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Kotecha D, Bunting KV, Gill SK, Mehta S, Stanbury M, Jones JC, Haynes S, Calvert MJ, Deeks JJ, Steeds RP, Strauss VY, Rahimi K, Camm AJ, Griffith M, Lip GYH, Townend JN, Kirchhof P. Effect of Digoxin vs Bisoprolol for Heart Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation on Patient-Reported Quality of Life: The RATE-AF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2020; 324:2497-2508. [PMID: 33351042 PMCID: PMC7756234 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is little evidence to support selection of heart rate control therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, in particular those with coexisting heart failure. OBJECTIVE To compare low-dose digoxin with bisoprolol (a β-blocker). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, open-label, blinded end-point clinical trial including 160 patients aged 60 years or older with permanent atrial fibrillation (defined as no plan to restore sinus rhythm) and dyspnea classified as New York Heart Association class II or higher. Patients were recruited from 3 hospitals and primary care practices in England from 2016 through 2018; last follow-up occurred in October 2019. INTERVENTIONS Digoxin (n = 80; dose range, 62.5-250 μg/d; mean dose, 161 μg/d) or bisoprolol (n = 80; dose range, 1.25-15 mg/d; mean dose, 3.2 mg/d). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was patient-reported quality of life using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical component summary score (SF-36 PCS) at 6 months (higher scores are better; range, 0-100), with a minimal clinically important difference of 0.5 SD. There were 17 secondary end points (including resting heart rate, modified European Heart Rhythm Association [EHRA] symptom classification, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] level) at 6 months, 20 end points at 12 months, and adverse event (AE) reporting. RESULTS Among 160 patients (mean age, 76 [SD, 8] years; 74 [46%] women; mean baseline heart rate, 100/min [SD, 18/min]), 145 (91%) completed the trial and 150 (94%) were included in the analysis for the primary outcome. There was no significant difference in the primary outcome of normalized SF-36 PCS at 6 months (mean, 31.9 [SD, 11.7] for digoxin vs 29.7 [11.4] for bisoprolol; adjusted mean difference, 1.4 [95% CI, -1.1 to 3.8]; P = .28). Of the 17 secondary outcomes at 6 months, there were no significant between-group differences for 16 outcomes, including resting heart rate (a mean of 76.9/min [SD, 12.1/min] with digoxin vs a mean of 74.8/min [SD, 11.6/min] with bisoprolol; difference, 1.5/min [95% CI, -2.0 to 5.1/min]; P = .40). The modified EHRA class was significantly different between groups at 6 months; 53% of patients in the digoxin group reported a 2-class improvement vs 9% of patients in the bisoprolol group (adjusted odds ratio, 10.3 [95% CI, 4.0 to 26.6]; P < .001). At 12 months, 8 of 20 outcomes were significantly different (all favoring digoxin), with a median NT-proBNP level of 960 pg/mL (interquartile range, 626 to 1531 pg/mL) in the digoxin group vs 1250 pg/mL (interquartile range, 847 to 1890 pg/mL) in the bisoprolol group (ratio of geometric means, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.64 to 0.92]; P = .005). Adverse events were less common with digoxin; 20 patients (25%) in the digoxin group had at least 1 AE vs 51 patients (64%) in the bisoprolol group (P < .001). There were 29 treatment-related AEs and 16 serious AEs in the digoxin group vs 142 and 37, respectively, in the bisoprolol group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and symptoms of heart failure treated with low-dose digoxin or bisoprolol, there was no statistically significant difference in quality of life at 6 months. These findings support potentially basing decisions about treatment on other end points. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02391337 and clinicaltrialsregister.eu Identifier: 2015-005043-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kotecha
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Karina V. Bunting
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
| | - Simrat K. Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
| | - Samir Mehta
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Mary Stanbury
- Patient and Public Involvement Team, RATE-AF Trial, West Midlands, England
| | | | - Sandra Haynes
- Patient and Public Involvement Team, RATE-AF Trial, West Midlands, England
| | - Melanie J. Calvert
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, Birmingham, England
| | - Jonathan J. Deeks
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Richard P. Steeds
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
| | | | - Kazem Rahimi
- Deep Medicine, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - A. John Camm
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London, England
| | - Michael Griffith
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jonathan N. Townend
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
- University Heart and Vascular Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, England
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