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Pujol O, Nuño M, Minguell J, Selga J, Tomás J, Rodríguez D, Martínez X, Mentaberre G, López-Olvera JR. Characterization and treatment protocol of injuries inflicted to humans by synurbic European wild boars (Sus scrofa). Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2024:10.1007/s00068-024-02654-0. [PMID: 39190058 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-024-02654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wild boar (Sus scrofa) has spread and colonized urban areas. The closer contact with humans can lead to wild boar-inflicted injuries. The objectives of this study are: 1) to systematically review the literature on wild boar-inflicted injuries; 2) to describe our wild boar-inflicted wound management protocol; and 3) to analyse the features, outcomes and complications of our case series. METHODS First, a systematic search of the literature was performed using the PubMed (MEDLINE) electronic database. Then, our evidence-based wild boar-inflicted wound management protocol was described. Finally, a retrospective case series study including all the patients with wild boar-inflicted injuries attended in our Emergency Department (2020-2022) was analysed. RESULTS Fourteen studies (twelve case reports and two case series) were selected for the literature review. Our case series included 34 patients: 50.0% of them presented superficial wounds and 38.2% penetrating wounds. Most of the wounds occurred in the lower limbs (71.9%). Following our protocol, 30.0% of the wounds were primarily closed, the 70.0% of the patients received antibiotics (92.3% in penetrating injuries) and the 26.7% received an antitetanic vaccine. Only one patient (2.9%) presented a complication. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first specific wild boar inflicted-wound management protocol, which led to a low complication rate. Open wounds affecting the lower limbs were the most common lesions. Care should be taken with penetrating tusk injuries. Wide-spectrum antibiotic and antitetanic treatments are recommended. Decisions on wound management should be taken case-by-case, while antirabies vaccination depends on the local status of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Pujol
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Nuño
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Minguell
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Selga
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tomás
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Rodríguez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Martínez
- Preventive Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Animal Science Department and Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS) and Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Medicine and Surgery Animal Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Köroğlu M, Özdeş HU, Acet Ö, Sarıbas T, Ergen E, Karakaplan M, Aslantürk O. Common Peroneal Nerve Injury Caused by a Wild Boar Attack. Wilderness Environ Med 2024; 35:88-93. [PMID: 38379488 DOI: 10.1177/10806032241226617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Wild boar-inflicted nerve injuries have been very rarely reported in the literature. A 62-year-old man was attacked by a wild boar in eastern Turkey and brought to the emergency department. He had 5 lacerations on the lower extremities and 2 on the posterior thoracic region. In addition to soft tissue lacerations, he sustained a complete laceration of the left common peroneal nerve with a foot drop. The common peroneal nerve was repaired primarily the day after the attack. The patient was discharged after a short hospital stay without any immediate complications; however, at the 10-mo follow-up, he still had a left foot drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Köroğlu
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Hüseyin Utku Özdeş
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Hasan Çalık State Hospital, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Acet
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Tahsin Sarıbas
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Emre Ergen
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Karakaplan
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Okan Aslantürk
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
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3
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Na K, Oh BH, Lee J, Cho MJ, Lee M, Kim HR. Penetrating Head Injury Resulting From Wild Boar Attack in Republic of Korea: A Case Report. Korean J Neurotrauma 2023; 19:496-501. [PMID: 38222830 PMCID: PMC10782096 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2023.19.e59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Few cases of injuries caused by wild boars have been reported in the literature. Here, we present the case of a 64-year-old male patient who was attacked by a wild boar. The patient had a laceration to the right forehead and a penetrating wound in the area before the right auricle. Computed tomography scan revealed traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, right temporal lobe contusion hemorrhage, pneumocephalus, right zygomatic arch and temporal bone fracture, and right coronal process fracture of the mandible. Prophylactically, 2,000 mg of ceftriaxone and 400 mg of moxifloxacin were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An emergency craniectomy was performed because the skull fracture was an open fracture and control of the increased intracranial pressure was necessary. Inactivated Rabies Virus Vaccine was also administered postoperatively. We concluded that, unlike typical wounds from other traumatic causes, the risk of wound infection is higher. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality due to wild boar attacks, rapid stabilization of the patient's vital signs, prevention of infection with appropriate antibiotics, and surgical intervention at the appropriate time and method are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghyun Na
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - JongBeom Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min Jai Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - MouSeop Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hong Rye Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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4
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Mazingi DS, Mutambanengwe P, Zimunhu T, Gwatirisa T, Mbuwayesango BA, Munanzvi K, Muparadzi C, Moyo M, Mwanza Y. Intestinal Evisceration in Children From the Bite of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa domesticus: A Report of Two Cases. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:454-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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In Response to Bite Wounds Caused by a Wild Boar by Nagasawa et al. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Mariacher A, Fanelli R, Garofalo L, Perfetti G, Lorenzini R, Fico R. Who is the killer? Barking up the wrong tree. MAMMALIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, several cases of predation on hunting dogs have been reported in Italy. These cases caused uproar among owners and the wolf was singled out as the culprit. The remains of a dog allegedly killed by wolves were submitted for forensic analysis. Wolf predation was ruled out based on gross findings and wild boar aggression was suspected instead. Genetic analysis of salivary swab samples confirmed that wild boars fed on the dog. As poaching is one of the main threats to wolf conservation, it is essential to identify correctly the predator in cases of attacks on domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mariacher
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria , Viale Europa 30 , 58100 Grosseto , Italy
| | - Rita Fanelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria , Via Tancia 21 , 02100 Rieti , Italy
| | - Luisa Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria , Via Tancia 21 , 02100 Rieti , Italy
| | - Gabriella Perfetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Sezione di Siena , Viale Toselli 12 , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Rita Lorenzini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria , Via Tancia 21 , 02100 Rieti , Italy
| | - Rosario Fico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria , Viale Europa 30 , 58100 Grosseto , Italy
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7
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Okano I, Midorikawa Y, Kushima N, Watanabe Y, Sugiyama T, Mitachi K, Shinohara K, Sawada T, Inagaki K. Penetrating Anorectal Injury Caused by a Wild Boar Attack: A Case Report. Wilderness Environ Med 2018; 29:375-379. [PMID: 29731409 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wild boar attacks have rarely been reported in the medical literature. This is the case of an 83-year-old male farmer who was assaulted from behind by an injured adult wild boar. He presented with hemorrhagic shock after sustaining injuries to the right profunda femoris artery and right sciatic nerve as well as significant soft-tissue injuries, bilateral iliac wing fractures, an open pneumothorax, and an anorectal injury. The anorectal injury was treated with fecal diversion but was complicated by soft-tissue infection in the surrounding dead space. The patient needed multiple operations, including removal of the distal rectum and creation of a permanent colostomy. In this report, we highlighted the characteristics of anorectal trauma caused by a wild boar attack. We conclude that penetrating anorectal injuries caused by this type of attack can be associated with extensive soft-tissue damage despite externally appearing to be simple puncture wounds. Anorectal combat injuries have demonstrated similar extensive surrounding soft-tissue injuries and propensity for infection; therefore, this case supports adopting a similar treatment strategy, that of serial and radical debridement, to treat certain wild boar injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Okano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Drs Okano, Midorikawa, Kushima, and Sawada), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan.
| | - Yuki Midorikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Drs Okano, Midorikawa, Kushima, and Sawada), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Kushima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Drs Okano, Midorikawa, Kushima, and Sawada), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Yui Watanabe
- Emergency and Critical Care Center (Drs Watanabe, Sugiyama, and Shinohara), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugiyama
- Emergency and Critical Care Center (Drs Watanabe, Sugiyama, and Shinohara), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Mitachi
- Department of Surgery (Dr Mitachi), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shinohara
- Emergency and Critical Care Center (Drs Watanabe, Sugiyama, and Shinohara), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (Drs Okano, Midorikawa, Kushima, and Sawada), Ohta-Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Katsunori Inagaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Inagaki)
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8
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Potentially Zoonotic Helminths in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) Hunted in Central Italy. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the risk of human toxoplasmosis via meat consumption from wild boars by estimating the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals hunted in central Italy. Using a modified agglutination test, 213 sera from wild boars were examined for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Diaphragm samples (n=65) from seropositive and seronegative animals were tested by nested-PCR to detect T. gondii DNA. Toxoplasma DNA from diaphragms was genotyped by PCR-RFLP using 12 genetic markers. Moreover, the aim of the study was also to identify helminth infections of wild boars in the selected area and to evaluate their hazard for humans. Examination of sera revealed a seroprevalence of 12.2%. Only one T. gondii strain could be genotyped from a seropositive animal and PCR-RFLP revealed that it belonged to type II. Analysis of 50 samples of faeces and 32 small intestines revealed that 78% and 15.6% of the samples harboured parasites, respectively, with the occurrence of parasites potentially dangerous for humans. These latter included Ascaris suum, Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, Trichuris suis, and Metastrongylus spp. A significant association was found between coprological positivity and male sex. These results indicate that T. gondii infection may be present in wild boar tissues and consumption of undercooked or raw wild boar meat may expose humans to risk of toxoplasmosis in the study area. Furthermore, the study highlights that wild boars are hosts of helminths of veterinary and medical importance transmissible to pigs and humans.
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9
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Nagasawa H, Omori K, Maeda H, Takeuchi I, Kato S, Iso T, Jitsuiki K, Yoshizawa T, Ishikawa K, Ohsaka H, Yanagawa Y. Bite Wounds Caused by a Wild Boar: A Case Report. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:313-317. [PMID: 28867139 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A 74-year-old man was attacked by a wild boar while on his way home from his farm in the daytime in winter 2017 on the rural Izu peninsula. He did not provoke the boar; however, hunters were hunting animals in the mountains near the farm around the same time. The boar bit his left leg, and the man fell to the ground. The boar continued biting the man's left leg, and the man delivered a few kicks to the boar's face with his right leg. The boar then bit his right foot and ran away. The man was taken to a hospital, and a physical examination revealed 3 bite wounds on his left leg and right foot. The wounds were irrigated with sterilized saline and closed with sutures under local anesthesia. He received antibiotics and a tetanus toxoid booster. The next day, his wounds were found to be infected, and pus was drained from them. After these treatments, his wounds healed successfully. Animal bite wounds are frequently contaminated. Accordingly, in addition to early proper wound treatment, close observation of the wound is required for both the early detection of any signs of infection and early medical intervention, including appropriate drainage of pus and irrigation as necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagasawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Omori
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maeda
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuto Takeuchi
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Kato
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Iso
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Jitsuiki
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ishikawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ohsaka
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Youichi Yanagawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Bhingare PD, Shelke UR, Bang YA. A Case of Recto-Vesico-Cutaneous Fistula Following Perineal Injury by Wild Boar. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:PD03-4. [PMID: 27437297 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17947.7769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is very uncommon for a boar to become aggressive in nature against human unless they are cornered. A wild boar attacked a 24-year-old male from behind in perineal region. At presentation, he had continuous dribbling of urine and fecal matter from perineal wound. On CT-scan, a well defined tract delineated by contrast was seen between postero-lateral aspect of bladder and anterior wall of rectum, and there was contrast extravasation through perineal wound. After resuscitation, fistula was repaired through abdominal approach, and perineal wound was debrided. Emergency physician should be aware of such cases as increasing deforestation and shifting of humans to sub-urban area, have resulted in increased incidences of wild boar attack. Prompt stabilization of patient, treatment of infection with proper antibiotics, prevention of tetanus and rabies infection and emergency surgical interventions are necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality from such trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Bhingare
- Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College , Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Umesh Ravikant Shelke
- Super-Speciality Medical Officer, Department of Urology, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh A Bang
- Senior Resident, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Surgery, Asian Heart Institute , Hyderabad, India
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11
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Abstract
Injuries caused by wild boar attacks are rare. The pattern of the tusk injuries by wild boar is rarely been mentioned in literature. Such injuries can be termed "tusk injuries". Herein, we discuss the pattern of a wild boar tusk wound following an attack on a 65-year-old man who sustained fatal injuries as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Keshav Tumram
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailendra G Dhawne
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Nemes I, Tolvaj B. [Medical opinion about the death of Miklós Zrínyi, the "Hungarian God of War"]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:2097-104. [PMID: 25528323 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.ho25010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- István Nemes
- Vas Megyei Markusovszky Lajos Egyetemi Oktatókórház Arc-, Állcsont- és Szájsebészeti Osztály Szombathely Markusovszky u. 5. 9700
| | - Balázs Tolvaj
- Vas Megyei Markusovszky Lajos Egyetemi Oktatókórház Patológiai Osztály Szombathely
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Hall AB, Smith D, Palmer J. Case report: Pig attack with successful postexposure prophylaxis management. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 32:492.e3-4. [PMID: 24332899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The domesticated pig or boar is ubiquitous to agriculture around the world and is an important food product in most countries. The males that are able to grow tusks that can approach 5 in are the primary contributor to morbidity and mortality from boar attacks. Literature surrounding domesticated boar attacks is sparse. There are no published cases of domesticated boar attacks that describe successful bacterial postexposure prophylaxis. We present a case report of an attack on an adult female by a domesticated boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brad Hall
- Emergency Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA.
| | - David Smith
- Emergency Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
| | - Jillian Palmer
- Emergency Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
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Šprem N, Škavić P, Krupec I, Budor I. Patterns of Game Animal Attacks on Hunters in Croatia Over a 13-Year Period. Wilderness Environ Med 2013; 24:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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