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Li Y, Chen Y, Kang L, Cao Z, Lv J, Wang S, Guo C, Wang J. Metagenomic analysis reveals enhanced sludge dewaterability through acidified sludge inoculation: Regulation of Fe (II) oxidation electron transport pathway. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 412:131367. [PMID: 39216705 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The bioleaching utilizing indigenous microbial inoculation can continuously improve the dewaterability of sludge. In this study, metagenomic analysis was innovative employed to identify the key microorganisms and functional genes that affect the dewatering performance of sludge in the bioleaching conditioning process. The results demonstrated that long-term repeated inoculation of acidified sludge resulted in increased abundance of many functional genes associated with the transport of carbohydrate and amino acid. Additionally, genes encoding key iron transport proteins (such as afuA, fhuC, and fhuD) and genes related to electron transfer carriers in ferrous iron oxidation process (such as rus and cyc2) were significantly enriched, thereby promoting the improvement of sludge dewatering performance through enhanced iron oxidation. Notably, Acidithiobacillus, Betaproteobacteria, and Hyphomicrobium were the major sources of functional genes. This study reveals the microscopic mechanisms underlying the improvement of sludge dewaterability through bioleaching based on mixed culture from a novel perspective of gene metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lizan Kang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhong Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jinghua Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Zhengzhou Moda Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junqiang Wang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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He S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Feng L, Hu T, Gao Z, Zhao Q, Wei L, You S. Multiple drivers and mechanisms of solid-water interfacial interactions in sludge dewatering: Roles of polarity and molecular structure of extracellular polymeric substances. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 263:122180. [PMID: 39106620 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Water occurrence states in sewage sludge, influenced by sludge physicochemical properties, are crucial for sludge dewaterability and have recently been regarded as a research hotspot. Here, the multifold characteristics of sludge flocs during hydrothermal treatment, including rheological properties, solid-water interfacial interactions, and the polarity distribution and molecular structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), were systematically investigated, and the impact of these characteristics on sludge dewaterability was explored in depth. Hydrothermal treatment at 80 °C and 100 °C induced the conversion of free water into bound water, while an increase in temperature to 180 °C resulted in a significant decrease in bound water content, approximately 4-fold lower than at 100 °C. In addition to the conventional view of decreased sludge surface hydrophilicity at high temperatures, the decline in bound water was associated with the reduction in sludge apparent viscosity. XAD resin fractionation identified the hydrophobic/hydrophilic EPS (HPO-/HPI) ratio as an important factor determining water occurrence states. Especially, hydrolysis of HPI-related hydrophilic proteins and subsequent increase in HPO-related tryptophan-like substances played a dominant role in reducing sludge viscosity and facilitating the release of bound water. Protein conformational analysis revealed that the disruption of α-helix structures and disulfide bonds significantly reduced EPS water-holding capacity, providing strong evidence for the potential of targeting these dense structure units to enhance sludge dewaterability. These findings provide a holistic understanding of multidimensional drivers of water occurrence states in sludge, and guide directions for optimizing sludge treatment efficiency through EPS modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufei He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lingxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Likui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tianyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhelu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Kong X, Zhu Y, Xu H, Ye J, Wang S, Xu H, Zhang R, Tang H, Wang D, Cai D. Three birds with one stone: Sewage sludge deep-drying in 1 hour using secondary aluminum ash to fabricate bricks. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122346. [PMID: 39232256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high moisture, strong hydrophilicity, and hard compressibility of sewage sludge (SS), it is difficult to realize the high-efficiency drying. Herein, a novel SS drying technology was developed to quickly and deeply reduce the moisture of SS from 75.6% to 38.5% in 1 h. During the process, secondary aluminum ash (SAA), a solid waste, was added to SS and acted as skeletons to form plenty of channels. Subsequently, NaOH was added and reacted with SAA to produce a lot of heat, resulting in a rapid temperature rise of the system from 20 to 105°C in 60 s. The heat could effectively remove water from these channels, which could be proved by the T1-T2 maps of in-site Low-Field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, the extracellular polymeric substances were decomposed by SAA/NaOH successfully, and thus the SS became hydrophobic, favoring the drying. Finally, the dried SS could be used to fabricate unburned bricks. Thus, this work provides a promising method to realize the rapid SS deep drying and high-efficiency utilization of SAA and dried SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghai Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - He Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jinghong Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Heliang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Rongjun Zhang
- Weifang Shangchang Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., LTD, Weifang, PR China
| | - Hongxia Tang
- Shanghai Solid Waste and Chemical Management Technology Center, Shanghai, 200235, PR China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Dongqing Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Li Y, Chen Y, Fu C, Han S, Zhang Y, Li H, Lv J, Wang S. Enhancement of sludge dewaterability using combined technology of bioleaching and Fenton: Microscopic structure and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of sludge particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:122089. [PMID: 39102785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Bioleaching and Fenton technology are commonly used preconditioning techniques for sludge dewatering. This study compared the dewatering mechanisms of different conditioning technologies. The results showed that bound water, specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and capillary suction time decreased from 3.95 g/g, 6.16 × 1012 m/kg, and 130.6 s to 3.15 g/g, 2.81 × 1011 m/kg, and 33 s, respectively, under combined treatment condition. Moreover, the free radicals, including ·OH, O2-·and Fe (Ⅳ), further damaged the cell structure, thus increasing the concentration of DNA in the S-EPS layer. This intense degradation sludge particle size decreased by 15.6% and significantly increased zeta potential. Under the combined technology, the α-helix and β-sheet decreased by 42.2% and 56.5%, respectively, destabilizing the spatial structure of proteins and promoting the release of bound water. In addition, the combined technology decreased (Ala/Lys) ratio in the TB-EPS layer by 67.6%, indicating the weakening of protein water-holding capacity. Moreover, the conversion of oxygen-containing compounds to nonpolar hydrocarbons increased the hydrophobicity of the sludge under a combined treatment, thus enhancing dewatering performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Shuyue Han
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jinghua Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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Lv Z, You H, Xu M, Leng H, Li W, Zhao Y, Li Z, Zhu J, Zhang G. Synergetic sludge conditioning by US enhanced Fe 2+ activated sodium persulfate: Physicochemical properties and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142727. [PMID: 38964722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Efficient dewatering of sewage sludge is an energy- and carbon-saving procedure for sludge treatment in wastewater treatment facilities. The ultrasound-coupled divalent iron ion activated persulfate process can effectively promote sludge dewatering and improve organic substance content. Under the action of ultrasound (US 50 w/L), divalent iron ions (Fe2+) 200 mg/g (TS), and persulfate (PDS) 200 mg/g (TS) for 60 min, the capillary suction time (CST) was reduced by 79.74%, and the moisture content of the dewatered sludge cake reached 56.51 wt%. The organic carbon content of treated sludge was also four times higher than the original sludge and types were richer in short-chain volatile species in US/Fe2+/PDS. Moreover, the correlation analysis found that the relationship of between CST and SV30, Zeta and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were positive correlation, and the relationship of SCOD and TC were positively correlated with the PN (SB-EPS). Mechanistic studies showed that the US/Fe2+/PDS system could produce oxygen activators by US coupling Fe2+ to strengthen the effect of activated PDS strongly, while the sulfate radicals (SO4·-) radical was a dominant role. The cracking mechanism is divided into two pathways effectively degraded the macromolecule EPS into a small-molecule acid and further reduced the water-holding interfacial affinity as follow: (1) the radical path dominated by hydroxyl radicals (·OH), SO4·-, and superoxide radical (O2·-); (2) the non-radicals dominated by monoclinic oxygen (1O2). Afterwards, the electrostatic force and interfacial free energy were reduced, resulting in enhanced self-flocculation and mobility to enhanced dewaterability. These findings demonstrated the US/Fe2+/PDS system had significant advantages in sludge cracking and provided theoretical support for its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Mingze Xu
- Weihai Science and Technology Innovation Development Center, Weihai, 264499, China
| | - Haoran Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Weirun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China.
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Huang X, Wang J, Xue F, Zhao X, Shi Z, Liang Q, Wang H, Zhao Z. Investigating the Dewatering Efficiency of Sewage Sludge with Optimized Ratios of Electrolytic Manganese Residue Components. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3605. [PMID: 39063897 PMCID: PMC11278772 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
As an industrial waste residue, Electrolytic Manganese Residue (EMR) can greatly promote sludge dewatering and further particle-size optimization can significantly strengthen sludge dewaterability. In this study, the effects of ammonium sulfate, calcium sulphate dihydrate, and manganese carbonate in EMR on sludge dewatering performance were investigated using the response surface optimization method. It was found that the optimized ratio of three components in EMR was 1.0:1.6:2.2 based on capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance of filtration (SRF), and zeta potential of dewatered sludge. The composition ratio of particle-size optimized EMR was modified based on the above optimization, resulting in a significant increase in sludge dewatering performance (CST and SRF reduced by 8.7% and 11.2%, respectively). Compared with those in original sludge, the content of bound extracellular polymeric substances in the conditioned sludge with optimized ratio was drastically reduced while that of soluble extracellular polymeric substances was slightly increased, which was in accordance with the decline of fluorescence intensity. These findings indicated the disintegration of extracellular polymeric substances, the enhancement of hydrophobicity, and dewatering properties of the sludge. In summary, optimized EMR can effectively intensify the dewaterability of sludge, providing a competitive solution for dewatering and further disposal of sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuquan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Ziyao Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Qingyang Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (X.H.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Zhou B, Zhao G, Yan C, Dong Y, Wang D, Liang J, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhou L. Improving bio-conditioning dewatering performance of food waste anaerobic digestate at low ambient temperatures by heating treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38898673 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2369277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Food waste anaerobic digestate (FWAD) containing high concentrations of contaminants must be purified or recycled. Bio-conditioning dewatering followed by activated sludge process (BDAS) has emerged as a promising technology for treating FWAD. However, the bio-conditioning dewatering as a pivotal step of BDAS is often negatively affected by low ambient temperatures often occurred in winter. This study investigated the role of heating FWAD in improving the bio-conditioning dewatering performance of FWAD. Batch experiments demonstrated that the bio-conditioning dewatering efficiency increased with temperature rise. Notably, due to the low energy consumption, 50°C was considered to be the most appropriate heating treatment temperature, realizing a drastic reduction of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of bio-conditioned FWAD from initial 1.24 × 1012 m/kg in the control at a ambient temperature of 10°C to 5.42 × 1011 m/kg and a saving of 25% in bio-conditioning reagents cost. The results of the pilot-scale and large-scale experiments revealed that heating treatment made the bio-conditioning dewatering more stable regardless of the fluctuation of ambient temperature in practical engineering. The decrease in the viscosity of bio-conditioned FWAD and the enhancement in microbial fermentation liquor flocculation capacity through heating treatment played pivotal roles in improving the bio-conditioning dewatering performance of FWAD. This work provides a cost-effective strategy to achieve efficient bio-conditioning dewatering at a relatively low ambient temperature, which was helpful in the engineering application of the novel BDAS process in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianzhan Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjiang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Feng W, Tang S, Zhao J, Zheng G, Zhou L. Enhancing sludge dewaterability in sequential bioleaching: Degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by filamentous fungus Mucor sp. ZG-3 and the influence of energy source. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302311. [PMID: 38814929 PMCID: PMC11139263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to enhance sludge dewatering through sequential bioleaching, employing the filamentous fungus Mucor sp. ZG-3 and the iron-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5. The mechanism by which Mucor sp. ZG-3 alleviates sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) inhibition of A. ferrooxidans LX5 was investigated, and the optimal addition of energy source for enhanced sludge dewaterability during sequential bioleaching was determined. Sludge dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased to 272 mg/L with a 65.2% reduction by Mucor sp. ZG-3 in 3 days, and the degraded fraction of sludge DOM was mainly low-molecular-weight DOM (L-DOM) which inhibited the oxidization of Fe2+ by A. ferrooxidans LX5. By degrading significant inhibitory low-molecular-weight organic acids, Mucor sp. ZG-3 alleviated DOM inhibition of A. ferrooxidans LX5. In the sequential bioleaching process, the optimal concentration of FeSO4·7H2O for A. ferrooxidans LX5 was 4 g/L, resulting in the minimum specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of 2.60×1011 m/kg, 40.0% lower than that in the conventional bioleaching process with 10 g/L energy source. Moreover, the sequential bioleaching process increased the sludge zeta potential (from -31.8 to -9.47 mV) and median particle size (d50) of the sludge particle (from 17.90 to 27.44 μm), contributing to enhanced sludge dewaterability. Inoculation of Mucor sp. ZG-3 during the bioleaching process reduced the demand for energy sources by A. ferrooxidans LX5 while improving sludge dewaterability performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Department of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Huanlong Environmental Protection Co., LTD, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shigang Tang
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Wang X, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Xu C, Duan H, Wang R, Lu X. Research on the decomposition mechanisms of lithium silicate ores with different crystal structures by autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171762. [PMID: 38508270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Ores serve as energy and nutrient sources for microorganisms. Through complex biochemical processes, microorganisms disrupt the surface structure of ores and release metal elements. However, there is limited research on the mechanisms by which bacteria with different nutritional modes act during the leaching process of different crystal structure ores. This study evaluated the leaching efficiency of two types of bacteria with different nutritional modes, heterotrophic bacterium Bacillus mucilaginosus (BM) and autotrophic bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF), on different crystal structure lithium silicate ores (chain spodumene, layered lepidolite and ring elbaite). The aim was to understand the behavioral differences and decomposition mechanisms of bacteria with different nutritional modes in the process of breaking down distorted crystal lattices of ores. The results revealed that heterotrophic bacterium BM primarily relied on passive processes such as bacterial adsorption, organic acid corrosion, and the complexation of small organic acids and large molecular polymers with metal ions. Autotrophic bacterium AF, in addition to exhibiting stronger passive processes such as organic acid corrosion and complexation, also utilized an active transfer process on the cell surface to oxidize Fe2+ in the ores for energy maintenance and intensified the destruction of ore lattices. As a result, strain AF exhibited a greater leaching effect on the ores compared to strain BM. Regarding the three crystal structure ores, their different stacking modes and proportions of elements led to significant differences in structural stability, with the leaching effect being highest for layered structure, followed by chain structure, and then ring structure. These findings indicate that bacteria with different nutritional modes exhibit distinct physiological behaviors related to their nutritional and energy requirements, ultimately resulting in different sequences and mechanisms of metal ion release from ores after lattice damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Xingqing Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China.
| | - Yucheng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Chao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Huaiyu Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Rucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiancai Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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10
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Zhou B, Wang D, Yan C, Zhao G, Liu X, Zhang D, Liang J, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhou L. A novel approach for purifying food waste anaerobic digestate through bio-conditioning dewatering followed by activated sludge process: A case study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123644. [PMID: 38402935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Although anaerobic digestion is the mainstream technology for treating food waste (FW), the high pollutant concentration in the resultant food waste anaerobic digestate (FWAD) often poses challenges for the subsequent biochemical treatment such as activated sludge process. In this study, taking a typical FW treatment plant as an example, we analyzed the reasons behind the difficulties in treating FWAD and tested a novel process called as bio-conditioning dewatering followed by activated sludge process (BDAS) to purify FWAD. Results showed that high concentrations of suspended solids (SS) (16439 ± 475 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (24642 ± 1301 mg/L), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) (2641 ± 52 mg/L) were main factors affecting the purification efficiency of FWAD by the conventional activated sludge process. By implementing bio-conditioning dewatering for solid-liquid separation, near 100% of SS and total phosphorus (TP), 90% of COD, 38% of total nitrogen (TN), and 37% of NH4+-N in the digestate could be effectively removed or recovered, consequently generating the transparent filtrate with relatively low pollution load and dry sludge cake (<60% of moisture content). Furthermore, after ammonia stripping and biochemical treatment, the effluent met the relevant discharge standards regulated by China, with the concentrations of COD, TN, NH4+-N, and TP ranging from 151 to 405, 10-56, 0.9-31, and 0.4-0.8 mg/L, respectively. This proposed BDAS approach exhibited stable performance and low operating costs, offering a promising solution to purify FWAD in practical engineering and simultaneously realize resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dianzhan Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangliang Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dejin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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11
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Yuan H, Zhu N. Progress of improving waste activated sludge dewaterability: Influence factors, conditioning technologies and implications and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168605. [PMID: 37989393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of waste activated sludge (WAS) as a by-product generated from the biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of high moisture content (MC), organic pollutants, heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria, it may cause serious environmental ecological risk without appropriate disposal. More than one half of the total operation cost is accounted for sludge disposal in a WWTP. Dewatering is an essential and important step during the sludge treatment and disposal process for it could efficiently reduce its volume, and be beneficial to the subsequent treatment and disposal of sludge. However, sludge should be conditioned before mechanical dewatering because of its high hydrophilicity. In this work, it presented a comprehensive review on sludge dewatering including summarizing the dewaterability measurement indexes, affecting factors, conditioning technologies, the improvement mechanisms. Finally, based on the eventual disposal and low carbon emission target, the implications and perspectives development of sludge conditioning were discussed. Based on the above discussion, there is no unified theoretical insight of the improvement mechanism of sludge dewaterability. In addition, the relationship between the microstructure of organic matters in sludge floc and the dewaterability should be deepened. Especially, how to choose the optimal conditioning technology for sludge dewatering lies in the physical and chemical properties of sludge, however, the carbon emission of the conditioning and dewatering process also needs to be considered. Accordingly, green, low-cost and organic conditioning agents are the direction of future research, and the establishment of automatic operating system and real-time evaluation index system is the key challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Yuan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nanwen Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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12
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Li T, Yang J, Zhou Y, Liu X, Luo Y, Fang D, Liang J, Li J, Zhou L. Promoting dewatering efficiency of sludge by bioleaching coupling chemical flocculation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117014. [PMID: 37652216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, bioleaching has emerged as a cost-effective technology for enhancing the dewaterability of sludge. However, the lengthy treatment time involved in sludge bioleaching processes limits daily treatment capacity for sludge. Here, a novel approach was developed through a short time of sludge bioleaching with A. ferrooxidans LX5 (A. f) and A. thiooxidans TS6 (A. t) followed by polyferric sulfate (PFS) flocculation (A. f + A. t + PFS). After 12.5 h of the A. f + A. t + PFS treatment (30% A. f, 10% A. t, 40 mg/g DS S0, 60 mg/g DS FeSO4•7H2O, and 120 mg/g DS PFS), the reduction efficiency of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and sludge cake moisture content reached 94.0% and 11.6%, respectively, which were comparable to the results achieved through 24 h of completed bioleaching treatment. In pilot-scale applications, the mechanical dewatering performance was notably improved following A. f + A. t + PFS treatment, with the low moisture content of the treated sludge cake (∼59.2%). This study provides new insights into the A. f + A. t + PFS process and holds potential for developing efficient and promising sludge dewatering strategies in engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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13
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Li T, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Du X, Fang D, Liang J, Li J, Zhou L. Schwertmannite-based heterogeneous Fenton for enhancing sludge dewaterability over a wide pH range. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132240. [PMID: 37562350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Fe-based Fenton technology is commonly used to enhance sludge dewaterability, but it requires subsequent neutralization, resulting in excessive chemical consumption. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using schwertmannite-composited Fe3O4 (Sch/Fe3O4) as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to enhance sludge dewaterability without the need for pH adjustment. A high reduction efficiency of sludge specific resistance to filtration (94.4%), moisture content (11.4%) and bound water (45.5%) after Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 treatment at initial pH 7.5 were obtained, suggesting that Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 posed good dehydration performance without any acidification. SO42- and H+ generation in Sch/Fe3O4 system played an important role in sludge pH decrease, which facilitated sludge cell lysis, intracellular water release, and provided a suitable pH for Fenton reaction. Reactive species (•OH, •O2-, and 1O2) from Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 could effectively destroy sludge EPS, releasing more bound water. Additionally, the negatively charged compounds were neutralized by dissolved Fe2+/Fe3+. Sch/Fe3O4, as a skeleton builder, rearranged the dissociative sludge flocs to improve the incompressibility and permeability of sludge cake. Finally, sludge treated with Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 achieved organic matters reserve, heavy metals reduction, further benefiting the final disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Xin Du
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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14
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Wang J, Xu S, Zhao K, Song G, Zhao S, Liu R. Risk control of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) during sewage sludge treatment and disposal: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162772. [PMID: 36933744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is an important reservoir of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the reclamation of sewage sludge potentially threats human health and environmental safety. Sludge treatment and disposal are expected to control these risks, and this review summarizes the fate and controlling efficiency of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in sludge involved in different processes, i.e., disintegration, anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, drying, pyrolysis, constructed wetland, and land application. Additionally, the analysis and characterization methods of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in complicate sludge are reviewed, and the quantitative risk assessment approaches involved in land application are comprehensively discussed. This review benefits process optimization of sludge treatment and disposal, with regard to environmental risks control of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in sludge. Furthermore, current research limitations and gaps, e.g., the antibiotic resistance risk assessment in sludge-amended soil, are proposed to advance the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Yangze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shunan Zhao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Deng R, Lai J, Liu Z, Song B, Liu H, Chen D, Zuo G, Yang Z, Meng F, Gong T, Song M. Insights into the role of ·OH generated in Fe 2+/CaO 2/coal slime system for efficient extracellular polymeric substances degradation to improve dewaterability of sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138443. [PMID: 36935059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of massive sewage sludge and coal slime is a problem facing municipalities in China. A hypothesis for the co-disposal of sludge and coal slime is proposed to improve dewaterability by utilizing the beneficial role of coal slime as a filter assist and CaO2 enhanced system in this research. Results showed that capillary suction time, specific resistance to filtration and water content decreased dramatically from 49.3 s, 13.2 × 1012 m/kg and 84.85% to 19.1 s, 1.0 × 1012 m/kg and 50.07%, respectively, under the optimal conditions with 0.3/0.1/0.3-Fe2+/CaO2/coal slime g/g DS. The hydroxyl radicals generated in the Fe2+/CaO2 process acted on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), resulting in a drop in the ratio of α-helix/(β-sheet + random coil) in the secondary structure of EPS proteins and a reduction in the concentration of aromatic proteins and tryptophan-like substances in TB-EPS, thereby enhancing the sludge dewaterability. Furthermore, coal slime as the skeleton building material induced a rise in sludge particle size and contact angle, lowering the hydrophilicity, compressibility of sludge and providing more channels to facilitate water flow. This work verified the promising application prospect of the Fe2+/CaO2/coal slime combined system in the enhancement of sludge dewaterability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jiahao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zonghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Bing Song
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Energy & Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Gancheng Zuo
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Fanyue Meng
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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