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Chaplin M, Leung K, Szczuka A, Hansen B, Rockey NC, Henderson JB, Wigginton KR. Linear Mixed Model of Virus Disinfection by Free Chlorine to Harmonize Data Collected across Broad Environmental Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12260-12271. [PMID: 38923944 PMCID: PMC11238732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of virus disinfection by chlorine, our fundamental understanding of the relative susceptibility of different viruses to chlorine and robust quantitative relationships between virus disinfection rate constants and environmental parameters remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of virus inactivation by free chlorine and used the resulting data set to develop a linear mixed model that estimates chlorine inactivation rate constants for viruses based on experimental conditions. 570 data points were collected in our systematic review, representing 82 viruses over a broad range of environmental conditions. The harmonized inactivation rate constants under reference conditions (pH = 7.53, T = 20 °C, [Cl-] < 50 mM) spanned 5 orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.0196 to 1150 L mg-1 min-1, and uncovered important trends between viruses. Whereas common surrogate bacteriophage MS2 does not serve as a conservative chlorine disinfection surrogate for many human viruses, CVB5 was one of the most resistant viruses in the data set. The model quantifies the role of pH, temperature, and chloride levels across viruses, and an online tool allows users to estimate rate constants for viruses and conditions of interest. Results from the model identified potential shortcomings in current U.S. EPA drinking water disinfection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Chaplin
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Kaming Leung
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Brianna Hansen
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Nicole C. Rockey
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
| | - James B. Henderson
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
Medical School, NCRC Bldg. 16 #471C, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Krista R. Wigginton
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
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2
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Zhang M, Roldan-Hernandez L, Boehm A. Persistence of human respiratory viral RNA in wastewater-settled solids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0227223. [PMID: 38501669 PMCID: PMC11022535 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring respiratory viral diseases within communities by analyzing concentrations of viral nucleic-acids in wastewater. However, little is known about the fate of respiratory virus nucleic-acids in wastewater. Two important fate processes that may modulate their concentrations in wastewater as they move from household drains to the point of collection include sorption or partitioning to wastewater solids and degradation. This study investigated the decay kinetics of genomic nucleic-acids of seven human respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, human rhinovirus (HRV), and influenza A virus (IAV), as well as pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in wastewater solids. Viruses (except for PMMoV) were spiked into wastewater solids and their concentrations were followed for 50 days at three different temperatures (4°C, 22°C, and 37°C). Viral genomic RNA decayed following first-order kinetics with decay rate constants k from 0 to 0.219 per day. Decay rate constants k were not different from 0 for all targets in solids incubated at 4°C; k values were largest at 37°C and at this temperature, k values were similar across nucleic-acid targets. Regardless of temperature, there was limited viral RNA decay, with an estimated 0% to 20% reduction, over the typical residence times of sewage in the piped systems between input and collection point (<1 day). The k values reported herein can be used directly in fate and transport models to inform the interpretation of measurements made during wastewater surveillance.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding whether or not the RNA targets quantified for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) efforts decay during transport between drains and the point of sample collection is critical for data interpretation. Here we show limited decay of viral RNA targets typically measured for respiratory disease WBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laura Roldan-Hernandez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexandria Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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3
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Torii S, Gouttenoire J, Kumar K, Antanasijevic A, Kohn T. Influence of Amino Acid Substitutions in Capsid Proteins of Coxsackievirus B5 on Free Chlorine and Thermal Inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5279-5289. [PMID: 38488515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of enteroviruses to disinfectants varies among genetically similar variants and coincides with amino acid changes in capsid proteins, although the effect of individual substitutions remains unknown. Here, we employed reverse genetics to investigate how amino acid substitutions in coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) capsid proteins affect the virus' sensitivity to free chlorine and heat treatment. Of ten amino acid changes observed in CVB5 variants with free chlorine resistance, none significantly reduced the chlorine sensitivity, indicating a minor role of the capsid composition in chlorine sensitivity of CVB5. Conversely, a subset of these amino acid changes located at the C-terminal region of viral protein 1 led to reduced heat sensitivity. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that these changes affect the assembly of intermediate viral states (altered and empty particles), suggesting that the mechanism for reduced heat sensitivity could be related to improved molecular packing of CVB5, resulting in greater stability or altered dynamics of virus uncoating during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kiruthika Kumar
- Virology and Structural Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Virology and Structural Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Heffron J, Samsami M, Juedemann S, Lavin J, Tavakoli Nick S, Kieke BA, Mayer BK. Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121242. [PMID: 38342066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is a growing global reality. In regulating water reuse, viruses have come to the fore as key pathogens due to high shedding rates, low infectious doses, and resilience to traditional wastewater treatments. To demonstrate the high log reductions required by emerging water reuse regulations, cost and practicality necessitate surrogates for viruses for use as challenge organisms in unit process evaluation and monitoring. Bacteriophage surrogates that are mitigated to the same or lesser extent than viruses of concern are routinely used for individual unit process testing. However, the behavior of these surrogates over a multi-barrier treatment train typical of water reuse has not been well-established. Toward this aim, we performed a meta-analysis of log reductions of common bacteriophage surrogates for five treatment processes typical of water reuse treatment trains: advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, membrane filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Robust linear regression was applied to identify a range of doses consistent with a given log reduction of bacteriophages and viruses of concern for each treatment process. The results were used to determine relative conservatism of surrogates. We found that no one bacteriophage was a representative or conservative surrogate for viruses of concern across all multi-barrier treatments (encompassing multiple mechanisms of virus mitigation). Rather, a suite of bacteriophage surrogates provides both a representative range of inactivation and information about the effectiveness of individual processes within a treatment train. Based on the abundance of available data and diversity of virus treatability using these five key water reuse treatment processes, bacteriophages MS2, phiX174, and Qbeta were recommended as a core suite of surrogates for virus challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maryam Samsami
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Samantha Juedemann
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jennifer Lavin
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, 1000 N Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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5
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Cong W, Pike A, Gonçalves K, Shisler JL, Mariñas BJ. Inactivation Kinetics and Replication Cycle Inhibition of Coxsackievirus B5 by Free Chlorine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18690-18699. [PMID: 36946773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of coxsackievirus serotype B5 (CVB5) inactivation with free chlorine is characterized over a range of pH and temperature relevant to drinking water treatment with the primary goal of selecting experimental conditions used for assessing inactivation mechanisms. The inactivation kinetics identified in our study is similar to or slower than experimental data reported in the literature and thus provides a conservative representation of the kinetics of CVB5 inactivation for free chlorine that could be useful in developing future regulations for waterborne viral pathogens including adequate disinfection treatment for CVB5. Untreated and free chlorine-treated viruses, and host cells synchronized-infected with these viruses, are analyzed by a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method with the goal of quantitatively investigating the effect of free chlorine exposure on viral genome integrity, attachment to host cell, and viral genome replication. The inactivation kinetics observed results from a combination of hindering virus attachment to the host cell, inhibition of one or more subsequent steps of the replication cycle, and possibly genome damage.
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6
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Torii S, David SC, Larivé O, Cariti F, Kohn T. Observed Kinetics of Enterovirus Inactivation by Free Chlorine Are Host Cell-Dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18483-18490. [PMID: 36649532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virucidal efficacies of disinfectants are typically assessed by infectivity assay utilizing a single type of host cell. Enteroviruses infect multiple host cells via various entry routes, and each entry route may be impaired differently by a given disinfectant. Yet, it is unknown how the choice of host cells affects the observed inactivation kinetics. Here, we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of echovirus 11 (E11) by free chlorine, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and heat, using three different host cells (BGMK, RD, and A549). Inactivation rates were independent of the host cell for treatment of E11 by UV or heat. Conversely, E11 inactivation by free chlorine occurred 2-fold faster when enumerated on BGMK cells compared with RD and A549 cells. Host cell-dependent inactivation kinetics by free chlorine were also observed for echovirus 7, 9, and 13, and coxsackievirus A9. E11 inactivation by free chlorine was partly caused by a loss in host cell attachment, which was most pronounced for BGMK cells. BGMK cells lack the attachment receptor CD55 and a key subunit of the uncoating receptor β2M, which may contribute to the differential inactivation kinetics for this cell type. Consequently, inactivation kinetics of enteroviruses should be assessed using host cells with different receptor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shannon Christa David
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Odile Larivé
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Cariti
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Canh VD, Torii S, Singhopon T, Katayama H. Inactivation of coxsackievirus B5 by free chlorine under conditions relevant to drinking water treatment. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1318-1324. [PMID: 37756198 PMCID: wh_2023_178 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine disinfection is commonly applied to inactivate pathogenic viruses in drinking water treatment plants. However, the role of water quality in chlorine disinfection of viruses has not been investigated thoughtfully. In this study, we investigated the inactivation efficiency of coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) by free chlorine using actual water samples collected from four full-scale drinking water treatment plants in Japan under strict turbidity management (less than 0.14 NTU) over a 12-month period. It was found that chlorine disinfection of CVB5 might not be affected by water quality. Japanese turbidity management might play an indirect role in controlling the efficiency of chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan E-mail:
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique F ́ed ́erale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tippawan Singhopon
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Larivé O, Torii S, Derlon N, Kohn T. Selective elimination of enterovirus genotypes by activated sludge and chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 9:1620-1633. [PMID: 37274621 PMCID: PMC10233425 DOI: 10.1039/d3ew00050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses, which are commonly circulating viruses shed in the stool, are released into the sewage system and only partially removed or inactivated, resulting in the discharge of infectious enteroviruses into the environment. Activated sludge and chlorination remove or inactivate enterovirus genotypes to different extents, and thus have the potential to shape the population that will be discharged. The goal of this study was to evaluate how activated sludge and chlorination treatment shape an enterovirus population at the genotype level, using a population of eight genotypes commonly found in sewage: CVA9, CVB1, CVB2, CVB3, CVB4, CVB5, E25, E30. Our results show that the extent of inactivation varied among genotypes, but also across sludge samples. We find that the effluent of activated sludge systems will be depleted in CVA9, CVB1 and CVB2 while E25 together with CVB3, CVB4 and CVB5 will be prevalent. Furthermore, we found that microbial inactivation was the main mechanism of infectivity loss in the activated sludge, while adsorption to the sludge flocs was not significant. During effluent chlorination, we also observed that CVB5, CVB3 and to a lesser extent E25 were less susceptible to chlorination while E30 was readily inactivated, and activated sludge-derived EPS provided further protection against chlorination. This study contributes to a better understanding of the variability of sewage treatment efficacy against different enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Larivé
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland +41 21 69 30891
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland +41 21 69 30891
| | - Nicolas Derlon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland +41 21 69 30891
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Xu M, Ma R, Zhang C, Huang X, Gao X, Lv R, Chen X. Inactivation of Lactobacillus Bacteriophages by Dual Chemical Treatments. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:21-28. [PMID: 36929891 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage contamination is one of the significant problems in the food fermentation industry, which eventually causes economic losses to the industry. Here, we investigated the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum phage P1 and P2 using various biocides treatments (ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid). Results indicated that phage P1 and P2 could be completely inactivated by treatment with 75% ethanol for 5 min, followed by 400 ppm of sodium hypochlorite treatment for 5 min. Phage P2 could be completely inactivated in the reverse sequence, while 800 ppm of sodium hypochlorite was required to achieve a similar effect for phage P1. Moreover, 100% isopropanol could increase the inactivating effect of 75% ethanol. This study may provide basic information on using multiple antimicrobials for phage control in laboratories and food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Huang
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Lv
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
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10
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Armanious A, Mezzenga R. A Roadmap for Building Waterborne Virus Traps. JACS AU 2022; 2:2205-2221. [PMID: 36311831 PMCID: PMC9597599 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of waterborne viruses pose a massive threat to human health, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of people every year. Adsorption-based filtration offers a promising facile and environmentally friendly approach to help provide safe drinking water to a world population of almost 8 billion people, particularly in communities that lack the infrastructure for large-scale facilities. The search for a material that can effectively trap viruses has been mainly driven by a top-down approach, in which old and new materials have been tested for this purpose. Despite substantial advances, finding a material that achieves this crucial goal and meets all associated challenges remains elusive. We suggest that the road forward should strongly rely on a complementary bottom-up approach based on our fundamental understanding of virus interactions at interfaces. We review the state-of-the-art physicochemical knowledge of the forces that drive the adsorption of viruses at solid-water interfaces. Compared to other nanometric colloids, viruses have heterogeneous surface chemistry and diverse morphologies. We advocate that advancing our understanding of virus interactions would require describing their physicochemical properties using novel descriptors that reflect their heterogeneity and diversity. Several other related topics are also addressed, including the effect of coadsorbates on virus adsorption, virus inactivation at interfaces, and experimental considerations to ensure well-grounded research results. We finally conclude with selected examples of materials that made notable advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius Armanious
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
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