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Shuai X, Zhou Z, Zhu L, Achi C, Lin Z, Liu Z, Yu X, Zhou J, Lin Y, Chen H. Ranking the risk of antibiotic resistance genes by metagenomic and multifactorial analysis in hospital wastewater systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133790. [PMID: 38368689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to human health. Hospital wastewater system (HWS) is an important source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The risk of ARGs in HWS is still an under-researched area. In this study, we collected publicly metagenomic datasets of 71 hospital wastewater samples from 18 hospitals in 13 cities. A total of 9838 contigs were identified to carry 383 unique ARGs across all samples, of which 2946 contigs were plasmid-like sequences. Concurrently, the primary hosts of ARGs within HWS were found to be Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. To further evaluate the risk of each ARG subtype, we proposed a risk assessment framework based on the importance of corresponding antibiotics as defined by the WHO and three other indicators - ARG abundance (A), mobility (M), and host pathogenicity (P). Ninety ARGs were identified as R1 ARGs having high-risk scores, which meant having a high abundance, high mobility, and carried by pathogens in HWS. Furthermore, 25% to 49% of genomes from critically important pathogens accessed from NCBI carried R1 ARGs. A significantly higher number of R1 ARGs was carried by pathogens in the effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants from NCBI, highlighting the role of R1 ARGS in accelerating health and environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shuai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenchao Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Chioma Achi
- Ineos Oxford Institute of Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zejun Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanhan Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; International Cooperation Base of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health, Science and Technology Agency of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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