qin B, Zhang Y, Zhu G, Jeppesen E, Cai Y, Xu H. Climatically-modulated decline in wind speed may strongly affect eutrophication in shallow lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1361-1370. [PMID: 30248859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface wind speed has declined significantly globally. However, the response of aquatic systems to decreasing wind speeds has received little attention. We examined the effects of a long-term decrease in wind speed on shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu, China's third largest lake, by combining high-frequency monitoring, long-term meteorological and water quality data with short-term laboratory sediment nutrient release experiments. The annual mean wind speed showed a significant decreasing trend and the maximum continuous days with wind speed <3 m/s increased significantly from 1996 to 2017. The high-frequency monitoring data showed that bottom water hypoxia occurred occasionally in summer and autumn. The water quality data combined with the experimental results suggest that lower wind speed and longer low wind duration can enhance the release of phosphorus (P) from the sediments and increase nitrogen (N) losses, likely via denitrification, because a longer stability period leads to lower dissolved oxygen concentrations near the lake bottom. The results of Bayesian functional Linear regression with Sparse Step functions (Bliss) indicated that wind speed during spring and summer strongly affected chlorophyll a (Chla) concentrations in the summer by enhancing the release of nutrients from the sediments. The results of the structural equation models indicated that declined wind speed might increase phytoplankton biomass (as Chla) by altering nutrient availability. Increasing water temperatures and decreasing wind speeds synergistically enhance water column stability, which may offset some of the immediate benefits of reductions in external nutrient loading by enhancing internal loading. Given predicted global change, it will become increasingly important to reduce the external nutrient loading for overall improvement of water quality in this and other shallow eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Deng
- Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Boqiang Qin
- Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Integrating isotopic, microbial, and modeling approaches to understand methane dynamics in a frequently disturbed deep reservoir in Taiwan. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Yang JR, Lv H, Isabwe A, Liu L, Yu X, Chen H, Yang J. Disturbance-induced phytoplankton regime shifts and recovery of cyanobacteria dominance in two subtropical reservoirs. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:52-63. [PMID: 28478295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many countries in the world still suffer from high toxic cyanobacterial blooms in inland waters used for human consumption. Regional climate change and human activities within watersheds exert a complex and diverse influence on aquatic ecosystem structure and function across space and time. However, the degree to which these factors may contribute to the long-term dynamics of plankton communities is still not well understood. Here, we explore the impacts of multiple disturbance events (e.g. human-resettlement, temperature change, rainfall, water level fluctuations), including six combined disturbances, on phytoplankton and cyanobacteria in two subtropical reservoirs over six years. Our data showed that combined environmental disturbances triggered two apparent and abrupt switches between cyanobacteria-dominated state and non-cyanobacterial taxa-dominated state. In late 2010, the combined effect of human-resettlement (emigration) and natural disturbances (e.g. cooling, rainfall, water level fluctuations) lead to a 60-90% decrease in cyanobacteria biomass accompanied by the disappearance of cyanobacterial blooms, in tandem with an abrupt and persistent shift in phytoplankton community. After summer 2014, however, combined weather and hydrological disturbances (e.g. warming, rainfall, water level fluctuations) occurred leading to an abrupt and marked increase of cyanobacteria biomass, associated with a return to cyanobacteria dominance. These changes in phytoplankton community were strongly related to the nutrient concentrations and water level fluctuations, as well as water temperature and rainfall. As both extreme weather events and human disturbances are predicted to become more frequent and severe during the twenty-first century, prudent sustainable management will require consideration of the background limnologic conditions and the frequency of disturbance events when assessing the potential impacts on reservoir biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun R Yang
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Alain Isabwe
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lemian Liu
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China.
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