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Piazza A, Spiriev T, Corvino S, Corrivetti F, Laleva L, Iaconetta G, de Notaris M. The Course of the Trochlear Nerve Presented via a 3-Dimensional Photorealistic Anatomic Model. World Neurosurg 2024; 186:e156-e160. [PMID: 38548050 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several factors contribute to the anatomical complexity of the trochlear nerve, including small diameter, complex and longest intracranial course, deep location, and numerous neurovascular relationships. A 3-dimensional (3D) photorealistic model of the cranial nerves provides a detailed and immersive representation of the anatomy, enabling one to improve surgical planning, advanced surgical research, and training. The purpose of this work is to present a 3D photogrammetric study for a more intuitive and interactive way to explore and describe the entire course of trochlear nerve. METHODS Two injected-fixed head human specimens (4 sides) were examined. The dissection protocol was divided into the following steps: 1) brain hemisphere exposure; 2) hemispherectomy dissecting all cranial nerves and partial removal of the free edge of the tentorium; 3) middle fossa and lateral wall of cavernous sinus exposure; and 4) orbital exposure. A detailed 3D photogrammetric model was generated for each dissection step. RESULTS Four main volumetric models were generated during a step-by-step layered dissection of the entire nerve pathway highlighting its different segments. Finally, a full and integrated model of the entire course of the nerve was created. The models are available for visualization on monoscopic display, virtual, and augmented reality environment. CONCLUSIONS The present photogrammetric model provides a more comprehensive understanding of the nerve's anatomy in its different segments, allows for customizable views thus simulating different perspectives, and can be a valuable alternative to traditional dissections. It is an advanced tool for surgical planning and surgical simulation as well as virtual reality representation of the anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, EBRIS Foundation, Salerno, Italy
| | - Toma Spiriev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Cityclinic University Hospital Tokuda, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sergio Corvino
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, EBRIS Foundation, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Cityclinic University Hospital Tokuda, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Neurosurgical Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrivetti
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, EBRIS Foundation, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Cityclinic University Hospital Tokuda, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Neurosurgical Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, San Luca Hospital, Vallo della Lucania, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Lili Laleva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Cityclinic University Hospital Tokuda, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Giorgio Iaconetta
- Unit of Neurosurgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Matteo de Notaris
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, EBRIS Foundation, Salerno, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Cityclinic University Hospital Tokuda, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Neurosurgical Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, San Luca Hospital, Vallo della Lucania, Salerno, Italy; Unit of Neurosurgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; Neuroanatomy Committee of the Italian Society of Neurosurgery, SINch, Italy
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Guizzardi G, Mosteiro A, Hoyos J, Ferres A, Topczewski T, Reyes L, Alobid I, Matas J, Cavallo LM, Cappabianca P, Enseñat J, Prats-Galino A, Di Somma A. Endoscopic Transorbital Approach to the Middle Fossa: Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomic Study. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:e267-e275. [PMID: 36106937 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital route to the skull base is gaining progressive popularity in the neurosurgical community. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anatomy of the middle cranial fossa from this novel ventral perspective to reach the skull base through the transorbital route and to show limits for possible safe middle fossa drilling from the transorbital route. METHODS Anatomic study was performed; 5 cadaveric specimens (ie, 10 sides) and 2 dry skulls (ie, 4 sides) were dissected. RESULTS To obtain a functional result, there are boundaries that correspond to neurovascular structures that traverse, enter, or leave the middle fossa that must be respected: inferiorly, the lateral pterygoid muscle; medially, the Gasserian ganglion and the lateral border of the foramen rotundum; laterally, the foramen spinosum with the middle meningeal artery; superiorly, the lesser sphenoid wing; posteriorly, the anterior border of the foramen ovale. Average bone resected was 6.49 ± 0.80 cm3 which is the 63% of total middle fossa floor. The mean axial surgical length calculated was 3.85 cm (3.18-5.19 cm) while the mean sagittal surgical length was 5.23 cm (4.87-6.55 cm). The mean horizontal angle of approach was 38.14° (32.87°-45.63°), while the mean vertical angle of approach was 18.56° (10.81°-26.76°). CONCLUSION Detailed anatomy of the middle cranial fossa is presented, and herewith we demonstrated that from the endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach removal of middle cranial fossa floor is possible when anatomic landmarks are respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guizzardi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alejandra Mosteiro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jhon Hoyos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Ferres
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomaz Topczewski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Reyes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Matas
- Clinic Institute of Ophthalmology (ICOF), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigi Maria Cavallo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Cappabianca
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Joaquim Enseñat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Prats-Galino
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Di Somma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinic Institute of Ophthalmology (ICOF), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Guizzardi G, Di Somma A, de Notaris M, Corrivetti F, Sánchez JC, Alobid I, Ferres A, Roldan P, Reyes L, Enseñat J, Prats-Galino A. Endoscopic transorbital avenue to the skull base: Four-step conceptual analysis of the anatomic journey. Front Oncol 2022; 12:988131. [PMID: 36119506 PMCID: PMC9481282 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decades, skull base surgery had passed through an impressive evolution. The role of neuroanatomic research has been uppermost, and it has played a central role in the development of novel techniques directed to the skull base. Indeed, the deep and comprehensive study of skull base anatomy has been one of the keys of success of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base. In the same way, dedicated efforts expended in the anatomic lab has been a powerful force for the growth of the endoscopic transorbital approach to the lateral skull base. Therefore, in this conceptual paper, the main steps for the anatomic description of the endoscopic transorbital approach to the skull base have been detailed. Methods The anatomic journey for the development of the endoscopic transorbital approach to the skull base has been analyzed, and four “conceptual” steps have been highlighted. Results As neurosurgeons, the eyeball has always represented a respectful area: to become familiar with this complex and delicate anatomy, we started by examining the orbital anatomy on a dry skull (step 1). Hence, step 1 is represented by a detailed bone study; step 2 is centered on cadaveric dissection; step 3 consists in 3D quantitative assessment of the novel endoscopic transorbital corridor; and finally, step 4 is the translation of the preclinical data in the real surgical scenario by means of dedicated surgical planning. Conclusions The conceptual analysis of the anatomic journey for the description of the endoscopic transorbital approach to the skull base resulted in four main methodological steps that should not be thought strictly consequential but rather interconnected. Indeed, such steps should evolve following the drives that can arise in each specific situation. In conclusion, the four-step anatomic rehearsal can be relevant for the description, diffusion, and development of a novel technique in order to facilitate the application of the endoscopic transorbital approach to the skull base in a real surgical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guizzardi
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Di Somma
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Alberto Di Somma,
| | - Matteo de Notaris
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Operative Unit, “San Pio” Hospital, Benevento, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS) Foundation, European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrivetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Operative Unit, “San Pio” Hospital, Benevento, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS) Foundation, European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Sánchez
- Clinic Institute of Ophthalmology (ICOF), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Ferres
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Roldan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Reyes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Enseñat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Prats-Galino
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de investigación en anatomía funcional del sistema nervioso, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Corrivetti F, de Notaris M, Di Somma A, Dallan I, Enseñat J, Topczewski T, Solari D, Cavallo LM, Cappabianca P, Prats-Galino A. "Sagittal Crest": Definition, Stepwise Dissection, and Clinical Implications From a Transorbital Perspective. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2022; 22:e206-e212. [PMID: 35239519 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent development of the superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach (SETOA) offered a new route for the management of cavernous sinus and middle cranial fossa tumors. As a result, a constant anatomic landmark of the surgical pathway after drilling the medial edge of the greater sphenoid wing (GSW) is represented by a triangular-shaped bone ridge appearing as a "crest." OBJECTIVE To perform an anatomic study to define this surgical landmark, named the "sagittal crest" (SC) as seen from the transorbital endoscopic view. METHODS Four adult cadaveric specimens (8 sides) were dissected performing an endoscopic transorbital approach to the middle fossa and the SC was removed to perform interdural opening of the cavernous sinus. Computed tomography scans were made before and after removal of the SC to perform quantitative analysis and building a 3-dimensional model of the bone resection of the GSW via the SETOA. RESULTS The SC is a bone ridge triangle shaping dorsally the superior orbital fissure resulting as the residual fragment after drilling the lateral aspect of the greater sphenoid wing. Predissection and postdissection computed tomography scans allowed to objectively assess SC features and dimensions (mean 1.08 ± 0.2 cm). CONCLUSION The SC is a constant anatomic landmark constituted of the residual medial portion of the GSW. Complete resection of this key landmark provides adequate working space and appears to be mandatory during SETOA to guide the subsequent interdural dissection of the lateral wall of cavernous sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Corrivetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Operative Unit, "San Pio" Hospital, Benevento, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, EBRIS Foundation, European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Matteo de Notaris
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Operative Unit, "San Pio" Hospital, Benevento, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, EBRIS Foundation, European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Somma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iacopo Dallan
- Otorhinolaryngology, Audiology and Phoniatrics Operative Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Joaquim Enseñat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Topczewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domenico Solari
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Maria Cavallo
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Cappabianca
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Prats-Galino
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Almeida JP, DE Andrade EJ, Vescan A, Zadeh G, Recinos PF, Kshettry VR, Gentili F. Surgical anatomy and technical nuances of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the anterior cranial fossa. J Neurosurg Sci 2020; 65:103-117. [PMID: 33245220 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.20.05086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA) to the skull base have significantly impacted the management of lesions located in the cranial base. Specifically, lesions arising from the anterior cranial fossa, such as pituitary macroadenomas, craniopharyngiomas meningiomas and craniofacial malignancies have benefited from the development of such approaches. Understanding of the anatomy of the anterior fossa is of utmost importance for the successful selection of the approach and application of surgical techniques in EEA. In the current manuscript, we review the most relevant points of surgical anatomy and nuances of the surgical technique of EEA to the anterior fossa. Anatomical landmarks for the transtuberculum transplanum and transcribriform approaches are discussed and a step-by-step description for those approaches is presented. We reinforce that safe and effective application of such techniques follow the same principles of other skull base surgery techniques: mastering of surgical anatomy, adequate case selection, correct instrumentation and surgical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Almeida
- Section of Skull Base Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erion Jr DE Andrade
- Section of Skull Base Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Allan Vescan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo F Recinos
- Section of Skull Base Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Varun R Kshettry
- Section of Skull Base Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fred Gentili
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada -
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