1
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Kim HH, Choi B, Ullah Z, Jeong N, Cho KH, Park S, Baek SS, Son M. Decoupling ion concentrations from effluent conductivity profiles in capacitive and battery electrode deionizations using an artificial intelligence model. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122092. [PMID: 39032339 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its simplicity of measurement, effluent conductivity is one of the most studied factors in evaluations of desalination performance based on the ion concentrations in various ion adsorption processes such as capacitive deionization (CDI) or battery electrode deionization (BDI). However, this simple conversion from effluent conductivity to ion concentration is often incorrect, thereby necessitating a more congruent method for performing real-time measurements of effluent ion concentrations. In this study, a random forest (RF)-based artificial intelligence (AI) model was developed to address this shortcoming. The proposed RF model showed an excellent prediction accuracy when it was first validated in predicting the effluent conductivity for both CDI (R2 = 0.86) and BDI (R2 = 0.95) data. Moreover, the RF model successfully predicted the concentration of each ion (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca2⁺, and Cl⁻) from the conductivity values. The accuracy of the ion concentration prediction was even higher than that of the effluent conductivity prediction, likely owing to the linear correlation between the input and output variables of the dataset. The effect of the sampling interval was also evaluated for conductivity and ion concentrations, and there was no significant difference up to sampling intervals of <80 s based on the error value of the model. These findings suggest that an RF model can be used to predict ion concentrations in CDI/BDI, which may be used as core indicators in evaluating desalination performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo Hugo Kim
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwook Choi
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Zahid Ullah
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyeon Jeong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Park
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major in Environmental Engineering), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Son
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Mathew A, Janakiraman M, Karunagaran JR, Ramasamy N, Natesan B. Flow electrode capacitive desalination of industrial RO reject. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28764-28774. [PMID: 38558337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising technology for efficiently treating industrial brine with high salt content. However, its desalination performance is currently limited by internal resistance. Achieving an effective FCDI system relies on active electrode materials with high conductivity. This study compares the desalination performances of the widely used flow electrode activated carbon (AC) with more conductive materials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and ZnO/rGO composite. Additionally, the lack of particle-to-particle contact in the flow electrode contributes to internal resistance and to address this, a cationic surface-active agent is introduced. This agent forms a stable dispersion, creating a space for enhanced mass loading of the active material. This modification enhances the conductive network and particle contact, reducing the diffusion path and promoting rapid ion transport. With a 5 wt% loading, ZnO/rGO achieved a 73% salt removal efficiency, surpassing AC at 63%. Furthermore, the surfactant-modified ZnO/rGO flow electrode with a 7 wt% loading demonstrated an 81% salt removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manokaran Janakiraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jhanani Raji Karunagaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nithya Ramasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanian Natesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Centre For Energy Storage Technologies, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Zhang J, Yu C, Xu L, Zhao Z, Wu D. Electro-enhanced metal-free peroxymonosulfate activator coupled with membrane-assisted process for simultaneous Ni-EDTA decomplexation and Ni ions recovery. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139447. [PMID: 37423408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Electro-enhanced metal-free boron/peroxymonosulfate (B/PMS) system has demonstrated potential for efficient metal-organic complexes degradation in an eco-friendly way. However, the efficiency and durability of the boron activator are limited by associated passivation effect. Additionally, the lack of suitable methods utilizing in-situ recovery of metal ions liberated from decomplexation causes huge resource waste. In this study, B/PMS coupled with a customized flow electrolysis membrane (FEM) system is proposed to address above challenges with Ni-EDTA used as the model contaminant. Electrolysis is confirmed to remarkably promote the activation performance of boron towards PMS to efficiently generate •OH which dominated Ni-EDTA decomplexation in the anode chamber. It is revealed that the acidification near the anode electrode improves the stability of boron by inhibiting passivation layer growth. Under optimal parameters (10 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L boron, initial pH = 2.3, current density = 68.87 A/m2), 91.8% of Ni-EDTA could be degraded in 40 min, with a kobs of 6.25 × 10-2 min-1. As the decomplexation proceeds, nickel ions are recovered in the cathode chamber with little interference from the concentration of co-existing cations. These findings provide a promising and sustainable strategy for simultaneous metal-organic complexes removal and metal resources recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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4
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Kumar S, Aldaqqa NM, Alhseinat E, Shetty D. Electrode Materials for Desalination of Water via Capacitive Deionization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302180. [PMID: 37052355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the emergence of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a promising desalination technique for converting sea and wastewater into potable water, due to its energy efficiency and eco-friendly nature. However, its low salt removal capacity and parasitic reactions have limited its effectiveness. As a result, the development of porous carbon nanomaterials as electrode materials have been explored, while taking into account of material characteristics such as morphology, wettability, high conductivity, chemical robustness, cyclic stability, specific surface area, and ease of production. To tackle the parasitic reaction issue, membrane capacitive deionization (mCDI) was proposed which utilizes ion-exchange membranes coupled to the electrode. Fabrication techniques along with the experimental parameters used to evaluate the desalination performance of different materials are discussed in this review to provide an overview of improvements made for CDI and mCDI desalination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Najat Maher Aldaqqa
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emad Alhseinat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis & Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Wang XR, Wang X, Nian HE, Chen T, Zhang L, Song S, Li JH, Wang Y. Hierarchical MXene/Polypyrrole-Decorated Carbon Nanofibers for Asymmetrical Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53150-53164. [PMID: 36394639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) has emerged as a promising electric-field-driven technology for brackish water desalination and specific salt or charged ion separation. The use of carbon-based or pseudocapacitive materials alone for MCDI usually suffers from the drawbacks of low desalination capacity and poor cycling stability due to their limited accessible adsorption sites and obstructed charge-carrier diffusion pathways. Therefore, developing a hybrid electrode material with multiple charge storage mechanisms and continuous electron/ion transport pathways that can synergistically improve its specific capacitance and cycling durability has currently become one of the most critical technical demands. Herein, we developed a novel hierarchically architectured hybrid electrode by first spinning MXene into polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon nanofibers (MCNFs) to obtain a highly conductive carbon nanocomposite framework. The excellent spatial support structure can effectively prevent the dense packing of Cl-- and DBS--doped polypyrrole (PPy) molecular chains during the following electrodeposition process, which not only ensures the efficient transport of electrons in the continuous hybrid carbon nanofibrous skeleton but also provides abundant accessible sites for ion adsorption and insertion. The obtained self-supporting membrane electrodes (MCNF@PPy+Cl- and MCNF@PPy+DBS-) have the advantages of outstanding specific capacitance (318.4 and 153.9 F/g, respectively), low charge transfer resistance (10.0 and 5.3 Ω, respectively), and excellent cycling performance (78% and 90% capacitance retention ratios, respectively, after 250 electrochemical cycles). Furthermore, the asymmetrical membrane electrodes showed a superior desalination capacity of 91.2 mg g-1 in 500 mg/L NaCl aqueous solution and obvious divalent ion (Ca2+, Mg2+) selective adsorption properties in high-salt water from the cooling towers of thermal power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-En Nian
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Institute of Mineral Resources Research, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Beijing101300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Zhunneng Gangue Power Company, China Energy Investment Corporation, Ordos, Inner Mongolia010300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
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6
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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7
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Shrivastava A, Do VQ, Smith KC. Efficient, Selective Sodium and Lithium Removal by Faradaic Deionization Using Symmetric Sodium Titanium Vanadium Phosphate Intercalation Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30672-30682. [PMID: 35776554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NASICON (sodium superionic conductor) materials are promising host compounds for the reversible capture of Na+ ions, finding prior application in batteries as solid-state electrolytes and cathodes/anodes. Given their affinity for Na+ ions, these materials can be used in Faradaic deionization (FDI) for the selective removal of sodium over other competing ions. Here, we investigate the selective removal of sodium over other alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations from aqueous electrolytes when using a NASICON-based mixed Ti-V phase as an intercalation electrode, namely, sodium titanium vanadium phosphate (NTVP). Galvanostatic cycling experiments in three-electrode cells with electrolytes containing Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Li+ reveal that only Na+ and Li+ can intercalate into the NTVP crystal structure, while other cations show capacitive response, leading to a material-intrinsic selectivity factor of 56 for Na+ over K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Furthermore, electrochemical titration experiments together with modeling show that an intercalation mechanism with a limited miscibility gap for Na+ in NTVP mitigates the state-of-charge gradients to which phase-separating intercalation electrodes are prone when operated under electrolyte flow. NTVP electrodes are then incorporated into an FDI cell with automated fluid recirculation to demonstrate up to 94% removal of sodium in streams with competing alkali/alkaline-earth cations with 10-fold higher concentration, showing process selectivity factors of 3-6 for Na+ over cations other than Li+. Decreasing the current density can improve selectivity up to 25% and reduce energy consumption by as much as ∼50%, depending on the competing ion. The results also indicate the utility of NTVP for selective lithium recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Shrivastava
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Vu Q Do
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Kyle C Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Computational Science and Engineering Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
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8
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Abstract
Redox flow batteries are a critical technology for large-scale energy storage, offering the promising characteristics of high scalability, design flexibility and decoupled energy and power. In recent years, they have attracted extensive research interest, with significant advances in relevant materials chemistry, performance metrics and characterization. The emerging concepts of hybrid battery design, redox-targeting strategy, photoelectrode integration and organic redox-active materials present new chemistries for cost-effective and sustainable energy storage systems. This Review summarizes the recent development of next-generation redox flow batteries, providing a critical overview of the emerging redox chemistries of active materials from inorganics to organics. We discuss electrochemical characterizations and critical performance assessment considering the intrinsic properties of the active materials and the mechanisms that lead to degradation of energy storage capacity. In particular, we highlight the importance of advanced spectroscopic analysis and computational studies in enabling understanding of relevant mechanisms. We also outline the technical requirements for rational design of innovative materials and electrolytes to stimulate more exciting research and present the prospect of this field from aspects of both fundamental science and practical applications.
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9
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Datar SD, Mane R, Jha N. Recent progress in materials and architectures for capacitive deionization: A comprehensive review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10696. [PMID: 35289462 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization is an emerging and rapidly developing electrochemical technique for water desalination across the globe with exponential growth in publications. There are various architectures and materials being explored to obtain utmost electrosorption performance. The symmetric architectures consist of the same material on both electrodes, while asymmetric architectures have electrodes loaded with different materials. Asymmetric architectures possess higher electrosorption performance as compared with that of symmetric architectures owing to the inclusion of either faradaic materials, redox-active electrolytes, or ion specific pre-intercalation material. With the materials perspective, faradaic materials have higher electrosorption performance than carbon-based materials owing to the occurrence of faradaic reactions for electrosorption. Moreover, the architecture and material may be tailored in order to obtain desired selectivity of the target component and heavy metal present in feed water. In this review, we describe recent developments in architectures and materials for capacitive deionization and summarize the characteristics and salt removal performances. Further, we discuss recently reported architectures and materials for the removal of heavy metals and radioactive materials. The factors that affect the electrosorption performance including the synthesis procedure for electrode materials, incorporation of additives, operational modes, and organic foulants are further illustrated. This review concludes with several perspectives to provide directions for further development in the subject of capacitive deionization. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a rapidly developing electrochemical water desalination technique with exponential growth in publications. Faradaic materials have higher salt removal capacity (SAC) because of reversible redox reactions or ion-intercalation processes. Combination of CDI with other techniques exhibits improved selectivity and removal of heavy metals. Operational parameters and materials properties affect SAC. In future, comprehensive experimentation is needed to have better understanding of the performance of CDI architectures and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreerang D Datar
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Rupali Mane
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Neetu Jha
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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10
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Reale ER, Regenwetter L, Agrawal A, Dardón B, Dicola N, Sanagala S, Smith KC. Low porosity, high areal-capacity Prussian blue analogue electrodes enhance salt removal and thermodynamic efficiency in symmetric Faradaic deionization with automated fluid control. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 13:100116. [PMID: 34505051 PMCID: PMC8414176 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) show great potential for low-energy Faradaic deionization (FDI) with reversible Na-ion capacity approaching 5 M in the solid-state. However, past continuous-flow demonstrations using PBAs in FDI were unable to desalinate brackish water to potable levels using single-pass architectures. Here, we show that recirculation of effluent from a symmetric cation intercalation desalination cell into brine/diluate reservoirs enables salt removal exceeding 80% at thermodynamic efficiency as high as 80% when cycled with 100 mM NaCl influent and when controlled by a low-volume, automated fluid circuit. This exceptional performance is achieved using a novel heated, alkaline wet phase inversion process that modulates colloidal forces to increase carbon black aggregation within electrode slurries to solidify crack-free, high areal-capacity PBA electrodes that are calendered to minimize cell impedance and electrode porosity. The results obtained demonstrate the need for co-design of auxiliary fluid-control systems together with electrode materials to advance FDI beyond brackish salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R. Reale
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Lyle Regenwetter
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Adreet Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Brian Dardón
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas Dicola
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sathvik Sanagala
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kyle C. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Computational Science and Engineering Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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11
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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12
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Rahimi M, Molaei Dehkordi A, Gharibi H, Roberts EPL. Novel Magnetic Flowable Electrode for Redox Flow Batteries: A Polysulfide/Iodide Case Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary ABT2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Asghar Molaei Dehkordi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hussein Gharibi
- Chemistry Department, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Edward P. L. Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary ABT2N 1N4, Canada
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Son M, Cho KH, Jeong K, Park J. Membrane and Electrochemical Processes for Water Desalination: A Short Perspective and the Role of Nanotechnology. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E280. [PMID: 33053773 PMCID: PMC7600412 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, membrane-based processes have become mainstream in water desalination because of their relatively high water flux, salt rejection, and reasonable operating cost over thermal-based desalination processes. The energy consumption of the membrane process has been continuously lowered (from >10 kWh m-3 to ~3 kWh m-3) over the past decades but remains higher than the theoretical minimum value (~0.8 kWh m-3) for seawater desalination. Thus, the high energy consumption of membrane processes has led to the development of alternative processes, such as the electrochemical, that use relatively less energy. Decades of research have revealed that the low energy consumption of the electrochemical process is closely coupled with a relatively low extent of desalination. Recent studies indicate that electrochemical process must overcome efficiency rather than energy consumption hurdles. This short perspective aims to provide platforms to compare the energy efficiency of the representative membrane and electrochemical processes based on the working principle of each process. Future water desalination methods and the potential role of nanotechnology as an efficient tool to overcome current limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Son
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Korea; (M.S.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Korea; (M.S.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Kwanho Jeong
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Korea; (M.S.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Jongkwan Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea
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14
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Zhao X, Wei H, Zhao H, Wang Y, Tang N. Electrode materials for capacitive deionization: A review. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Wang R, Lin S. Thermodynamic reversible cycles of electrochemical desalination with intercalation materials in symmetric and asymmetric configurations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 574:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Dai J, Wang J, Hou X, Ru Q, He Q, Srimuk P, Presser V, Chen F. Dual-Zinc Electrode Electrochemical Desalination. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2792-2798. [PMID: 32048442 PMCID: PMC7318675 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and low-energy desalination technologies are in high demand to enable sustainable water remediation. Our work introduces a continuous desalination process based on the redox reaction of a dual-zinc electrode. The system consists of two zinc foils as redox electrodes with flowing ZnCl2 electrolyte, concentrated and diluted salt streams with three anion- and cation-exchange membranes (AEM and CEM) separated configuration (AEM|CEM|AEM). If a constant current is applied, the negative zinc electrode is oxidized, and electrons are released to the external circuit, whereas the positive zinc electrode is reduced, causing salt removal in the dilution stream. The results showed that brackish water can be directly desalted to 380.6 ppm during a continuous batch-mode process. The energy consumption can be as low as 35.30 kJ mol-1 at a current density of 0.25 mA cm-2 , which is comparable to reverse osmosis. In addition, the dual-zinc electrode electrochemical desalination demonstrates excellent rate performance, reversibility, and batch cyclability through electrode exchange regeneration. Our research provides a route for continuous low-energy desalination based on metal redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ru
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Qingyu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringSaarland UniversityCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringSaarland UniversityCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Fuming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
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17
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Liu N, Zhang Y, Xu X, Wang Y. A binder free hierarchical mixed capacitive deionization electrode based on a polyoxometalate and polypyrrole for brackish water desalination. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6321-6327. [PMID: 32342067 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization technology is an efficient method for brackish water desalination, in which the pseudocapacitive material plays a vital role in determining the desalination performance of the electrode directly. Compared with a traditional double-layer capacitance deionization electrode, a mixed capacitive deionization electrode possesses obvious advantages, because it integrates pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance together. A brand-new mixed capacitive deionization electrode is fabricated by co-deposition of P2Mo18O626- and polypyrrole on a 3D exfoliated graphite matrix using an electrochemical technique. In this electrode, composite particles composed of P2Mo18O626- and polypyrrole distribute evenly on the 3D exfoliated graphite matrix. At 1 A g-1 current, the specific capacitance of this electrode is 156.2 mA h g-1. Its rate capability is also promising with more than 76.5% of the capacitance being retained when the current increases to 20 A g-1. At 1.2 V voltage, its desalination capacity and rate reach 17.8 mg g-1 and 1.12 mg g-1 min-1 in 600 mg L-1 NaCl. This satisfactory desalination performance is attributed to the unique electrochemical properties of P2Mo18O623- and polypyrrole and the binder free character of this electrode. Even after 100 cycles, its desalination ability does not decay, which confirms its excellent stability. This work confirms the prospects for polyoxometalate based electrodes in brackish water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China.
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Son M, Pothanamkandathil V, Yang W, Vrouwenvelder JS, Gorski CA, Logan BE. Improving the Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Battery Electrode Deionization Using Flow-Through Electrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3628-3635. [PMID: 32092271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion intercalation electrodes are being investigated for use in mixed capacitive deionization (CDI) and battery electrode deionization (BDI) systems because they can achieve selective ion removal and low energy deionization. To improve the thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE) of these systems, flow-through electrodes were developed by coating porous carbon felt electrodes with a copper hexacyanoferrate composite mixture. The TEE for ion separation using flow-through electrodes was compared to a system using flow-by electrodes with the same materials. The flow-through BDI system increased the recoverable energy nearly 3-fold (0.009 kWh m-3, compared to a 0.003 kWh m-3), which increased the TEE from ∼6% to 8% (NaCl concentration reduction from 50 to 42 mM; 10 A m-2, 50% water recovery, and 0.5 mL min-1). The TEE was further increased to 12% by decreasing the flow rate from 0.50 to 0.25 mL min-1. These findings suggest that, under similar operational conditions and materials, flow-through battery electrodes could achieve better energy recovery and TEE for desalination than flow-by electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Son
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vineeth Pothanamkandathil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wulin Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher A Gorski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bruce E Logan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Liu H, Zhang J, Xu X, Wang Q. A Polyoxometalate‐Based Binder‐Free Capacitive Deionization Electrode for Highly Efficient Sea Water Desalination. Chemistry 2020; 26:4403-4409. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials MOE Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 P. R. China
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20
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Synthesis of hierarchical Mn3O4 nanowires on reduced graphene oxide nanoarchitecture as effective pseudocapacitive electrodes for capacitive desalination application. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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