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Biffl WL, Moore EE, Kansagra AP, Flores BCCR, Weiss JS. Diagnosis and management of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024:01586154-990000000-00777. [PMID: 39093622 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Blunt cerebrovascular injuries are not as rare as they were once thought to be-but they still have the same potential for disastrous outcomes. They may occur following any trauma, but more common with higher energy transfer mechanisms. If stroke occurs, prompt recognition and treatment offers the best chance for optimal outcome. Early diagnosis and provision of antithrombotic therapy may prevent strokes, so screening of asymptomatic patients is recommended. Herein we will present what you need to know to diagnose and manage blunt cerebrovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Biffl
- From the Division of Trauma/Acute Care Surgery (W.L.B.), Scripps Clinic/Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, California Department of Surgery/Trauma (E.E.M.), Ernest E. Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (A.P.K.), Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California; Section of Neurosurgery and Neurointerventional Radiology (B.C.C.R.F.), Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla; and Division of Vascular Surgery (J.S.W.), Scripps Clinic/Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, California
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Biffl WL, Castelo M, Dandan IS, Lu N, Rivera P, Bayat D. Exploring the role of endovascular interventions in blunt carotid and vertebral artery trauma. Am J Surg 2023; 226:688-691. [PMID: 37604750 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of endovascular interventions (EI) for blunt carotid and vertebral artery injuries (BCI and BVI) is poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of EI compared with antithrombotic therapy (AT) to inform future prospective study. METHODS Retrospective review (2017-2022) of records at a Level I trauma center to determine injury, treatment, and outcome information. Primary outcome was stroke. RESULTS 96 patients suffered 106 injuries (74 BVI, 32 BCI). 12 patients underwent 13 EI- 4 therapeutic, 9 prophylactic. Stroke occurred in 12 patients- 6 who had EI. In grade IV BVI, stroke rates are low with both EI and AT. Thrombectomy after stroke improved neurologic function in 4 (100%) of 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS Most strokes occur prior to preventive therapy. Neither AT nor EI is 100% effective in preventing stroke. Thrombectomy may improve neurologic outcomes after stroke. Prospective multicenter study is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Biffl
- Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, 9888 Genesee Ave., LJ601, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Matthew Castelo
- Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, 9888 Genesee Ave., LJ601, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Imad S Dandan
- Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, 9888 Genesee Ave., LJ601, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Ning Lu
- Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, 9888 Genesee Ave., LJ601, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, 9888 Genesee Ave., LJ601, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Dunya Bayat
- Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, 9888 Genesee Ave., LJ601, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Hirota S, Takahashi S, Yoshimura M, Hirai S, Takei T, Orihara A, Sagawa H, Wakabayashi H, Fuji S, Yamamoto S, Sumita K. Mechanical Thrombectomy and Parent Artery Occlusion for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion Due to Vertebral Fracture and Artery Dissection: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOVASCULAR THERAPY 2023; 17:286-292. [PMID: 38125961 PMCID: PMC10730297 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.cr.2023-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective Basilar artery occlusion (BAO) secondary to traumatic vertebral artery (VA) dissection caused by vertebral fracture is a rare cause of acute ischemic stroke, and optimal management, such as antithrombotic agents, surgical fixation, and parent artery occlusion (PAO), has been controversial. We report a case in which mechanical thrombectomy and PAO were performed for a BAO due to right VA dissection caused by a transverse foramen fracture of the axis vertebra. Case Presentation A patient in her 80s suffered from a backward fall, and a neck CT revealed a fracture and dislocation of the right lateral mass of the axis and a compressed transverse foramen. The patient was instructed to admit and to remain in bed rest; however, she suddenly lost consciousness the following day. The CTA revealed right VA occlusion and BAO; therefore, the patient underwent mechanical thrombectomy and the BAO was successfully reperfused but the VA stenotic dissection remained. PAO of the right VA was performed on the fifth day after the accident to prevent BAO recurrence. Conclusion Mechanical thrombectomy is an effective treatment for BAO caused by VA dissection, and PAO may contribute to the prevention of stroke recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hirota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sakyo Hirai
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamaro Takei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Asumi Orihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sagawa
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Wakabayashi
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Fuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sumita
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Asukai M, Ushirozako H, Suda K, Matsumoto Harmon S, Komatsu M, Minami A, Takahata M, Iwasaki N, Matsuyama Y. Safety of early posterior fusion surgery without endovascular embolization for asymptomatic vertebral artery occlusion associated with cervical spine trauma. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:3392-3401. [PMID: 35821446 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertebral artery occlusion (VAO) is an increasingly recognized complication of cervical spine trauma. However, the management strategy of VAO remains heavily debated. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the safety of early fusion surgery for traumatic VAO. METHODS This study included a total of 241 patients (average age 64.7 years; 201 men) who underwent early surgical treatment for acute cervical spine injury between 2012 and 2019. The incidence of VAO, cerebral infarction rates, the recanalization rates, and cerebral thromboembolism after recanalization were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS VAO occurred in 22 patients (9.1%). Of the 22 patients with VAO, radiographic cerebral infarction was detected in 4 patients (21.1%) at initial evaluation, including 1 symptomatic medullar infarction (4.5%) and 3 asymptomatic cerebrum infarctions. A patient who experienced right medullar infarction showed no progression of the neurologic damage. Follow-up imaging revealed that the VAOs of 9 patients (40.9%) were recanalized, and the recanalization did not correlate with clinical adverse outcomes. The arteries of the remaining 13 (59.1%) patients remained occluded and clinically silent until the final follow-up (mean final follow-up 33.0 months). CONCLUSION Despite the lack of a concurrent control group with preoperative antiplatelet therapy or endovascular embolization for VAO, our results showed low symptomatic stroke rate (4.5%), high recanalization rate (40.9%), and low mortality rate (0%). Therefore, we believe that the indication for early stabilization surgery as management strategy of asymptomatic VAO might be one of the safe and effective treatment options for prevention of symptomatic cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Asukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido Spinal Cord Injury Center, 3-1 Higashi-4 Minami-1, Bibai, Hokkaido, 072-0015, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ushirozako
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido Spinal Cord Injury Center, 3-1 Higashi-4 Minami-1, Bibai, Hokkaido, 072-0015, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kota Suda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido Spinal Cord Injury Center, 3-1 Higashi-4 Minami-1, Bibai, Hokkaido, 072-0015, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsumoto Harmon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido Spinal Cord Injury Center, 3-1 Higashi-4 Minami-1, Bibai, Hokkaido, 072-0015, Japan
| | - Miki Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido Spinal Cord Injury Center, 3-1 Higashi-4 Minami-1, Bibai, Hokkaido, 072-0015, Japan
| | - Akio Minami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido Spinal Cord Injury Center, 3-1 Higashi-4 Minami-1, Bibai, Hokkaido, 072-0015, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Indication of imaging to identify cerebral infarction due to vertebral artery damage associated with blunt cervical spine injury. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Suga Y, Mitome-Mishima Y, Yoshida K, Higo T, Nishioka K, Oishi H. Evaluation for Vertebral Artery Injury with Cervical Dislocated Fracture and Optimal Treatment before Reduction. JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOVASCULAR THERAPY 2021; 16:198-203. [PMID: 37502453 PMCID: PMC10370990 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.oa.2021-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cervical dislocated fractures frequently cause vertebral artery injury (VAI), which, in turn, propagates the thrombus at the site of injury. Cerebral embolism due to a thrombus after the reduction of dislocation leads to a poorer neurological outcome. Therefore, we investigated the outcome of treatment for cervical dislocated fractures and the usefulness of parent artery occlusion (PAO) before reduction. Methods Eight patients with cervical dislocated fractures with a locked facets treated at our hospital between January 2018 and December 2020 were evaluated. We retrospectively examined patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. Results Among the eight patients, two were injured at C4/5, four at C5/6, and two at C6/7. All patients had locked facets. Four patients had bilateral dislocation, while the others had unilateral dislocation. Two patients with unilateral dislocation had ipsilateral vertebral artery occlusion (VAO), while the other six did not. Both patients with VAO underwent PAO to prevent cerebral embolism before reduction. The six patients who did not have VAI underwent reduction without preprocedural treatment. No cerebral ischemic complications were observed. One patient died due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles caused by spinal cord injury but the remaining seven recovered well. Conclusion PAO before reduction for cervical dislocated fractures with VAO may be effective in preventing cerebral embolism after reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Suga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mitome-Mishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Higo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Oishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroendovascular Therapy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakamura Y, Kusakabe K, Nakao S, Hagihara Y, Matsuoka T. Vertebral artery occlusion associated with blunt traumatic cervical spine injury. Acute Med Surg 2021; 8:e670. [PMID: 34408881 PMCID: PMC8359820 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Vertebral artery injury associated with blunt traumatic cervical spine injury sometimes causes severe cerebellar and brain stem infarction. No treatment guidelines for vertebral artery injury aimed at preventing stroke have been decided. We have conducted endovascular embolization in patients with up to Denver grade IV cerebrovascular injury complicated by unstable cervical spine injury before open reduction and fixation surgery. The purpose of this study was to validate the clinical course of vertebral artery injury and especially endovascular treatment for grade IV patients in our hospital. Methods Participants comprised of patients diagnosed as having traumatic cervical spine injury in our hospital between January 2015 and April 2018. Among these patients, we selected those with vertebral artery injury and retrospectively examined the background characteristics of the patients, details of treatment, and complications with or without stroke. Results Traumatic cervical spine injury was diagnosed in 89 patients. Among these patients, 15 (16.7%) showed a complicating vertebral artery injury. Mean age was 62.6 years, and almost 50% of the patients were injured in falls. Three types of cervical spine injury caused vertebral artery injury: subluxation, Jefferson fracture, and fracture involving the foramen transversarium. Vertebral artery injury was classified as grade IV in 12 patients, of whom nine required spinal surgery. All patients who needed spinal surgery underwent endovascular therapy before surgery, and none experienced a stroke. Conclusion Endovascular embolization of the vertebral artery occlusion in patients with unstable cervical spine injury before open reduction and fixation surgery can be a treatment option to prevent stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery Rinku General Medical Center Osaka Japan and
| | - Kenji Kusakabe
- Senshu Trauma and Critical Care Center/Department of Trauma & Critical Care Rinku General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Shota Nakao
- Senshu Trauma and Critical Care Center/Department of Trauma & Critical Care Rinku General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Yasushi Hagihara
- Department of Neurosurgery Rinku General Medical Center Osaka Japan and.,Senshu Trauma and Critical Care Center/Department of Trauma & Critical Care Rinku General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuoka
- Senshu Trauma and Critical Care Center/Department of Trauma & Critical Care Rinku General Medical Center Osaka Japan
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Matsumoto S, Tagawa M, Inoue A, Takeba J, Watanabe H, Kunieda T. Interventional Distal Embolization before Corrective Cervical Spinal Surgery for Posttraumatic Vertebral Artery Occlusion: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOVASCULAR THERAPY 2021; 15:719-724. [PMID: 37502271 PMCID: PMC10370999 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.cr.2020-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective A traumatic vertebral artery (VA) injury may result in serious cerebral infarction in the vertebrobasilar area. However, the approach to its diagnosis and the optimal treatment have not yet been established. We present a patient with traumatic occlusion of a unilateral VA due to the multiple cervical spine fractures who required decompression and fixation, in whom the injured VA was coil embolized distal to the occlusion prior to the cervical spine surgery. Case Presentation A 47-year-old woman was injured in a car accident and, presented with C6-C7 superior articular process fractures and C2-C3 ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) with sensory hypoesthesia and motor palsy of the left upper limb. MRA showed left VA occlusion and patent contralateral VA. DSA showed left VA occlusion from the origin to C5/6 and its antegrade flow by collateral orthodromic circulation from the muscular branches. To prevent vertebrobasilar infarction due to migration of the thrombus from the occluded VA which was recanalized by surgical fixation, distal coil embolization of the injured VA by navigating a microcatheter through the contralateral VA across the vertebrobasilar junction was performed. Neither ischemic events nor new neurologic symptoms occurred during follow-up. Conclusion Preoperative coil embolization to a traumatic VA occlusion can be one of the therapeutic choices to prevent thromboembolic stroke after cervical spine surgery. When the proximal segment of the VA was injured and VA occluded from origin, this treatment strategy is feasible, safe, and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirabe Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akihiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Takeba
- Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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OTSUKA T, IZUMI T, NISHIHORI M, TSUKADA T, ARAKI Y, YOKOYAMA K, UDA K, GOTO S, IKEZAWA M, KATO N, NAKANO M, SAITO R. Management of Asymptomatic Vertebral Artery Injury Caused by a Cervical Pedicle Screw Malposition: Two Case Reports. NMC Case Rep J 2021; 8:713-717. [PMID: 35079538 PMCID: PMC8769478 DOI: 10.2176/nmccrj.cr.2021-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic vertebral artery (VA) injury in cervical fusion is an extremely rare complication but can lead to serious sequelae. We present two successful cases of internal trapping for preventing delayed-onset ischemic stroke after iatrogenic VA stenosis caused by a cervical pedicle screw. A 34-year-old female underwent posterior cervical fusion for C4/C5 dislocation fracture. No neurological deficits were observed after the operation. However, the postoperative images revealed that the left C5 pedicle screw perforated the transverse foramen, and the left VA was suspected to be occluded at the screw insertion site. Before revision surgery, we tried to embolize the injured VA with coils. A microcatheter could be navigated from the ipsilateral VA to the distal of the screw, and internal trapping was performed with coils. Another case is that of a 50-year-old male with cervical spondylosis, who underwent posterior decompression and cervical fusion. The neurological symptoms did not deteriorate after the operation. However, the postoperative computed tomography images revealed the perforation of the right C3 transverse foramen by the pedicle screw. In right vertebral angiography, about 70% stenosis was observed at the screw insertion site. Although revision surgery was not planned due to good stability, we embolized the right VA after balloon occlusion test, to prevent the delayed-onset thromboembolic complications. Both the patients recovered without any neurological deficits. Iatrogenic VA injuries, even if asymptomatic immediately after surgery, can lead to serious sequelae in case of delayed-onset ischemic stroke. Therefore, careful attention should be paid when the screw perforates the transverse foramen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi OTSUKA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi IZUMI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro NISHIHORI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya TSUKADA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshio ARAKI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kinya YOKOYAMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji UDA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunsaku GOTO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mizuka IKEZAWA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki KATO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mizuki NAKANO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuta SAITO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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