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Moreira CAA, Murayama LHV, Martins TDC, Oliveira VT, Generoso D, Machado VMDV, Batah SS, Fabro AT, Bazan R, Zanini MA, Sciutto E, Fleury A, Hamamoto Filho PT. Sexual dimorphism in the murine model of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2147-2154. [PMID: 37428312 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is a heterogeneous disease, and the patient's sex seems to play a role in this heterogeneity. Hosts' sexual dimorphism in cysticercosis has been largely explored in the murine model of intraperitoneal Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis. In this study, we investigated the sexual dimorphism of inflammatory responses in a rat model of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis caused by T. crassiceps. T. crassiceps cysticerci were inoculated in the subarachnoid space of Wistar rats (25 females, 22 males). Ninety days later, the rats were euthanized for histologic, immunohistochemistry, and cytokines studies. Ten animals also underwent a 7-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Female rats presented a higher concentration of immune cells in the arachnoid-brain interface, reactive astrogliosis in the periventricular region, in situ pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and more intense hydrocephalus on MRI than males. Intracranial hypertension signals were not observed during the observational period. Overall, these results suggest sexual dimorphism in the intracranial inflammatory response that accompanied T. crassiceps extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Aguiar Moreira
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Vallesquino Murayama
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane de Camargo Martins
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Tadeu Oliveira
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Generoso
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Bazan
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Zanini
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Institute of Biomedical Investigations, UNAM - National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Institute of Biomedical Investigations, UNAM - National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirurgía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro Tadao Hamamoto Filho
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School. UNESP - São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, CEP 18606-986, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Espinosa-Cerón A, Méndez A, Hernández-Aceves J, Juárez-González JC, Villalobos N, Hernández M, Díaz G, Soto P, Concha L, Pérez-Osorio IN, Ortiz-Retana JJ, Bobes RJ, Parkhouse RM, Hamamoto Filho PT, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Standardizing an Experimental Murine Model of Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis That Immunologically Resembles Human Infection. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1021. [PMID: 37508953 PMCID: PMC10377049 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in non-developed regions of the world. Two forms of NCC have been described, for which neurological morbidity depends on the location of the lesion, which can be either within the cerebral parenchyma or in extraparenchymal spaces. The extraparenchymal form (EXP-NCC) is considered the most severe form of NCC. EXP-NCC often requires several cycles of cysticidal treatment and the concomitant use of glucocorticoids to prevent increased inflammation, which could lead to intracranial hypertension and, in rare cases, to death. Thus, the improvement of EXP-NCC treatment is greatly needed. METHODS An experimental murine model of EXP-NCC, as an adequate model to evaluate new therapeutic approaches, and the parameters that support it are described. EXP-NCC was established by injecting 30 Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, which are less than 0.5 mm in diameter, into the cisterna magna of male and female Wistar rats. RESULTS Cyst implantation and infection progression were monitored by detecting the HP10 antigen and anti-cysticercal antibodies in the serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of infected rats and by magnetic resonance imaging. Higher HP10 levels were observed in CSF than in the sera, as in the case of human EXP-NCC. Low cell recruitment levels were observed surrounding established cysticerci in histological analysis, with a modest increase in GFAP and Iba1 expression in the parenchyma of female animals. Low cellularity in CSF and low levels of C-reactive protein are consistent with a weak inflammatory response to this infection. After 150 days of infection, EXP-NCC is accompanied by reduced levels of mononuclear cell proliferation, resembling the human disease. EXP-NCC does not affect the behavior or general status of the rats. CONCLUSIONS This model will allow the evaluation of new approaches to control neuroinflammation and immunomodulatory treatments to restore and improve the specific anti-cysticercal immunity in EXP-NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Espinosa-Cerón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Hernández-Aceves
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan C Juárez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Nelly Villalobos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Georgina Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Paola Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Iván N Pérez-Osorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan J Ortiz-Retana
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Raúl J Bobes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Robert M Parkhouse
- Instituto Gulbekian de Ciência, Portugal. R. Q.ta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - P T Hamamoto Filho
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Severe Acute Hepatic Dysfunction Induced by Ammonium Acetate Treatment Results in Choroid Plexus Swelling and Ventricle Enlargement in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042010. [PMID: 35216129 PMCID: PMC8879736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a major cause of liver failure. However, the pathophysiological role of ventricle enlargement in brain edema remains unclear. Here, we used an acute hepatic encephalopathy mouse model to examine the sequential pathological changes in the brain associated with this condition. We collected tissue samples from experimental animals treated with ammonium acetate at 3 and 24 h post-injection. Despite the normalization of the animal’s ammonia levels, samples taken at 24 h after injection exhibited distinct enlargement of lateral ventricles. The choroid plexus samples obtained at 3 h post-ammonium acetate treatment indicated enlargement; however, this swelling was reduced at the later timepoint. The aquaporin-1 proteins that regulate the choroid plexus were localized both in the apical membrane and the cytoplasm of the epithelia in the control; however, they translocated to the apical membranes of the epithelia in response to ammonia treatment. Therefore, severe acute hepatic encephalopathy induced by ammonium acetate administration caused enlargement of the ventricles, through swelling of the choroid plexus and aquaporin-1 transport and aggregation within the apical membranes.
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Hamamoto Filho PT, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Fleury A. Inflammation in neurocysticercosis: clinical relevance and impact on treatment decisions. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1503-1518. [PMID: 33794119 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1912592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurocysticercosis is caused by the localization of Taenia solium larvae in the central nervous system. The disease remains endemic in most countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. While major improvements have been made in its diagnosis and treatment, uncertainties persist regarding the clinical implications and treatment of the inflammatory reaction associated with the disease. AREAS COVERED In this review, based on PubMed searches, the authors describe the characteristics of the immune-inflammatory response in patients with neurocysticercosis, its clinical implications and the treatment currently administered. The dual role of inflammation (participating in both, the death of the parasite, and the precipitation of serious complications) is discussed. New therapeutic strategies of potential interest are presented. EXPERT OPINION Inflammatory reaction is the main pathogenic mechanism associated to neurocysticercosis. Its management is mainly based on corticosteroids administration. This strategy had improved prognostic of patients as it allows for the control of most of the inflammatory complications. On the other side, it might be involved in the persistence of parasites in some patients, despite cysticidal treatment, due to its immunosuppressive properties. New strategies are needed to improve therapeutical management, particularly in the severest presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro T Hamamoto Filho
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico, mexico.,Neuroinflammation Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/INNN/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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de Laurentis C, Cristaldi P, Arighi A, Cavandoli C, Trezza A, Sganzerla EP, Giussani CG, Di Cristofori A. Role of aquaporins in hydrocephalus: what do we know and where do we stand? A systematic review. J Neurol 2020; 268:4078-4094. [PMID: 32747978 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glymphatic fluid circulation may be considered the lymphatic system of the brain and the main role of such system seems to be played by aquaporins (AQPs), a family of proteins which regulates water exchange, in particular AQP4 and 1. Alterations of glymphatic fluid circulation through AQPs variations are now emerging as central elements in the pathophysiology of different brain conditions, like hydrocephalus. This systematic review provides an insight about the role of AQPs in hydrocephalus establishment and compensation, investigating their possible role as diagnostic tools or therapeutic targets. METHODS PubMed database was screened searching for the relevant existing literature in English language published until February 29th 2020, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. RESULTS A total of 40 articles met the inclusion criteria for our systematic analysis. AQP4 resulted the most studied water channel, followed by AQP1. The changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain parenchyma and choroid plexus (CP) in different hydrocephalus type were analyzed. Moreover, important pharmacological interactions regarding AQP and molecules or conditions were discussed. A very interesting result is the general consensus on increase of AQP4 in hydrocephalic patients, unless in patients suffering from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, where AQP4 shows a tendency in reduction. CONCLUSION AQP seem to play a central role in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus and in its compensation mechanisms. Further studies are required to definitively establish their precise roles and their quantitative changes to allow their utilization as diagnostic tools or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla de Laurentis
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Cristaldi
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Unit of Neurology - UOSD Malattie Neurodegenerative, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, MI, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Clarissa Cavandoli
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Trezza
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Erik P Sganzerla
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Carlo G Giussani
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cristofori
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Gerardo, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Monza, Via G. B. Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.
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Hamamoto Filho PT, Moreira CAA, Generoso D, Alves JÚnior AC, Zanini MA. Experimental neurocysticercosis and demyelination. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:528-529. [PMID: 32725050 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Tadao Hamamoto Filho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Aguiar Moreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Generoso
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu SP, Brazil
| | - Aderaldo Costa Alves JÚnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Zanini
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu SP, Brazil
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