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Mineo S. Groundwater and soil contamination by LNAPL: State of the art and future challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162394. [PMID: 36858232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL) represents a challenge due to the difficulties encountered in its underground assessment and recovery. The major risks arising from subsoil LNAPL accumulation face human health and environment, gaining a social relevance also in the frame of a continuously changing climate. This paper reports on a literature review about the underground contamination by LNAPL, with the aims of providing a categorization of the aspects involved in this topic, analyzing the current state of the art, underlying potential lacks and future perspectives. The review was focused on papers published in the 2012-2022 time-interval, in journals indexed in Scopus and WoS databases, by querying "LNAPL" within article title, abstract and/or key words. 245 papers were collected and classified according to three "key approaches" -namely laboratory activity, field based-data studies and mathematical simulations- and subordinate "key themes", so to allow summarizing and commenting the main aspects based on the application setting, content and scope. Results show that there is a wide experience on plume dynamics and evolution, detection and monitoring through direct and indirect surveys, oil recovery and natural attenuation processes. Few cues of innovations were found regarding both the use of new materials and/or specific field configuration for remediation, and the application of new techniques for plume detection. Some limitations were found in the common oversimplification of the polluted media in laboratory or mathematical models, where the contamination is set within homogeneous porous environments, and in the low number of studies focused on rock masses, where the discontinuous hydraulic behavior complicates the address and modeling of the issue. This paper represents a reference for a quick update on the addressed topic, along with a starting point to develop new ideas and cues for the advance in one of the greatest environmental banes of the current century.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mineo
- University of Catania, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Corso Italia 57, Catania 95123, Italy.
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Davis GB, Rayner JL, Donn MJ. Advancing "Autonomous" sensing and prediction of the subsurface environment: a review and exploration of the challenges for soil and groundwater contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19520-19535. [PMID: 36635471 PMCID: PMC9938046 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Can we hope for autonomous (self-contained in situ) sensing of subsurface soil and groundwater pollutants to satisfy relevant regulatory criteria? Global advances in sensors, communications, digital technologies, and computational capacity offer this potential. Here we review past efforts to advance subsurface investigation techniques and technologies, and computational efforts to create a digital twin (representation) of subsurface processes. In the context of the potential to link measurement and sensing to a digital twin computation platform, we outline five criteria that might make it possible. Significant advances in sensors based on passive measurement devices are proposed. As an example of what might be achievable, using the five criteria, we describe the deployment of online real-time sensors and simulations for a case study of a petroleum site where natural source zone depletion (NSZD) is underway as a potential biodegradation management option, and where a high-quality conceptual site model is available. Multiple sensors targeting parameters (major gases and temperature influenced by soil moisture) relevant to the subsurface NSZD biodegradation processes are shown to offer the potential to map subsurface processes spatially and temporally and provide continuous estimates of degradation rates for management decisions, constrained by a computational platform of the key processes. Current limitations and gaps in technologies and knowledge are highlighted specific to the case study. More generally, additional key advances required to achieve autonomous sensing of subsurface soil and groundwater pollutants are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Davis
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, Western Australia, 6014, Australia.
| | - John L Rayner
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, Western Australia, 6014, Australia
| | - Michael J Donn
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, Western Australia, 6014, Australia
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Leon JARD, Concepcion II RS, Billones RKC, Baun JJG, Custodio JMF, Vicerra RRP, Bandala AA, Dadios EP. Digital Twin Concept Utilizing Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Monitoring Seawater Intrusion. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATICS 2023. [DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2023.p0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been seen as an appropriate instrument in several works to monitor and aid in the control of seawater intrusion (SWI) in coastal groundwater systems. This study seeks to discuss the synthesis of a digital twin that couples information between the physical space through ERT as a monitoring sensor and the digital space using SWI simulations to accurately model the behavior of SWI in the present and future settings. To showcase the concept, a Python-based simulation was presented that shows (a) the joint forward modeling-simulation scheme for calculating expected ERT apparent resistivity values from simulated SWI and (b) the calibration of the digital coastal aquifer system through genetic algorithm to accurately match the outputs of the SWI simulations with the ERT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aristotle R. De Leon
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Ronnie S. Concepcion II
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Robert Kerwin C. Billones
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Jonah Jahara G. Baun
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Jose Miguel F. Custodio
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Ryan Rhay P. Vicerra
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Argel A. Bandala
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Elmer P. Dadios
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
- Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University (DLSU), 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
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Kulkarni PR, Walker KL, Newell CJ, Askarani KK, Li Y, McHugh TE. Natural source zone depletion (NSZD) insights from over 15 years of research and measurements: A multi-site study. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119170. [PMID: 36215835 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Site-average Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) rates measured from 40 petroleum light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) source zone sites were compiled from researchers, project reports, and scientific papers. At each site, the following data were compiled: i) general site location; ii) LNAPL fuel type; iii) measurement method, number of locations, and number of measurements per location; and iv) calculated site-average NSZD rate in liters per hectare per year (L/ha/yr) per site and the associated measurement method (i.e., Gradient Method, Carbon Traps, Dynamic Closed Chamber (DCC), or Thermal Monitoring). The resulting dataset showed site-average NSZD rates that ranged from 650 to 152,000 L/ha/yr (70 to 16,250 gallons per acre per year (gal/acre/yr)), with a median value of 9,540 L/ha/yr (1,020 gal/acre/yr). The median site-average NSZD rate by type of fuel spill did not show a statistically significant difference between fuel types. When comparing the different NSZD measurement methods applied to the same sites, the site-average NSZD rates differed by up to 4.8 times (i.e., ratio of faster rate to slower rate), with a median difference of 2.1 times. No clear bias was observed between NSZD rate measurement methods. At four sites with calculations of NSZD rates by season, NSZD rates were typically higher during summer and fall compared to winter and spring. For these sites, Q10 values (a measure of the increase in NSZD rate associated with a 10 °C increase in temperature) ranged from 0.8 to 15.1, with a median of 2.2. The implications of this study suggest that increasing mean annual soil temperature at a site using engineered methods could potentially increase the biodegradation rate (e.g., an increase of 10 °C could double the NSZD rate). Finally, for five sites with site-average NSZD rates for multiple years, average NSZD rates varied by 1.1 to 4.9 times across years. Overall, the evaluation of NSZD rates measured at 40 LNAPL sites suggests that measurable NSZD occurs across a broad range of LNAPL sites. Although NSZD rates vary across sites, fuel type is not the primary factor explaining observed differences in rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yue Li
- GSI Environmental Inc., Houston, TX, United States
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Davis GB, Rayner JL, Donn MJ, Johnston CD, Lukatelich R, King A, Bastow TP, Bekele E. Tracking NSZD mass removal rates over decades: Site-wide and local scale assessment of mass removal at a legacy petroleum site. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 248:104007. [PMID: 35405439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term estimates of natural source zone depletion (NSZD) rates for petroleum LNAPL (light non-aqueous phase liquid) sites are not available. One-off measurements are often thought valid over the lifetime of LNAPL sites. In the context of site-wide LNAPL mass estimates, we report site-specific gasoline and diesel NSZD rates spanning 21-26 years. Using depth profiles of soil gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, volatiles) above LNAPL, NSZD rates were estimated in 1994, 2006 and 2020 for diesel and 1999, 2009 and 2020 for gasoline. Each date also had soil-core mass estimates, which together with NSZD rates allow estimation of the longevity for LNAPL presence. Site-wide coring (in 1992, 2002, 2007) estimated LNAPL mass reductions of 12,000 t. For diesel NSZD, the ratio of NSZD rates for 2006 (16,000-49,000 L/ha/y) to those in 2020 (2600-14,000 L/ha/y) was ~3-6. By 2020, the 1994 diesel NSZD rates would have predicted the entire removal of measured mass (16-42 kg/m2). For gasoline, NSZD rates in 1999 were extremely high (50,000-270,000 L/ha/y) but 9-27 times lower (5800-10,000 L/ha/y) a decade later. The gasoline NSZD rates in 1999 predicted near complete mass removal in 2-12 years, but 10-11 kg/m2 was measured 10 and 21 years later which is 26% of the initial mass in 1999. The outcomes substantiate the need to understand NSZD rate changes over the lifetime of LNAPL-impacted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Davis
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia.
| | - J L Rayner
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - M J Donn
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - C D Johnston
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - R Lukatelich
- Consultant, Baldivis, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A King
- Remediation Management, BP Australia Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T P Bastow
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - E Bekele
- CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
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Migration Law of LNAPLs in the Groundwater Level Fluctuation Zone Affected by Freezing and Thawing. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Freezing and thawing can cause dynamic fluctuations of the groundwater level, resulting in the migration and retention of LNAPLs. However, this process is difficult to observe visually, and a suitable simulation method for its quantitative calculation is lacking. In this study, a numerical simulation is established by coupling the HYDRUS-1D software and the TOUGH program to realize dynamic simulation of the entire process of soil temperature changes, water migration, water level fluctuation, and redistribution of LNAPLs during the freeze–thaw process. The results of the study show that the process of soil freezing and thawing causes water migration, which in turn causes groundwater level fluctuation, leading to the migration and redistribution of LNAPLs within the water level fluctuation zone. In this process, the soil particle size and porosity control the response degree and speed of the water level under freezing and thawing and the spatiotemporal distribution of LNAPLs by affecting the soil temperature, capillary force, and water migration. The migration ability of free LNAPLs is determined by their own density and viscosity; the retention of residual LNAPLs is affected by soil porosity and permeability as well as LNAPL viscosity. The results of this study can not only be used to develop a simulation method for the migration and retention mechanism of LNAPLs in cold regions but also serve as a scientific and theoretical basis for LNAPL pollution control in seasonal frozen soil regions.
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