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Denpetkul T, Pumkaew M, Sittipunsakda O, Srathongneam T, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Risk-based critical concentrations of enteric pathogens for recreational water criteria and recommended minimum sample volumes for routine water monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175234. [PMID: 39102962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Concerns are rising about the contamination of recreational waters from human and animal waste, along with associated risks to public health. However, existing guidelines for managing pathogens in these environments have not yet fully integrated risk-based pathogen-specific criteria, which, along with recent advancements in indicators and markers, are essential to improve the protection of public health. This study aimed to establish risk-based critical concentration benchmarks for significant enteric pathogens, i.e., norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applying a 0.036 risk benchmark to both marine and freshwater environments, the study identified the lowest critical concentrations for children, who are the most susceptible group. Norovirus, C. jejuni, and Cryptosporidium presented lowest median critical concentrations for virus, bacteria, and protozoa, respectively: 0.74 GC, 1.73 CFU, and 0.39 viable oocysts per 100 mL in freshwater for children. These values were then used to determine minimum sample volumes corresponding to different recovery rates for culture method, digital polymerase chain reaction and quantitative PCR methods. The results indicate that for children, norovirus required the largest sample volumes of freshwater and marine water (52.08 to 178.57 L, based on the 5th percentile with a 10 % recovery rate), reflecting its low critical concentration and high potential for causing illness. In contrast, adenovirus and rotavirus required significantly smaller volumes (approximately 0.24 to 1.33 L). C. jejuni and Cryptosporidium, which required the highest sampling volumes for bacteria and protozoa, needed 1.72 to 11.09 L and 4.17 to 25.51 L, respectively. Additionally, the presented risk-based framework could provide a model for establishing pathogen thresholds, potentially guiding the creation of extensive risk-based criteria for various pathogens in recreational waters, thus aiding public health authorities in decision-making, strengthening pathogen monitoring, and improving water quality testing accuracy for enhanced health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Monchai Pumkaew
- Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management Program, School of Multidisciplinary, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand
| | - Oranoot Sittipunsakda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thitima Srathongneam
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Zeng J, Nakanishi T, Itoh S. Two-year Monitoring of Microbiological Water Quality in Small Water Supply Systems: Implications for Microbial Risk Management. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 74:256-267. [PMID: 38767663 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Small water supply systems (SWSSs) are often more vulnerable to waterborne disease outbreaks. In Japan, many SWSSs operate without regulation under the Waterworks Law, yet there is limited investigation into microbial contamination and the associated health risks. In this study, the microbiological water quality of four SWSSs that utilize mountain streams as water sources and do not install water treatment facilities were monitored for over 2 years. In investigated SWSSs, the mean heterotrophic plate counts were below 350 CFU/mL, and the total bacterial loads (16S rDNA concentration) ranged from 4.71 to 5.35 log10 copies/mL. The results also showed the consistent presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), i.e., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, suggesting the potential of fecal pollution. E. coli was then utilized as an indicator to assess the health risk posed by E. coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni. The results indicated that the estimated mean annual risk of infection and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) exceeded acceptable levels in all SWSSs for the two reference pathogens. To ensure microbial water safety, implementing appropriate water treatment facilities with an estimated mean required reduction of 5-6 log10 was necessary. This study highlighted the potential microbial contamination and health risk level in SWSSs that utilize mountain streams as water sources, even though the water sources were almost not affected by human activities. Furthermore, this study would also be helpful in supporting risk-based water management to ensure a safe water supply in SWSSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakanishi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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Hu YN, Wan WD, Wu JT, Lai TN, Ali W, He SS, Liu S, Li X, Tang ZR, Wang CY, Yan C. Bioaerosols emission from source facilities in a wastewater treatment plant: Critical exposure time and sensitivity analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124611. [PMID: 39053806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Overexposure of sewage workers to bioaerosol released from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can cause serious infections, but practical method for controlling their health risk is lacking. In this study, reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment was used to estimate the daily critical exposure time (CET) of sewage workers exposing to Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosol emitted by three emission sources facilities in a WWTP based on either U.S. EPA or WHO benchmark, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze the influence of various parameters on the outcomes of CET. The results showed that the CET of females was always 1.12-1.29 times that of males. In addition, the CET after wearing face masks was 28.28-52.37 times as long as before. The working time can be determined based on the CET results of male workers wearing face masks exposed to the inverted-umbrella aeration tank (14.73-550.98 min for U.S. EPA benchmark and 55.07-1972.24 min for WHO benchmark). In each scenario, the variable parameter exposure concentration (ec) always showed the most influence on the CET results. After wearing the face masks, the removal fraction by employing face masks also had a significant effect on the results, only second to ec. Therefore, the wearing of face mask is the most convenient and effective measure to prolong the CET. Furthermore, practical methods to reducing bioaerosol concentration in WWTPs exposure are also necessary to extend CET and safeguard worker health. This study enriches the application range of reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment framework and provides theoretical support for stakeholders to establish reasonable working time threshold guidelines, and practical method and novel perspective to protect the on-site health risks of sewage workers exposing to various facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Wei-di Wan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jun-Ting Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Tian-Nuo Lai
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Wajid Ali
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan He
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co, Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, PR China
| | - Sai Liu
- CITIC Treated Water Into River Engineering Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430200, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Three Gorges Base Development Co., Ltd., Yichang, 443002, PR China
| | - Zhe-Ren Tang
- YANGTZE Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, PR China
| | - Cheng-Yun Wang
- PowerChina Guiyang Engineering Corp. Ltd., Guizhou, 550081, PR China
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Augendre L, Costa D, Escotte-Binet S, Aubert D, Villena I, Dumètre A, La Carbona S. Surrogates of foodborne and waterborne protozoan parasites: A review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 33:e00212. [PMID: 38028241 PMCID: PMC10661733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Toxoplasma gondii are major causes of waterborne and foodborne diseases worldwide. The assessment of their removal or inactivation during water treatment and food processing remains challenging, partly because research on these parasites is hindered by various economical, ethical, methodological, and biological constraints. To address public health concerns and gain new knowledge, researchers are increasingly seeking alternatives to the use of such pathogenic parasites. Over the past few decades, several non-pathogenic microorganisms and manufactured microparticles have been evaluated as potential surrogates of waterborne and foodborne protozoan parasites. Here, we review the surrogates that have been reported for C. parvum, C. cayetanensis, and T. gondii oocysts, and discuss their use and relevance to assess the transport, removal, and inactivation of these parasites in food and water matrices. Biological surrogates including non-human pathogenic Eimeria parasites, microorganisms found in water sources (anaerobic and aerobic spore-forming bacteria, algae), and non-biological surrogates (i.e. manufactured microparticles) have been identified. We emphasize that such surrogates have to be carefully selected and implemented depending on the parasite and the targeted application. Eimeria oocysts appear as promising surrogates to investigate in the future the pathogenic coccidian parasites C. cayetanensis and T. gondii that are the most challenging to work with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Augendre
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
- ACTALIA Food Safety, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Damien Costa
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Rouen Normandie, University Hospital of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vectors - Tropical and Mediterranean Infections, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Zhang H, Xia Y, Chang Q, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Association between water source and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in Chinese: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:992462. [PMID: 36438297 PMCID: PMC9685615 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.992462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal health is closely associated with the quality of the water supply. However, long-term associations between the water supply type and chronic gastrointestinal disease (CGD) are unclear. Method The water supply was categorized as "tap-water" or "non-tap water" use. Changes in water source use were categorized into four types: "non-tap water both at baseline and in follow-ups," "non-tap water at baseline and tap-water in follow-ups," "tap-water at baseline and non-tap water in follow-ups," or "tap-water at baseline and in follow-ups." We explored the association between tap-water use (and changes therein) and the risk of CGD in a cross-sectional and longitudinal population study based on national cohort data from 2011 to 2018. Results After the inclusion and exclusion process, 13,332 and 9,688 participants were included in the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. Tap-water use was associated with fewer CGD cases at baseline (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.07). Tap-water use at baseline was associated with significantly lower incidence of CGD in follow-ups (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.90). Compared with consistent non-tap water use in both baseline and follow-ups, switching from non-tap water to tap-water use in follow-ups was associated with a lower risk of CGD (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.97), tap water use at both baseline and in follow-ups was associated with a lower risk of CGD (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.88). The decreased risk of CGD followed a linear trend (P fortrend < 0.01). Adjustment for indoor solid fuel use and outdoor air pollution exposure to PM2.5 did not change the association between tap water use and CGD. Conclusion Tap water use was associated with a reduced risk of incident CGD. The results from this study should aid in effect assessment for water purification strategies and public decision support for gastrointestinal health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehua Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangsu Zhang
- International Education School, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Yuhong Zhao ;
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Bueno TS, Loiko MR, Vidaletti MR, Oliveira JA, Fetzner T, Cerva C, Moraes LB, De Carli S, Siqueira FM, Rodrigues RO, Menezes Coppola M, Callegari‐Jacques SM, Mayer FQ. Multidrug‐resistant
Escherichia coli
from free‐living pigeons (
Columba livia
): Insights into antibiotic environmental contamination and detection of resistance genes. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:682-693. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Silveira Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Loiko
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
- Universidade Feevale Novo Hamburgo Brazil
| | - Marina Roth Vidaletti
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Júlia Alves Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Tiago Fetzner
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Cristine Cerva
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Lucas Brunelli Moraes
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Rogério Oliveira Rodrigues
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | - Mario Menezes Coppola
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias DesidérioFinamor Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Eldorado do Sul Brazil
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