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Wang Z, Chen X, Zhang Y, Ma J, Lin Z, Abdelkader A, Titirici MM, Deng L. Locally Enhanced Flow and Electric Fields Through a Tip Effect for Efficient Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 17:26. [PMID: 39331327 PMCID: PMC11436671 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Low-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging desalination technology with great potential for removal and/or recycling ions from a range of waters. However, it still suffers from inefficient charge transfer and ion transport kinetics due to weak turbulence and low electric intensity in flow electrodes, both restricted by the current collectors. Herein, a new tip-array current collector (designated as T-CC) was developed to replace the conventional planar current collectors, which intensifies both the charge transfer and ion transport significantly. The effects of tip arrays on flow and electric fields were studied by both computational simulations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed the reduction of ion transport barrier, charge transport barrier and internal resistance. With the voltage increased from 1.0 to 1.5 and 2.0 V, the T-CC-based FCDI system (T-FCDI) exhibited average salt removal rates (ASRR) of 0.18, 0.50, and 0.89 μmol cm-2 min-1, respectively, which are 1.82, 2.65, and 2.48 folds higher than that of the conventional serpentine current collectors, and 1.48, 1.67, and 1.49 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors. Meanwhile, with the solid content in flow electrodes increased from 1 to 5 wt%, the ASRR for T-FCDI increased from 0.29 to 0.50 μmol cm-2 min-1, which are 1.70 and 1.67 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors. Additionally, a salt removal efficiency of 99.89% was achieved with T-FCDI and the charge efficiency remained above 95% after 24 h of operation, thus showing its superior long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Amor Abdelkader
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, England, BH12 5BB, UK
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Av. Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Libo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Pang M, Wei Y, Liu F, Zhang H, Zhou H. Three-dimensional titanium mesh-based flow electrode capacitive deionization for salt separation and enrichment in high salinity water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121147. [PMID: 38277832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a highly promising desalination technique known for its exceptional electrosorption capacity, making it suitable for efficient salt separation in high salinity water. However, the unsatisfactory charge transfer process between the flow electrode and current collector severely curtails the salt separation and enrichment performance of the FCDI device. To address this issue, three-dimensional titanium mesh (3D-TM) was proposed as a novel current collector for FCDI device, which significantly amplifies the charge transfer area and exhibits excellent salt separation performance. The 3D-TM current collector promotes the electron transfer, charge percolation, and ion migration processes through the electroconvection generated by the turbulence effect on the flow electrode. In the specific case of the 20-mesh 3D-TM, which is composed of 12 stacking layers of titanium mesh, the remarkable average salt removal rate and charge efficiency were achieved 5.06 μmol cm-2 min-1 and 92.9 % under an appropriate applied voltage of 2.0 V, respectively. Dramatically, the desalination performance maintained above 76.4 % over 100 desalination cycles at 2.0 V, demonstrating the exceptional cyclic stability of the 3D-TM FCDI cell. In the seawater desalination, the 3D-TM FCDI cell exhibited an impressive salt removal efficiency of 97.5 % (from 34.2 g L-1 to 0.84 g L-1) for 1 L East China seawater at 2.0 V for 24 h. For lithium-ion enrichment, the FCDI continuous desalting system achieved an astonishing concentration of 17.3 g L-1 for Li+ ions enrichment from an initial concentration of 1.30 g L-1, obtaining the average salt treating rate of 23.6 g m-2h-1 and charge efficiency of 80.0 %. Moreover, the lithium-sodium ions and lithium-magnesium ions enrichments were both conducted, yielding an enriched concentration of 10.4 g L-1 and 7.30 g L-1 for Li+ ions, respectively. These findings highlight the enormous potential of FCDI technology in industrial engineering applications, further establishing it as a highly viable solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengdie Pang
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Salt Lake Chemical Engineering Research Complex, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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He Y, Gao T, Gong A, Liang P. Sustained Phosphorus Removal and Enrichment through Off-Flow Desorption in a Reservoir of Membrane Capacitive Deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3031-3040. [PMID: 38299499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we used a membrane capacitive deionization device with a reservoir (R-MCDI) to enrich phosphorus (P) from synthetic wastewater. This R-MCDI had two small-volume electrode chambers, and most of the electrolyte was contained in the reservoir, which was circulated along the electrode chambers. Compared with conventional MCDI, R-MCDI exhibited a phosphate removal rate of 0.052 μmol/(cm2·min), approximately double that of MCDI. This was attributed to R-MCDI's utilization of OH- alternative adsorption to remove phosphate from the influent. Noticing that around 73.9% of the removed phosphate was stored in the electrolyte in R-MCDI, we proposed a novel off-flow desorption operation to enrich the removed phosphate in the reservoir. Exciting results from the multicycle experiment (∼8 h) of R-MCDI showed that the PO43--P concentration in the reservoir increased all the way from the initial 152 mg/L to the final 361 mg/L, with the increase in the P charge efficiency from 5.5 to 22.9% and the decrease in the energy consumption from 28.2 to 6.8 kW h/kg P. The P recovery performance of R-MCDI was evaluated by viewing other similar studies, which revealed that R-MCDI in this study achieved superior P enrichment with low energy consumption and that the off-flow desorption proposed here considerably simplified the operation and enabled continuous P enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tie Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ao Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Xi J, Ming H, Liu S, Shen X, Geng C, Gao W, Meng J, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Lv J, Guan Y, Liang J. Effect of anion-exchange membrane type for FCDI performance at different concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3585-3591. [PMID: 35588316 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2064243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brackish water was an important alternative source of freshwater. Desalination using flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) needs to explore the role of ion exchange membranes (IEM) of FCDI. In this study, brackish water was desalinated using FCDI, and anion exchange membranes with different characteristics were used in the FCDI cell to investigate their influence. The result showed that the membrane polymer matrix was the main influencing factor for ion transport. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) has a huge impact that low IEC made the various ion transport priority. Low IEC not only limits ion transport but also leads to ion leakage in seawater. Resistance had a significant blockage to the effect with weak intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Xi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ming
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyue Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjun Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Geng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weichun Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Meng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Lv
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyan Guan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyan Liang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Province Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Shi C, Wang H, Li A, Zhu G, Zhao X, Wu F. Process model for flow-electrode capacitive deionization for energy consumption estimation and system optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119517. [PMID: 36608524 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a new technology for ion removal that delivers sustainable deionization performance. However, FCDI consumes relatively high amounts of energy compared with other conventional desalination technologies, which hinders the industrial application of FCDI. In this study, the energy consumption of each FCDI component was simulated using a steady-state FCDI model to investigate and optimize the main components of energy consumption. Overall, the established process model can be used for theoretical investigation and enhancing our fundamental understanding of the energy consumption of each FCDI component, and provides the design and optimization of FCDI systems. The results showed that the energy consumption of the flow electrodes dominated under most conditions. Changing the operating parameters could obviously affect energy consumption and the energy consumption structure. However, increasing the flow rate and activated carbon (AC) content of the flow-electrode could decrease the energy consumption of the electrode, and the energy consumed by the ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and desalination chamber was the greatest. These two parts of energy consumption could not be significantly reduced by changing operational parameters. Thus, to further reduce the energy consumption, optimization of the FCDI equipment was carried out by adding titanium mesh to the flow electrodes and the desalination chamber of the FCDI cell. The results showed that the energy consumption of optimized FCDI decreased by 51.9% compared with the original FCDI. The long-term experiment using optimized FCDI showed good stability and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufeng Shi
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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6
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Xu L, Peng S, Wu K, Tang L, Wu M, Zong Y, Mao Y, Wu D. Precise manipulation of the charge percolation networks of flow-electrode capacitive deionization using a pulsed magnetic field. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118963. [PMID: 35970008 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field is a simple and powerful means that enables controlled the transport of electrode particles in flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI). However, the magnetic particles are easily stripped from hybrid suspension electrodes and the precise manipulation of the charge percolation network remains challenging. In this study, a programmable magnetic field was introduced into the FCDI system to enhance the desalination performance and operational stability of magnetic FCDI, with core-shell magnetic carbon (MC) used as an alternative electrode additive. The results showed that the pulsed magnetic field (PMF) was more effective in enhancing the average salt removal rate (ASRR) compared to the constant magnetic field (CMF), with 51.6% and 67.7% enhancement, respectively, compared to the magnetic field-free condition. The outstanding advantage of the PMF lies in the enhancement in the trapping and mediating effects in the switching magnetic field, which keeps the concentration of the electrode particles near the current collector at a high level and greatly facilitates electron transport. In long-term operation (20,000 cycles), the pulsed magnetic FCDI achieved a stable desalinating rate of 0.4-0.68 μmol min-1 cm-2 and a charge efficiency of >96%. In brief, our study introduces a new approach for the precise manipulation of charge percolation networks of the suspension electrodes and provides insight into the charging mechanism of the magnetic FCDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Luo L, He Q, Yi D, Zu D, Ma J, Chen Y. Indirect charging of carbon by aqueous redox mediators contributes to the enhanced desalination performance in flow-electrode CDI. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118688. [PMID: 35661514 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible electrochemical separation based on flow electrodes (e.g., flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI)) is promising to desalinate brackish water, a reliable alternative source of freshwater. The deployment of redox mediators (RMs) in FCDI offers an energy-efficient means to improve the process performance, but the nature of the RMs-mediated charge transfer remains poorly understand. We therefore systematically investigated commonly-used RMs including sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), hydroquinone (HQ) and ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-). Results showed that the desalination rate could be increased by over 260% with the addition of 10 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-. The lowest efficiency of AQS among the RMs should be ascribed to its reduction potential of -0.84 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) exceeding the potential (-0.48 V) of the negatively charged current collector at 1.2 V. While aqueous TEMPO and HQ could facilitate salt removal, their loss of efficiencies upon sorption onto the carbon surface indicated the insignificant pseudocapacitive contribution to ion migration. In-situ cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated the crucial role of the indirect charging of the flowable carbon materials to enhance the desalination performance in RMs-mediated FCDI. To sum up, results of this work pave a way to understand the RMs-mediated charge transfer and ion migration in FCDI, which would serve the purpose of design and optimization of the flow electrode systems for wider environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Duo Yi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Daoyuan Zu
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Zhang X, Zhou H, He Z, Zhang H, Zhao H. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization utilizing three-dimensional foam current collector for real seawater desalination. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118642. [PMID: 35635913 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) carbon coated nickel foam was utilized as current collector in a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (CF-FCDI) device to strengthen the charge transfer ability of FCDI device, achieving distinguished desalination efficiency for real seawater. Utilizing 30 ppi carbon coated nickel foam as current collector with 12.5 wt% AC content at 1.2 V to treat 3.5 g L-1 NaCl solution, the CF-FCDI achieved 99.8% of salt removal efficiency (SRE), 3.29 µmol cm-2 min-1 of average salt removal rate (ASRR) and 97.0% of charge efficiency (CE), surpassing most desalination performances in previous reports. Compared with the titanium mesh (TM-FCDI) and graphite plate (GP-FCDI) current collector, the three-dimensional electric field and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations demonstrated that 3D foam current collector has obvious stronger competitiveness. Its intrinsic 3D interconnected open-pore structure as flow channel and 3D electric field could not only enlarge the charge contact area between the current collector and flow-electrode, but also eliminate the restriction of 0.75 mm effective charging range within the carbon slurry in traditional serpentine flow channels. Finally, the excellent desalination performance of CF-FCDI device was also verified by treating simulated seawater, real seawater samples from Yellow Sea and South China Sea with a high SRE of 99.9%, 99.8%, and 99.9%, respectively. This work introduced a new strategy for enhancing charge transfer ability and overall desalination efficiency of FCDI device by utilizing a novel 3D foam-structured current collector for real seawater desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Zhen He
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 PR China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
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Xu L, Peng S, Mao Y, Zong Y, Zhang X, Wu D. Enhancing Brackish Water Desalination using Magnetic Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118290. [PMID: 35306460 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is viewed as a potential alternative to the current state-of-the-art electrodriven technology for the desalination of brackish water. However, the key shortcoming of the FCDI is still the discontinuous nature of the electrode conductive network, resulting in low electron transport efficiency and ion adsorption capacity. Here, a novel magnetic field-assisted FCDI system (termed magnetic FCDI) is proposed to enhance brackish water desalination, simply by using magnetic activated carbon (MAC) as flow electrodes. The results show that the assistance from the magnetic field enables a 78.9% - 205% enhancement in the average salt removal rate (ASRR) compared with that in the absence of a magnetic field, which benefits from the artificial manipulation of the flow electrode transport behavior. In long-term tests, the stable desalination performance of magnetic FCDI was also demonstrated with a stable ASRR of 0.70 μmol cm-2 min-1 and energy-normalized removed salt (ENRS) of 8.77 μmol J-1. In addition, magnetic field also enables the regeneration of the electrode particles from the concentrated electrolyte. In summary, the findings indicate that the magnetic FCDI is an energy-efficient and operation convenient technology for brackish water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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10
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Luo L, He Q, Chen S, Yang D, Chen Y. Metal-organic framework derived carbon nanoarchitectures for highly efficient flow-electrode CDI desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112727. [PMID: 35063431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) has shown a robust desalination performance, in which the electrode materials play a crucial role. However, commercial activated carbon (AC) commonly with relatively poor conductivity, which can be a limit to the desalination process. To address this issue, we successfully prepared ZIF-8 derived nanocarbon materials (Zx, X = 0, 1, 2, 3, the number representing the activator ratio) via a pyrolysis activation procedure as electrode materials for FCDI desalination. The results manifested that Z3 achieved desalination rates of 0.0403 and 0.094 mg min-1 cm-2 in the isolated closed cycle (ICC) and the short-circuited closed cycle (SCC) mode, respectively, at 1.2 V with only 5 wt% carbon loading. The desalination rate of Z3 in the SCC mode was improved with flow rates and influent salt concentrations increase, reaching 0.278 mg min-1 cm-2 under a continuous operation. In the ICC mode, it was found that the adsorption capacity of the Zx sample was positively correlated with its specific surface area. The superior performance of Z3 could be attributed to the high conductivity, large specific surface area and well-developed pores. Overall, this work provided new insights and references for electrode material's application to FCDI desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Siqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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11
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Jiang H, Zhang J, Luo K, Xing W, Du J, Dong Y, Li X, Tang W. Effective fluoride removal from brackish groundwaters by flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) under a continuous-flow mode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150166. [PMID: 34517327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated the suitability and effectiveness of utilizing flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) for treatment of fluoride-contaminated brackish groundwater. By comparing operational modes of short-circuited closed-cycle (SCC), isolated closed-cycle (ICC) and single cycle (SC), it was found that SCC mode was the most advantageous. In SCC configuration, the effects of different parameters on the removal of F- and Cl- were investigated including current density, hydraulic residence time (HRT), activated carbon (AC) loading and feed concentration of coexisting NaCl. Results indicated that the steady-state effluent Cl- concentration dropped with elevated applied current, and the decreasing rate got faster with the increase of HRT or AC loading. However, for the steady-state effluent F- concentration, it dropped to a value under a small applied current and maintained stable in spite of the increase in applied current, and both HRT and AC loading had insignificant effects on the steady-state effluent F- concentration. F- was preferentially removed from the treated water compared with Cl-, and a higher ion selectivity could be obtained at lower applied current and smaller HRT with the trade-off being that operation under these circumstances would generate outlet water with little change in conductivity compared to the influent. The removal efficiencies of F- and Cl- both decreased with increasing feed concentration of coexisting NaCl. This study should be of value in establishing FCDI as a viable technology for treatment of fluoride-contaminated brackish groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kunyue Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wenle Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaxin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yi Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
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12
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Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Zhou H, Li J. Effective inspissation of uranium(VI) from radioactive wastewater using flow electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Minh Phuoc N, Anh Thu Tran N, Minh Khoi T, Bin Jung H, Ahn W, Jung E, Yoo CY, Kang HS, Cho Y. ZIF-67 metal-organic frameworks and CNTs-derived nanoporous carbon structures as novel electrodes for flow-electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Xu L, Mao Y, Zong Y, Peng S, Zhang X, Wu D. Membrane-Current Collector-Based Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization System: A Novel Stack Configuration for Scale-Up Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13286-13296. [PMID: 34529405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The stack configuration in flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) has been verified to be an attractive and feasible strategy for scaling up the desalination process. However, challenges still exist when attempting to simultaneously improve the desalination scale and the cell configuration. Here, we describe a novel stack FCDI configuration (termed a gradient FCDI system) based on a membrane-current collector assembly, in which the charge neutralization enables the in situ regeneration of the flow electrodes in the single cycle operation, thereby realizing a considerable increase in the desalinating performance. By evaluating standardized metrics such as the salt rejection, productivity (P), average salt removal rate (ASRR), energy-normalized removed salt (ENRS), and TEE, the results indicated that the gradient FCDI system could be a performance-stable and energy-efficient alternative for scale-up desalination. Under optimal operating conditions (carbon content = 10 wt %, feed salinity = 3000 mg L-1, cell voltage = 1.2 V, and productivity = 56.7 L m-2 h-1), the robust desalination performance (ASRR = 1.07 μmol cm-2 min-1) and energy consumption (ENRS = 7.8 μmol J-1) of the FCDI system with a desalination unit number of four were verified at long-term operation. In summary, the stacked gradient FCDI system and its operation mode described here may be an innovative and promising strategy capable of enlarging the scale of desalination while realizing performance improvement and device simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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15
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Luo L, He Q, Ma Z, Yi D, Chen Y, Ma J. In situ potential measurement in a flow-electrode CDI for energy consumption estimation and system optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117522. [PMID: 34384947 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising electrochemical technique for brackish water desalination; however, there are challenges in estimating the distribution of resistance and energy consumption inside a FCDI system, which hinders the optimization of the rate-limiting compartment. In this study, energy consumption of each FCDI component (e.g., flow electrodes, membranes and desalination chamber) was firstly described by using in situ potential measurement (ISPM). Results of this study showed that the energy consumption (EC) of the flow electrodes dominated under most conditions. While an increase in the carbon black content in the flow electrodes could improve the energy efficiency of the electrode component, consideration should be given to the contribution of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) and the desalination chamber to the EC. Based on the above analysis, system optimization was carried out by introducing IEMs with relatively low resistance and/or packing the desalination chamber with titanium meshes. Results showed that the voltage-driven desalination capability was increased by 39.3% with the EC reduced by 17.5% compared to the control, which overcame the tradeoff between the kinetic and energetic efficiencies. Overall, the present work facilitates our understanding of the potential drops across an FCDI system and provides insight to the optimization of system design and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Duo Yi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China..
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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16
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He C, Lian B, Ma J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Mo H, Waite TD. Scale-up and Modelling of Flow-electrode CDI Using Tubular Electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117498. [PMID: 34371229 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel design for a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system consisting of tubular electrodes in a shell and tube heat exchanger configuration is proposed. Each electrode consists of a metallic mesh current collector along the inner circumference of a tubular ion-exchange membrane. This tubular FCDI design is suitable for scale-up as it consists of easily manufactured components which can be assembled in an array. An apparatus with 4 tubular electrodes with a large effective area (202.3 cm2) was constructed and shown to provide a high net salt (NaCl) removal rate (0.15 mg s-1 at 1.2 V applied voltage and ∼2000 mg L-1 influent total dissolved solids concentration). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating ion migration and transport mechanisms was developed to simulate the ion concentration and electrical potential profiles in the water channel. The results of CFD modelling highlighted the need to maximize regions of both high potential gradient and high hydraulic flow in order to achieve optimal salt removal. In brief, this study presents a new design approach for FCDI scale-up and provides a computational tool for optimization of this design and future innovative FCDI designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin He
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Boyue Lian
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Shen K, Wei Q, Wang X, Ru Q, Hou X, Wang G, Hui KS, Shen J, Hui KN, Chen F. Electrocatalytic desalination with CO 2 reduction and O 2 evolution. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12157-12163. [PMID: 34236376 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrocatalytic desalination is a promising method to increase the production of additional valuable chemicals during the desalination process. In this work, a multifunctional desalination device was demonstrated to effectively desalinate brackish water (15 000 ppm) to 9 ppm while generating formate from captured CO2 at the Bi nanoparticle cathode and releasing oxygen at the Ir/C anode. The salt feed channel is sandwiched between two electrode chambers and separated by ion-exchange membranes. The electrocatalytic process accelerates the transportation of sodium ions and chloride ions in the brine to the cathode and anode chamber, respectively. The fastest salt removal rate to date was obtained, reaching up to 228.41 μg cm-2 min-1 with a removal efficiency of 99.94%. The influences of applied potential and the concentrations of salt feed and electrolyte were investigated in detail. The current research provides a new route towards an electrochemical desalination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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18
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Yang F, He Y, Rosentsvit L, Suss ME, Zhang X, Gao T, Liang P. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization: A review and new perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117222. [PMID: 34029869 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), as a novel electro-driven desalination technology, has attracted growing exploration towards brackish water treatment, hypersaline water treatment, and selective resource recovery in recent years. As a flow-electrode-based electrochemical technology, FCDI has similarities with several other electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical flow capacitors and semi-solid fuel cells, whose performance are closely coupled with the characteristics of the flow-electrodes. In this review, we sort out the potentially parallel mechanisms of electrosorption and electrodialysis in the FCDI desalination process, and make clear the importance of the flowable capacitive electrodes. We then adopt an equivalent circuit model to distinguish the resistances to ion transport and electron transport within the electrodes, and clarify the importance of electronic conductivity on the system performance based on a series of electrochemical tests. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of electrode selection and flow circulation patterns on system performance (energy consumption, salt removal rate), review the current treatment targets and system performance, and then provide an outlook on the research directions in the field to support further applications of FCDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yunfei He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Leon Rosentsvit
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
| | - Xiaori Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Tie Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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19
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Zhang C, Ma J, Wu L, Sun J, Wang L, Li T, Waite TD. Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI): Recent Developments, Environmental Applications, and Future Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4243-4267. [PMID: 33724803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing severity of global water scarcity, a myriad of scientific activities is directed toward advancing brackish water desalination and wastewater remediation technologies. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), a newly developed electrochemically driven ion removal approach combining ion-exchange membranes and flowable particle electrodes, has been actively explored over the past seven years, driven by the possibility of energy-efficient, sustainable, and fully continuous production of high-quality fresh water, as well as flexible management of the particle electrodes and concentrate stream. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current advances of this interesting technology with particular attention given to FCDI principles, designs (including cell architecture and electrode and separator options), operational modes (including approaches to management of the flowable electrodes), characterizations and modeling, and environmental applications (including water desalination, resource recovery, and contaminant abatement). Furthermore, we introduce the definitions and performance metrics that should be used so that fair assessments and comparisons can be made between different systems and separation conditions. We then highlight the most pressing challenges (i.e., operation and capital cost, scale-up, and commercialization) in the full-scale application of this technology. We conclude this state-of-the-art review by considering the overall outlook of the technology and discussing areas requiring particular attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China
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20
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Xu L, Mao Y, Zong Y, Wu D. Scale-up desalination: Membrane-current collector assembly in flow-electrode capacitive deionization system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116782. [PMID: 33387952 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salt removal from seawater/wastewater using flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is of particular interest, but scale-up desalination is limited by low water production, high energy consumption and complex cell configuration. In this study, an innovative FCDI system is described that uses integrated desalination modules equipped with membrane-current collector (MCC) assembly, and thereby named as MCC-FCDI system. A single desalination module design provides an average salt removal rate (ASRR, 0.3 - 0.44 µmol/(cm2·min)) close to that of the classic FCDI system (with a graphite current collector design), but the design requires a much lower infrastructure investment, device size and energy cost. More importantly, our design enables simultaneous operation of multiple modules in the shared flow-electrode tank, easily realizing scale-up desalination. Evidence is provided by the results of the multi-module operation: multi-modules isolated closed-cycle (MICC) and multi-modules short-circuited closed-cycle (MSCC). For instance, the MICC configuration showing nearly twice the desalination performance over ~ 50 h of operation compared to that of the single ICC operation. The results indicated that in addition to making the device suitable for practical application, the Ti-mesh MCC with a woven network enables the flow electrode to achieve substantial ion adsorption capacity due to the efficient update of fresh carbon particles. In short, the results of this study showed that MCC-FCDI is a promising desalination system for scale-up applications, providing a new reference and guidance for device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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21
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Ashrafizadeh SN, Ganjizade A, Navapour A. A brief review on the recent achievements in flow-electrode capacitive deionization. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Jiang Y, Liang Q, Chu N, Hao W, Zhang L, Zhan G, Li D, Zeng RJ. A slurry electrode integrated with membrane electrolysis for high-performance acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140198. [PMID: 32574921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) technology employs electrotrophic microbes as biocatalysts to produce chemicals from CO2. The application of a slurry electrode can enlarge the surface area to volume ratio, and membrane electrolysis (ME) for on-line extraction can solve the problem of product inhibition. This study constructed a novel dual-chamber ME-MES integrated system equipped with a slurry electrode, and the effect of concentration of powder-activated carbon (AC) in the catholyte on chemical production was also evaluated. The integrated system amended with 5 g L-1 AC produced up to 13.4 g L-1 acetate, showing a 179% increase compared with the control group without AC (4.8 g L-1). However, further increasing the AC concentration to 10 and 20 g L-1 resulted in decreased acetate production. A high concentration of AC showed higher antimicrobial activity to methanogens, as compared to acetogens. Amending AC exacerbated the process of electroosmosis. Also, amending AC with 0 to 10 g L-1 decreased the electrochemical losses via both the membrane and electrolyte. The chemical production using H2 or the electrode as electron donors showed a similar trend when amending AC. The present study provided important information for guiding future research to construct an efficient configuration of an MES bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qinjun Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Na Chu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wen Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Daping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Enhancing understandability and performance of flow electrode capacitive deionisation by optimizing configurational and operational parameters: A review on recent progress. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang C, Wu L, Ma J, Wang M, Sun J, Waite TD. Evaluation of long-term performance of a continuously operated flow-electrode CDI system for salt removal from brackish waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115580. [PMID: 32065937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), one of the most popular CDI variants, possesses a number of advantages over conventional fixed-electrode CDI (e.g., large salt adsorption capacity, high flow efficiency and convenient management of the electrodes), challenges remain in constructing and operating an FCDI system such that it can operate continuously. Here we achieve effective continuous removal of salt from a brackish feed stream using flowing carbon electrodes which are regenerated in a closed-loop manner by using our previously introduced integrated FCDI/MF strategy. The performance of the FCDI/MF system is characterized over a two week period of operation with key factors influencing the desalination performance identified. Results show that the FCDI/MF system is capable of continuously desalinating brackish water (∼2 g L-1) to portable levels (<0.5 g L-1) whilst sustaining an extraordinary water recovery rate (∼92%) and relatively low energy consumption (∼0.5 kWh m-3). No obvious deterioration in performance or membrane fouling was observed during the 14-day operation. While the carbon particles used in the flow electrode exhibited only a minor increase in oxygen-containing groups over the 14 days of operation, a significant reduction in particle size was observed, likely as a consequence of the high-frequency collisions and associated friction between particles that occurred in the FCDI/MF system. Further studies regarding flowable electrode optimization, cell configuration design and process modelling are needed in order to realize the scale-up and practical implementation of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Min Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214206, PR China.
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Ma J, Ma J, Zhang C, Song J, Dong W, Waite TD. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) scale-up using a membrane stack configuration. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115186. [PMID: 31655437 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an attractive variant of CDI with distinct advantages over fixed electrode CDI including the capability for seawater desalination, high flow efficiency and easy management of the electrodes. Challenges exist however in increasing treatment capacity with this attempted here through use of a membrane stack configuration. By comparison of standardised metrics (in particular, average salt removal rate (ASRR), energy normalized removed salt (ENRS) and productivity), results show that that an FCDI system with two pairs of ion exchange membranes had the highest efficiency in desalting a brackish influent (1000 mg L-1) to potable levels (∼150 mg L-1) at higher ASRR and ENRS. Further increase in the number of membrane pairs resulted in a decrease in current efficiency, likely as a result of the dominance of electrodialysis. Results of this study provide proof of concept that (semi-)continuous desalination can be achieved in FCDI at high energy efficiency (13.8%-20.2%) and productivity (> 100 L m-2 h-1) and, importantly, provide insight into possible approaches to scaling up FCDI such that energy-efficient water desalination can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Junjun Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingke Song
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wenjia Dong
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Zhang C, Wu L, Ma J, Pham AN, Wang M, Waite TD. Integrated Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization and Microfiltration System for Continuous and Energy-Efficient Brackish Water Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13364-13373. [PMID: 31657549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging electrochemically driven technology for brackish and/or sea water desalination with merits of large salt adsorption capacity, high flow efficiency, and easy electrode management. While FCDI holds promise for continuous operation, there are very few investigations with regard to the regeneration/reuse of flowable electrodes and the separation of brine from electrodes with these operation prerequisites for real nonintermittent water desalination. In this study, we propose a novel module design to achieve these critical steps involving integration of an FCDI cell and a ceramic microfiltration (MF) contactor. Our investigations reveal that the brine discharge rate is the dominant factor for stable and efficient operation of the integrated module. Results obtained show that the integrated FCDI/MF system can be used to successfully separate brackish water (of salinities 1, 2 and 5 g L-1) into both a potable stream (<0.5 g L-1) and a brine stream (concentrated by 2-20 times) in a continuous manner with extremely high water recovery rates (up to 97%) and reasonable energy consumption. Another notable characteristic of the integrated system is the high thermodynamic energy efficiency (∼30%) with such efficiencies 4-5 times larger than those of conventional capacitive deionization units and comparable to reverse osmosis and electrodialysis systems achieving similar separation efficiencies. In brief, the results of studies described here indicate that continuous and efficient operation of FCDI is a real possibility and pave the way for scale-up of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - A Ninh Pham
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Min Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies , Yixing , Jiangsu Province 214206 , P. R. China
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