Scalp Metastasis of Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma

Extracranial metastatic oligodendroglioma with molecular progression, case presentation

BACKGROUND

Extraneural metastasis of central nervous system tumors is generally rare and most often reported in glioblastomas and medulloblastomas, whereas oligodendrogliomas seem to have the lowest risk of extracranial metastasis. Given its infrequent occurrence, both the diagnosis and therapy of metastatic oligodendroglioma is often challenging.

CASE PRESENTATION

This case study presents an oligodendroglioma, the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted tumor with bone marrow metastasis. The significance of this case lies in the comprehensive molecular analysis conducted for both the primary tumor and the metastasis. Chromosome 7 trisomy and chromosome 10 monosomy (+ 7/-10) were detected in the metastasis indicating molecular progression, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously documented in metastatic oligodendroglioma.

CONCLUSIONS

This case study serves additional information for better understanding of the metastatic capabilities of CNS tumors.

CyberKnife Radiosurgery for Extracranial Metastases of Oligodendroglioma: A Clinical Case Report

Oligodendroglioma is an uncommon glial tumor known for its extremely rare tendency to metastasize to extracranial areas, particularly to the spinal region. We present a rare case of oligodendroglioma that metastasizes to the spinal cord 14 years after resection of the initial tumor. Furthermore, a systematic review of the relevant literature is conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, encompassing oligodendroglioma cases with extracranial metastases. Our PRISMA-guided systematic review fills a critical knowledge gap in neurosurgery by consolidating scattered data on oligodendroglioma metastases, offering pivotal insights for clinical practice and future research. A 50-year-old male patient exhibited severe headaches and dizziness, with MRI findings revealing a significant brain mass suggestive of oligodendroglioma. Consequently, the patient underwent a craniotomy procedure. After 14 years, the patient presented with weakness in both lower extremities and bladder as well as bowel dysfunction. A lumbosacral MRI of the patient revealed two intradural enhancing masses in the lumbosacral spine. Surgical resection was performed, and the characteristics were identical to those of the primary tumor. The systemic review encompassed 52 articles, covering 67 cases of extracranial metastases from oligodendroglioma. Only three cases in the literature review fulfilled the inclusion criteria, demonstrating the required molecular genetic profiles of isocitrate dehydrogenase​​​ (IDH)-mutation and chromosome 1p/19q-codeletion. The inclusion criteria encompassed cases of oligodendroglioma with confirmed extracranial metastases, focusing on those with documented molecular genetic profiles indicating IDH-mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion. Our emphasis was on identifying cases with this specific genetic profile to ensure consistency and relevance in the literature review. Interestingly, our case was the first to exhibit intradural spinal metastases, while the other cases involved metastasis to the spinal bone marrow. Our case and literature review demonstrate that oligodendrogliomas, although exceptionally rare, can metastasize not only to the extracranial area but also to the spinal cord. To improve survival in oligodendroglioma cases, it is recommended to implement regular radiological screening and monitoring to enable early detection and treatment of extracranial metastases.

Genomic alterations of oligodendrogliomas at distant recurrence

BACKGROUND

Oligodendroglioma is known for its relatively better prognosis and responsiveness to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, little is known about the evolution of genetic changes as oligodendroglioma progresses.

METHODS

In this study, we evaluated gene evolution invivo during tumor progression based on deep whole-genome sequencing data (ctDNA). We analyzed longitudinal genomic data from six patients during tumor evolution, of which five patients developed distant recurrence.

RESULTS

Whole-exome sequencing demonstrated that the rate of shared mutations between the primary and recurrent samples was relatively low. In two cases, even well-known major driver mutations in CIC and FUBP1 that were detected in primary tumors were not detected in the relapse samples. Among these cases, two patients had a conversion from the IDH mutation in the originating state to the IDH1 wild state during the process of gene evolution under chemotherapy treatment, indicating that the cell phenotype and genetic characteristics of oligodendroglioma may change during tumor evolution. Two patients received long-term temozolomide (TMZ) treatment before the operation, and we found that recurrence tumors harbored mutations in the PI3K/AKT and Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling pathways. Hypermutation occurred with mutations in MMR genes in one patient, contributing to the rapid progression of the tumor.

CONCLUSION

Oligodendroglioma displayed great spatial and temporal heterogeneity during tumor evolution. The PI3K/AKT and SHh signaling pathways may play an important role in promoting treatment resistance and distant relapse during oligodendroglioma evolution. In addition, there was a tendency to increase the degree of tumor malignancy during evolution. Distant recurrence may be a later event duringoligodendroglioma progression.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov, Identifier: NCT05512325.