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Sharma N, Mallela AN, Khan T, Canton SP, Kass NM, Steuer F, Jardini J, Biehl J, Andrews EG. Evolution of the meta-neurosurgeon: A systematic review of the current technical capabilities, limitations, and applications of augmented reality in neurosurgery. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:146. [PMID: 38742013 PMCID: PMC11090549 DOI: 10.25259/sni_167_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Augmented reality (AR) applications in neurosurgery have expanded over the past decade with the introduction of headset-based platforms. Many studies have focused on either preoperative planning to tailor the approach to the patient's anatomy and pathology or intraoperative surgical navigation, primarily realized as AR navigation through microscope oculars. Additional efforts have been made to validate AR in trainee and patient education and to investigate novel surgical approaches. Our objective was to provide a systematic overview of AR in neurosurgery, provide current limitations of this technology, as well as highlight several applications of AR in neurosurgery. Methods We performed a literature search in PubMed/Medline to identify papers that addressed the use of AR in neurosurgery. The authors screened three hundred and seventy-five papers, and 57 papers were selected, analyzed, and included in this systematic review. Results AR has made significant inroads in neurosurgery, particularly in neuronavigation. In spinal neurosurgery, this primarily has been used for pedicle screw placement. AR-based neuronavigation also has significant applications in cranial neurosurgery, including neurovascular, neurosurgical oncology, and skull base neurosurgery. Other potential applications include operating room streamlining, trainee and patient education, and telecommunications. Conclusion AR has already made a significant impact in neurosurgery in the above domains and has the potential to be a paradigm-altering technology. Future development in AR should focus on both validating these applications and extending the role of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Sharma
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Arka N. Mallela
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Talha Khan
- Department of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Stephen Paul Canton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States
| | | | - Fritz Steuer
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Jardini
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jacob Biehl
- Department of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Edward G. Andrews
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States
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Pojskić M, Bopp M, Saß B, Nimsky C. Single-Center Experience of Resection of 120 Cases of Intradural Spinal Tumors. World Neurosurg 2024:S1878-8750(24)00634-X. [PMID: 38642835 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study presents a single-center experience of resection of intradural spinal tumors either with or without using intraoperative computed tomography-based registration and microscope-based augmented reality (AR). Microscope-based AR was recently described for improved orientation in the operative field in spine surgery, using superimposed images of segmented structures of interest in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional mode. METHODS All patients who underwent surgery for resection of intradural spinal tumors at our department were retrospectively included in the study. Clinical outcomes in terms of postoperative neurologic deficits and complications were evaluated, as well as neuroradiologic outcomes for tumor remnants and recurrence. RESULTS 112 patients (57 female, 55 male; median age 55.8 ± 17.8 years) who underwent 120 surgeries for resection of intradural spinal tumors with the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring were included in the study, with a median follow-up of 39 ± 34.4 months. Nine patients died during the follow-up for reasons unrelated to surgery. The most common tumors were meningioma (n = 41), schwannoma (n = 37), myopapillary ependymomas (n = 12), ependymomas (n = 10), and others (20). Tumors were in the thoracic spine (n = 46), lumbar spine (n = 39), cervical spine (n = 32), lumbosacral spine (n = 1), thoracic and lumbar spine (n = 1), and 1 tumor in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Four biopsies were performed, 10 partial resections, 13 subtotal resections, and 93 gross total resections. Laminectomy was the common approach. In 79 cases, patients experienced neurologic deficits before surgery, with ataxia and paraparesis as the most common ones. After surgery, 67 patients were unchanged, 49 improved and 4 worsened. Operative time, extent of resection, clinical outcome, and complication rate did not differ between the AR and non-AR groups. However, the use of AR improved orientation in the operative field by identification of important neurovascular structures. CONCLUSIONS High rates of gross total resection with favorable neurologic outcomes in most patients as well as low recurrence rates with comparable complication rates were noted in our single-center experience. AR improved intraoperative orientation and increased surgeons' comfort by enabling early identification of important anatomic structures; however, clinical and radiologic outcomes did not differ, when AR was not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Pojskić
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Miriam Bopp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Saß
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Germany
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3
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Ohashi M, Sato M, Tashi H, Minato K, Makino T, Kawashima H. Mixed Reality-Based Navigation for Pedicle Screw Placement: A Preliminary Study Using a 3D-Printed Spine Model. Cureus 2024; 16:e59240. [PMID: 38813326 PMCID: PMC11133951 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Mixed reality (MR) is one of the image processing technologies that allows the user to manipulate three-dimensional (3D) virtual images (hologram). The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of MR-based pedicle screw (PS) placement using 3D spine models. Materials and methods Using the preoperative CT data of a patient with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who had undergone posterior spinal fusion in our hospital, a 3D-printed spine model was created. On the other hand, a 3D hologram of the same patient was automatically created using the preoperative CT data uploaded to the Holoeyes MD service website (Holoeyes Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Using a Magic Leap One® headset (Magic Leap Inc., Plantation, FL), the 3D hologram with lines of predetermined PS trajectories was superimposed onto the 3D-printed spine model and PS were inserted bilaterally along with the trajectory lines from T5 to L3. As a control, we used a readymade 3D spine model of AIS and inserted PS bilaterally with a freehand technique from T4 to L3. The rate of pedicle violation was compared between the MR-based and freehand techniques. Results A total of 22 and 24 PS were placed into the 3D-printed spine model of our patient and the readymade 3D spine model, respectively. The rate of pedicle violation was 4.5% (1/22 screws) in the MR-based technique and 29.2% (7/24 screws) in the freehand technique (P = 0.049). Conclusions We demonstrated a significantly lower rate of PS misplacement in the MR-based technique than in the freehand technique. Therefore, an MR-assisted system is a promising tool for PS placement in terms of feasibility, safety, and accuracy, warranting further studies including cadaveric and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ohashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, JPN
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, JPN
| | - Hideki Tashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, JPN
| | - Keitaro Minato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, JPN
| | - Tatsuo Makino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, JPN
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, JPN
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Judy BF, Menta A, Pak HL, Azad TD, Witham TF. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Spine Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2024; 35:207-216. [PMID: 38423736 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are powerful technologies with proven utility and tremendous potential. Spine surgery, in particular, may benefit from these developing technologies for resident training, preoperative education for patients, surgical planning and execution, and patient rehabilitation. In this review, the history, current applications, challenges, and future of AR/VR in spine surgery are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Judy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, 6007 Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Arjun Menta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, 6007 Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ho Lim Pak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, 6007 Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, 6007 Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Timothy F Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, 6007 Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Begagić E, Bečulić H, Pugonja R, Memić Z, Balogun S, Džidić-Krivić A, Milanović E, Salković N, Nuhović A, Skomorac R, Sefo H, Pojskić M. Augmented Reality Integration in Skull Base Neurosurgery: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:335. [PMID: 38399622 PMCID: PMC10889940 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To investigate the role of augmented reality (AR) in skull base (SB) neurosurgery. Materials and Methods: Utilizing PRISMA methodology, PubMed and Scopus databases were explored to extract data related to AR integration in SB surgery. Results: The majority of 19 included studies (42.1%) were conducted in the United States, with a focus on the last five years (77.8%). Categorization included phantom skull models (31.2%, n = 6), human cadavers (15.8%, n = 3), or human patients (52.6%, n = 10). Microscopic surgery was the predominant modality in 10 studies (52.6%). Of the 19 studies, surgical modality was specified in 18, with microscopic surgery being predominant (52.6%). Most studies used only CT as the data source (n = 9; 47.4%), and optical tracking was the prevalent tracking modality (n = 9; 47.3%). The Target Registration Error (TRE) spanned from 0.55 to 10.62 mm. Conclusion: Despite variations in Target Registration Error (TRE) values, the studies highlighted successful outcomes and minimal complications. Challenges, such as device practicality and data security, were acknowledged, but the application of low-cost AR devices suggests broader feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Begagić
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Hakija Bečulić
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 67, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (H.B.)
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ragib Pugonja
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Zlatan Memić
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Simon Balogun
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ilesa Road PMB 5538, Ile-Ife 220282, Nigeria
| | - Amina Džidić-Krivić
- Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 67, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elma Milanović
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Naida Salković
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 1, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Adem Nuhović
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Univerzitetska 1, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Rasim Skomorac
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Crkvice 67, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (H.B.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, Travnička 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haso Sefo
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirza Pojskić
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Bui T, Ruiz-Cardozo MA, Dave HS, Barot K, Kann MR, Joseph K, Lopez-Alviar S, Trevino G, Brehm S, Yahanda AT, Molina CA. Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality Applications for Surgical Rehearsal, Operative Execution, and Patient Education in Spine Surgery: A Scoping Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:332. [PMID: 38399619 PMCID: PMC10890632 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Advances in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies have resulted in their increased application across many medical specialties. VR's main application has been for teaching and preparatory roles, while AR has been mostly used as a surgical adjunct. The objective of this study is to discuss the various applications and prospects for VR, AR, and MR specifically as they relate to spine surgery. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted to examine the current applications of VR, AR, and MR with a focus on spine surgery. A literature search of two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The study quality was assessed using the MERSQI score for educational research studies, QUACS for cadaveric studies, and the JBI critical appraisal tools for clinical studies. Results: A total of 228 articles were identified in the primary literature review. Following title/abstract screening and full-text review, 46 articles were included in the review. These articles comprised nine studies performed in artificial models, nine cadaveric studies, four clinical case studies, nineteen clinical case series, one clinical case-control study, and four clinical parallel control studies. Teaching applications utilizing holographic overlays are the most intensively studied aspect of AR/VR; the most simulated surgical procedure is pedicle screw placement. Conclusions: VR provides a reproducible and robust medium for surgical training through surgical simulations and for patient education through various platforms. Existing AR/MR platforms enhance the accuracy and precision of spine surgeries and show promise as a surgical adjunct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bui
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Miguel A. Ruiz-Cardozo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Harsh S. Dave
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karma Barot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Ryan Kann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Karan Joseph
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sofia Lopez-Alviar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gabriel Trevino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel Brehm
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander T. Yahanda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Camilo A Molina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Dho YS, Lee BC, Moon HC, Kim KM, Kang H, Lee EJ, Kim MS, Kim JW, Kim YH, Park SJ, Park CK. Validation of real-time inside-out tracking and depth realization technologies for augmented reality-based neuronavigation. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024; 19:15-25. [PMID: 37442869 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-023-02993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Concomitant with the significant advances in computing technology, the utilization of augmented reality-based navigation in clinical applications is being actively researched. In this light, we developed novel object tracking and depth realization technologies to apply augmented reality-based neuronavigation to brain surgery. METHODS We developed real-time inside-out tracking based on visual inertial odometry and a visual inertial simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm. The cube quick response marker and depth data obtained from light detection and ranging sensors are used for continuous tracking. For depth realization, order-independent transparency, clipping, and annotation and measurement functions were developed. In this study, the augmented reality model of a brain tumor patient was applied to its life-size three-dimensional (3D) printed model. RESULTS Using real-time inside-out tracking, we confirmed that the augmented reality model remained consistent with the 3D printed patient model without flutter, regardless of the movement of the visualization device. The coordination accuracy during real-time inside-out tracking was also validated. The average movement error of the X and Y axes was 0.34 ± 0.21 and 0.04 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. Further, the application of order-independent transparency with multilayer alpha blending and filtered alpha compositing improved the perception of overlapping internal brain structures. Clipping, and annotation and measurement functions were also developed to aid depth perception and worked perfectly during real-time coordination. We named this system METAMEDIP navigation. CONCLUSIONS The results validate the efficacy of the real-time inside-out tracking and depth realization technology. With these novel technologies developed for continuous tracking and depth perception in augmented reality environments, we are able to overcome the critical obstacles in the development of clinically applicable augmented reality neuronavigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Dho
- Neuro-Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Cheol Lee
- Research and Science Division, Research and Development Center, MEDICALIP Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ho Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwy Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Research and Science Division, Research and Development Center, MEDICALIP Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Campisi BM, Costanzo R, Gulino V, Avallone C, Noto M, Bonosi L, Brunasso L, Scalia G, Iacopino DG, Maugeri R. The Role of Augmented Reality Neuronavigation in Transsphenoidal Surgery: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1695. [PMID: 38137143 PMCID: PMC10741598 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of minimally invasive neurosurgery, microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (MTS) and endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) have been widely accepted as a safe approach for pituitary lesions and, more recently, their indications have been extended to lesions at various skull base regions. It is mandatory during transsphenoidal surgery (TS) to identify key anatomical landmarks in the sphenoid sinus and distinguish them from the lesion. Over the years, many intraoperative tools have been introduced to improve the neuronavigation systems aiming to achieve safer and more accurate neurosurgical interventions. However, traditional neuronavigation systems may lose the accuracy of real-time location due to the discrepancy between the actual surgical field and the preoperative 2D images. To deal with this, augmented reality (AR)-a new sophisticated 3D technology that superimposes computer-generated virtual objects onto the user's view of the real world-has been considered a promising tool. Particularly, in the field of TS, AR can minimize the anatomic challenges of traditional endoscopic or microscopic surgery, aiding in surgical training, preoperative planning and intra-operative orientation. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the potential future role of augmented reality, both in endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Maria Campisi
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberta Costanzo
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Gulino
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Avallone
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Manfredi Noto
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Lapo Bonosi
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Lara Brunasso
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Gianluca Scalia
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Garibaldi Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy;
| | - Domenico Gerardo Iacopino
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
| | - Rosario Maugeri
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP “Paolo Giaccone”, Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.M.C.); (V.G.); (C.A.); (M.N.); (L.B.); (L.B.); (D.G.I.); (R.M.)
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9
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Cui Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Wang J, Zhang Z. Application of Glasses-Free Augmented Reality Localization in Neurosurgery. World Neurosurg 2023; 180:e296-e301. [PMID: 37757949 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The accurate localization of intracranial lesions is critical in neurosurgery. Most surgeons locate the vast majority of neurosurgical sites through skull surface markers, combined with neuroimaging examination and marking lines. This project's primary purpose was to develop an augmented reality (AR) technology or tool that can be used for surgical positioning using the naked eye. METHODS Brain models were predesigned with intracranial lesions using computerized tomography scan, and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine data were segmented and modeled by 3D slicer software. The processed data were imported into a smartphone 3D viewing software application (Persp 3D) and were used by a Remebot surgical robot. The localization of intracranial lesions was performed, and the AR localization error was calculated compared with standard robot localization. RESULTS After mastering the AR localization registration method, surgeons achieved an average localization error of 1.39 ± 0.82 mm. CONCLUSIONS The error of AR positioning technology in surgical simulation tests based on brain modeling was millimeter level, which has verified the feasibility of clinical application. More efficient registration remains a need that should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiao Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Operating Room, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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De Benedictis A, Rossi-Espagnet MC, de Palma L, Sarubbo S, Marras CE. Structural networking of the developing brain: from maturation to neurosurgical implications. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1242757. [PMID: 38099209 PMCID: PMC10719860 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1242757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern neuroscience agrees that neurological processing emerges from the multimodal interaction among multiple cortical and subcortical neuronal hubs, connected at short and long distance by white matter, to form a largely integrated and dynamic network, called the brain "connectome." The final architecture of these circuits results from a complex, continuous, and highly protracted development process of several axonal pathways that constitute the anatomical substrate of neuronal interactions. Awareness of the network organization of the central nervous system is crucial not only to understand the basis of children's neurological development, but also it may be of special interest to improve the quality of neurosurgical treatments of many pediatric diseases. Although there are a flourishing number of neuroimaging studies of the connectome, a comprehensive vision linking this research to neurosurgical practice is still lacking in the current pediatric literature. The goal of this review is to contribute to bridging this gap. In the first part, we summarize the main current knowledge concerning brain network maturation and its involvement in different aspects of normal neurocognitive development as well as in the pathophysiology of specific diseases. The final section is devoted to identifying possible implications of this knowledge in the neurosurgical field, especially in epilepsy and tumor surgery, and to discuss promising perspectives for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca de Palma
- Clinical and Experimental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Sarubbo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento, Italy
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11
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Gómez Amarillo DF, Ordóñez-Rubiano EG, Ramírez-Sanabria AD, Figueredo LF, Vargas-Osorio MP, Ramon JF, Mejia JA, Hakim F. Augmented reality for intracranial meningioma resection: a mini-review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1269014. [PMID: 38020666 PMCID: PMC10652283 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1269014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) integrates computer-generated content and real-world scenarios. Artificial intelligence's continuous development has allowed AR to be integrated into medicine. Neurosurgery has progressively introduced image-guided technologies. Integration of AR into the operating room has permitted a new perception of neurosurgical diseases, not only for neurosurgical planning, patient positioning, and incision design but also for intraoperative maneuvering and identification of critical neurovascular structures and tumor boundaries. Implementing AR, virtual reality, and mixed reality has introduced neurosurgeons into a new era of artificial interfaces. Meningiomas are the most frequent primary benign tumors commonly related to paramount neurovascular structures and bone landmarks. Integration of preoperative 3D reconstructions used for surgical planning into AR can now be inserted into the microsurgical field, injecting information into head-up displays and microscopes with integrated head-up displays, aiming to guide neurosurgeons intraoperatively to prevent potential injuries. This manuscript aims to provide a mini-review of the usage of AR for intracranial meningioma resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Gómez Amarillo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edgar G. Ordóñez-Rubiano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Hospital de San José – Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Luisa F. Figueredo
- Healthy Brain Aging and Sleep Center (HBASC), Department of Psychiatry at NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - María P. Vargas-Osorio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Ramon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan A. Mejia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando Hakim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Bsat S, Alshareef M, Pazniokas J, Handler MH. Technical evolution of pediatric neurosurgery: the evolution of intraoperative imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:2605-2611. [PMID: 37518061 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Imaging has always been fundamental to neurosurgery, and its evolution over the last century has made a dramatic transformation in the ability of neurosurgeons to define pathology and preserve normal tissue during their operations. In the mid-70 s, the development of computerized cross-sectional imaging with CT scan and subsequently MRI have revolutionized the practice of neurosurgery. Later, further advances in computer technology and medical engineering have allowed the combination of many modalities to bring them into the operating theater. This evolution has allowed real-time intraoperative imaging, in the hope of helping neurosurgeons achieve accuracy, maximal safe resection, and the implementation of minimally invasive techniques in brain and spine pathologies. Augmented reality and robotic technologies are also being applied as useful intra-operative techniques that will improve surgical planning and outcomes in the future. In this article, we will review imaging modalities and provide our institutional perspective on how we have integrated them into our practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Bsat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mohammed Alshareef
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julia Pazniokas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael H Handler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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13
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Silvero Isidre A, Friederichs H, Müther M, Gallus M, Stummer W, Holling M. Mixed Reality as a Teaching Tool for Medical Students in Neurosurgery. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1720. [PMID: 37893438 PMCID: PMC10608296 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Simulation-based learning within neurosurgery provides valuable and realistic educational experiences in a safe environment, enhancing the current teaching model. Mixed reality (MR) simulation can deliver a highly immersive experience through head-mounted displays and has become one of the most promising teaching tools in medical education. We aimed to identify whether an MR neurosurgical simulation module within the setting of an undergraduate neurosurgical hands-on course could improve the satisfaction of medical students. Materials and Methods: The quasi-experimental study with 223 medical students [120 in the conventional group (CG) and 103 in the MR-group (MRG)] was conducted at the University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. An MR simulation module was presented to the intervention group during an undergraduate neurosurgical hands-on course. Images of a skull fracture were reconstructed into 3D formats compatible with the MR-Viewer (Brainlab, Munich, Germany). Participants could interact virtually with the model and plan a surgical strategy using Magic Leap goggles. The experience was assessed by rating the course on a visual analog scale ranging from 1 (very poor) to 100 (very good) and an additional Likert-scale questionnaire. Results: The satisfaction score for CG and MRG were 89.3 ± 13.3 and 94.2 ± 7.5, respectively. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed that MR users (Mdn = 97.0, IQR = 4, n = 103) were significantly more satisfied than CG users (Mdn = 93.0, IQR = 10, n = 120; ln(W) = 8.99, p < 0.001) with moderate effect size (r^biserial = 0.30, CI95 [0.15, 0.43]), thus indicating that the utilization of MR-simulation is associated with greater satisfaction. Conclusions: This study reports a positive response from medical students towards MR as an educational tool. Feedback from the medical students encourages the adoption of disruptive technologies into medical school curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Müther
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Gallus
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Holling
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Ragnhildstveit A, Li C, Zimmerman MH, Mamalakis M, Curry VN, Holle W, Baig N, Uğuralp AK, Alkhani L, Oğuz-Uğuralp Z, Romero-Garcia R, Suckling J. Intra-operative applications of augmented reality in glioma surgery: a systematic review. Front Surg 2023; 10:1245851. [PMID: 37671031 PMCID: PMC10476869 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1245851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Augmented reality (AR) is increasingly being explored in neurosurgical practice. By visualizing patient-specific, three-dimensional (3D) models in real time, surgeons can improve their spatial understanding of complex anatomy and pathology, thereby optimizing intra-operative navigation, localization, and resection. Here, we aimed to capture applications of AR in glioma surgery, their current status and future potential. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted. This adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases were queried from inception to October 10, 2022. Leveraging the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework, study eligibility was evaluated in the qualitative synthesis. Data regarding AR workflow, surgical application, and associated outcomes were then extracted. The quality of evidence was additionally examined, using hierarchical classes of evidence in neurosurgery. Results The search returned 77 articles. Forty were subject to title and abstract screening, while 25 proceeded to full text screening. Of these, 22 articles met eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. During abstraction, studies were classified as "development" or "intervention" based on primary aims. Overall, AR was qualitatively advantageous, due to enhanced visualization of gliomas and critical structures, frequently aiding in maximal safe resection. Non-rigid applications were also useful in disclosing and compensating for intra-operative brain shift. Irrespective, there was high variance in registration methods and measurements, which considerably impacted projection accuracy. Most studies were of low-level evidence, yielding heterogeneous results. Conclusions AR has increasing potential for glioma surgery, with capacity to positively influence the onco-functional balance. However, technical and design limitations are readily apparent. The field must consider the importance of consistency and replicability, as well as the level of evidence, to effectively converge on standard approaches that maximize patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Ragnhildstveit
- Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | | | - Michail Mamalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Victoria N. Curry
- Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Willis Holle
- Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Noor Baig
- Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Layth Alkhani
- Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Rafael Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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15
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Omura N, Kawabata S, Yoshimura K, Yagi R, Furuse M, Wanibuchi M. Using virtual lines of navigation for a successful transcortical approach. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:171. [PMID: 37292408 PMCID: PMC10246338 DOI: 10.25259/sni_161_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronavigation systems have become essential tools in image-guided neurosurgery that aid in the accurate resection of brain tumors. Recent advancements to these devices can indicate the precise location of lesions but can also project an augmented reality (AR) image on the microscope eyepiece to facilitate a successful surgical operation. Although the transcortical approach is a very popular method in neurosurgery, it can lead to disorientation and can cause unnecessary brain damage when the distance from the brain surface to the lesion is long. Herein, we report on an actual case in which a virtual line from AR images was used to assist the transcortical approach. Methods A virtual line connecting the entry point and the target point, which were set as the navigation route, was created using Stealth station S7® (Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA). This line was projected as an AR image on the microscope eyepiece. It was possible to reach the target point by proceeding through the white matter along the displayed virtual line. Results The lesion was reached within a short duration using virtual line without disorientation. Conclusion Setting a virtual line as an AR image using neuronavigation is a simple and accurate method that can effectively support the conventional transcortical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Omura
- Corresponding author: Naoki Omura, Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Takatsuki City, Japan.
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16
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Bounajem MT, Cameron B, Sorensen K, Parr R, Gibby W, Prashant G, Evans JJ, Karsy M. Improved Accuracy and Lowered Learning Curve of Ventricular Targeting Using Augmented Reality-Phantom and Cadaveric Model Testing. Neurosurgery 2023; 92:884-891. [PMID: 36562619 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented reality (AR) has demonstrated significant potential in neurosurgical cranial, spine, and teaching applications. External ventricular drain (EVD) placement remains a common procedure, but with error rates in targeting between 10% and 40%. OBJECTIVE To evaluate Novarad VisAR guidance system for the placement of EVDs in phantom and cadaveric models. METHODS Two synthetic ventricular phantom models and a third cadaver model underwent computerized tomography imaging and registration with the VisAR system (Novarad). Root mean square (RMS), angular error (γ), and Euclidian distance were measured by multiple methods for various standard EVD placements. RESULTS Computerized tomography measurements on a phantom model (0.5-mm targets showed a mean Euclidean distance error of 1.20 ± 0.98 mm and γ of 1.25° ± 1.02°. Eight participants placed EVDs in lateral and occipital burr holes using VisAR in a second phantom anatomic ventricular model (mean RMS: 3.9 ± 1.8 mm, γ: 3.95° ± 1.78°). There were no statistically significant differences in accuracy for postgraduate year level, prior AR experience, prior EVD experience, or experience with video games ( P > .05). In comparing EVDs placed with anatomic landmarks vs VisAR navigation in a cadaver, VisAR demonstrated significantly better RMS and γ, 7.47 ± 0.94 mm and 7.12° ± 0.97°, respectively ( P ≤ .05). CONCLUSION The novel VisAR AR system resulted in accurate placement of EVDs with a rapid learning curve, which may improve clinical treatment and patient safety. Future applications of VisAR can be expanded to other cranial procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bounajem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wendell Gibby
- Novarad, Provo, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Giyarpuram Prashant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Karsy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Zari G, Condino S, Cutolo F, Ferrari V. Magic Leap 1 versus Microsoft HoloLens 2 for the Visualization of 3D Content Obtained from Radiological Images. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3040. [PMID: 36991751 PMCID: PMC10054537 DOI: 10.3390/s23063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of extended reality solutions is growing rapidly in the healthcare world. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) interfaces can bring advantages in various medical-health sectors; it is thus not surprising that the medical MR market is among the fastest-growing ones. The present study reports on a comparison between two of the most popular MR head-mounted displays, Magic Leap 1 and Microsoft HoloLens 2, for the visualization of 3D medical imaging data. We evaluate the functionalities and performance of both devices through a user-study in which surgeons and residents assessed the visualization of 3D computer-generated anatomical models. The digital content is obtained through a dedicated medical imaging suite (Verima imaging suite) developed by the Italian start-up company (Witapp s.r.l.). According to our performance analysis in terms of frame rate, there are no significant differences between the two devices. The surgical staff expressed a clear preference for Magic Leap 1, particularly for the better visualization quality and the ease of interaction with the 3D virtual content. Nonetheless, even though the results of the questionnaire were slightly more positive for Magic Leap 1, the spatial understanding of the 3D anatomical model in terms of depth relations and spatial arrangement was positively evaluated for both devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zari
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso, 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (G.Z.); (S.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Sara Condino
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso, 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (G.Z.); (S.C.); (V.F.)
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cutolo
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso, 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (G.Z.); (S.C.); (V.F.)
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrari
- Information Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso, 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (G.Z.); (S.C.); (V.F.)
- EndoCAS Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Costa M, Pierre C, Vivanco-Suarez J, Baldoncini M, Tymchak Z, Patel A, Monteith SJ. Head-Mounted Augmented Reality in the Planning of Cerebrovascular Neurosurgical Procedures: A Single-Center Initial Experience. World Neurosurg 2023; 171:e693-e706. [PMID: 36566980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented reality (AR) technology has played an increasing role in cerebrovascular neurosurgery over the last 2 decades. Hence, we aim to evaluate the technical and educational value of head-mounted AR in cerebrovascular procedures. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective study of patients who underwent open surgery for cranial and spinal cerebrovascular lesions between April and August 2022. In all cases, the Medivis Surgical AR platform and HoloLens 2 were used for preoperative and intraoperative (preincision) planning. Surgical plan adjustment due to the use of head-mounted AR and subjective educational value of the tool were recorded. RESULTS A total of 33 patients and 35 cerebrovascular neurosurgical procedures were analyzed. Procedures included 12 intracranial aneurysm clippings, 6 brain and 1 spinal arteriovenous malformation resections, 2 cranial dural arteriovenous fistula obliterations, 3 carotid endarterectomies, two extracranial-intracranial direct bypasses, two encephaloduroangiosynostosis for Moyamoya disease, 1 biopsy of the superficial temporal artery, 2 microvascular decompressions, 2 cavernoma resections, 1 combined intracranial aneurysm clipping and encephaloduroangiosynostosis for Moyamoya disease, and 1 percutaneous feeder catheterization for arteriovenous malformation embolization. Minor changes in the surgical plan were recorded in 16 of 35 procedures (45.7%). Subjective educational value was scored as "very helpful" for cranial, spinal arteriovenous malformations, and carotid endarterectomies; "helpful" for intracranial aneurysm, dural arteriovenous fistulas, direct bypass, encephaloduroangiosynostosis, and superficial temporal artery-biopsy; and "not helpful" for cavernoma resection and microvascular decompression. CONCLUSIONS Head-mounted AR can be used in cerebrovascular neurosurgery as an adjunctive tool that might influence surgical strategy, enable 3-dimensional understanding of complex anatomy, and provide great educational value in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Costa
- Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Clifford Pierre
- Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juan Vivanco-Suarez
- Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matias Baldoncini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital San Fernando, Argentina
| | - Zane Tymchak
- Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Akshal Patel
- Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J Monteith
- Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ibn Essayed W, Jarvis CA, Bernstock JD, Slingerland A, Albanese J, Friedman GK, Arnaout O, Baird L. Positioning Transclival Tumor-Treating Fields for the Treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030601. [PMID: 36983757 PMCID: PMC10059731 DOI: 10.3390/life13030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) carries an extremely poor prognosis, with 2-year survival rates of <10% despite the maximal radiation therapy. DIPG cells have previously been shown to be sensitive to low-intensity electric fields in vitro. Accordingly, we sought to determine if the endoscopic endonasal (EE) implantation of an electrode array in the clivus would be feasible for the application of tumor-treating fields (TTF) in DIPG. Anatomic constraints are the main limitation in pediatric EE approaches. In our Boston Children’s Hospital’s DIPG cohort, we measured the average intercarotid distance (1.68 ± 0.36 cm), clival width (1.62 ± 0.19 cm), and clival length from the base of the sella (1.43 ± 0.69 cm). Using a linear regression model, we found that only clival length and sphenoid pneumatization were significantly associated with age (R2 = 0.568, p = 0.005 *; R2 = 0.605, p = 0.0002 *). Critically, neither of these parameters represent limitations to the implantation of a device within the dimensions of those currently available. Our findings confirm that the anatomy present within this age group is amenable to the placement of a 2 × 1 cm electrode array in 94% of patients examined. Our work serves to demonstrate the feasibility of implantable transclival devices for the provision of TTFs as a novel adjunctive therapy for DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ibn Essayed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
- Correspondence: (W.I.E.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Casey A. Jarvis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: (W.I.E.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Anna Slingerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - John Albanese
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Omar Arnaout
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lissa Baird
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
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20
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Use of Mixed Reality in Neuro-Oncology: A Single Centre Experience. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020398. [PMID: 36836755 PMCID: PMC9965132 DOI: 10.3390/life13020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Intra-operative neuronavigation is currently an essential component to most neurosurgical operations. Recent progress in mixed reality (MR) technology has attempted to overcome the disadvantages of the neuronavigation systems. We present our experience using the HoloLens 2 in neuro-oncology for both intra- and extra-axial tumours. (2) Results: We describe our experience with three patients who underwent tumour resection. We evaluated surgeon experience, accuracy of superimposed 3D image in tumour localisation with standard neuronavigation both pre- and intra-operatively. Surgeon training and usage for HoloLens 2 was short and easy. The process of image overlay was relatively straightforward for the three cases. Registration in prone position with a conventional neuronavigation system is often difficult, which was easily overcome during use of HoloLens 2. (3) Conclusion: Although certain limitations were identified, the authors feel that this system is a feasible alternative device for intra-operative visualization of neurosurgical pathology. Further studies are being planned to assess its accuracy and suitability across various surgical disciplines.
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Encarnacion Ramirez M, Ramirez Pena I, Barrientos Castillo RE, Sufianov A, Goncharov E, Soriano Sanchez JA, Colome-Hidalgo M, Nurmukhametov R, Cerda Céspedes JR, Montemurro N. Development of a 3D Printed Brain Model with Vasculature for Neurosurgical Procedure Visualisation and Training. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020330. [PMID: 36830866 PMCID: PMC9953411 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation-based techniques using three-dimensional models are gaining popularity in neurosurgical training. Most pre-existing models are expensive, so we felt a need to develop a real-life model using 3D printing technology to train in endoscopic third ventriculostomy. METHODS The brain model was made using a 3D-printed resin mold from patient-specific MRI data. The mold was filled with silicone Ecoflex™ 00-10 and mixed with Silc Pig® pigment additives to replicate the color and consistency of brain tissue. The dura mater was made from quick-drying silicone paste admixed with gray dye. The blood vessels were made from a silicone 3D-printed mold based on magnetic resonance imaging. Liquid containing paprika oleoresin dye was used to simulate blood and was pumped through the vessels to simulate pulsatile motion. RESULTS Seven residents and eight senior neurosurgeons were recruited to test our model. The participants reported that the size and anatomy of the elements were very similar to real structures. The model was helpful for training neuroendoscopic 3D perception and navigation. CONCLUSIONS We developed an endoscopic third ventriculostomy training model using 3D printing technology that provides anatomical precision and a realistic simulation. We hope our model can provide an indispensable tool for young neurosurgeons to gain operative experience without exposing patients to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Albert Sufianov
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 121359 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Goncharov
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Center, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 121359 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jose A. Soriano Sanchez
- Instituto Soriano de Cirugía de Columna Mínimamente Invasiva at ABC Hospital, Neurological Center, Santa Fe Campus, Mexico City 05100, Mexico
| | - Manuel Colome-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud, Universidad Autònoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo 10014, Dominican Republic
| | | | | | - Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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22
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Satoh M, Nakajima T, Watanabe E, Kawai K. Augmented Reality in Stereotactic Neurosurgery: Current Status and Issues. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2023; 63:137-140. [PMID: 36682793 PMCID: PMC10166603 DOI: 10.2176/jns-nmc.2022-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic neurosurgery is an established technique, but it has several limitations. In frame-based stereotaxy using a stereotactic frame, frame setting errors may decrease the accuracy of the procedure. Frameless stereotaxy using neuronavigation requires surgeons to shift their view from the surgical field to the navigation display and to advance the needle while assuming a physically uncomfortable position. To overcome these limitations, several researchers have applied augmented reality in stereotactic neurosurgery. Augmented reality enables surgeons to visualize the information regarding the target and preplanned trajectory superimposed over the actual surgical field. In frame-based stereotaxy, a researcher applies tablet computer-based augmented reality to check for the setting errors of the stereotactic frame, thereby improving the safety of the procedure. Several researchers have reported performing frameless stereotaxy guided by head-mounted-display-based augmented reality that enables surgeons to advance the needle at a more natural posture. These studies have shown that augmented reality can address the limitations of stereotactic neurosurgery. Conversely, they have also revealed the limited accuracy of current augmented reality systems for small targets, which indicates that further development of augmented reality systems is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Satoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University
| | | | - Eiju Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kensuke Kawai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University
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23
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Kögl FV, Léger É, Haouchine N, Torio E, Juvekar P, Navab N, Kapur T, Pieper S, Golby A, Frisken S. A Tool-free Neuronavigation Method based on Single-view Hand Tracking. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING. IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2022; 11:1307-1315. [PMID: 37457380 PMCID: PMC10348700 DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2022.2163428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel tool-free neuronavigation method that can be used with a single RGB commodity camera. Compared with freehand craniotomy placement methods, the proposed system is more intuitive and less error prone. The proposed method also has several advantages over standard neuronavigation platforms. First, it has a much lower cost, since it doesn't require the use of an optical tracking camera or electromagnetic field generator, which are typically the most expensive parts of a neuronavigation system, making it much more accessible. Second, it requires minimal setup, meaning that it can be performed at the bedside and in circumstances where using a standard neuronavigation system is impractical. Our system relies on machine-learning-based hand pose estimation that acts as a proxy for optical tool tracking, enabling a 3D-3D pre-operative to intra-operative registration. Qualitative assessment from clinical users showed that the concept is clinically relevant. Quantitative assessment showed that on average a target registration error (TRE) of 1.3cm can be achieved. Furthermore, the system is framework-agnostic, meaning that future improvements to hand-tracking frameworks would directly translate to a higher accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fryderyk Victor Kögl
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Étienne Léger
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazim Haouchine
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erickson Torio
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parikshit Juvekar
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nassir Navab
- Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tina Kapur
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Pieper
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Isomics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Golby
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Frisken
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Bagher Zadeh Ansari N, Léger É, Kersten-Oertel M. VentroAR: an augmented reality platform for ventriculostomy using the Microsoft HoloLens. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2022.2156394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Étienne Léger
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marta Kersten-Oertel
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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25
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Mofatteh M, Mashayekhi MS, Arfaie S, Chen Y, Mirza AB, Fares J, Bandyopadhyay S, Henich E, Liao X, Bernstein M. Augmented and virtual reality usage in awake craniotomy: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 46:19. [PMID: 36529827 PMCID: PMC9760592 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Augmented and virtual reality (AR, VR) are becoming promising tools in neurosurgery. AR and VR can reduce challenges associated with conventional approaches via the simulation and mimicry of specific environments of choice for surgeons. Awake craniotomy (AC) enables the resection of lesions from eloquent brain areas while monitoring higher cortical and subcortical functions. Evidence suggests that both surgeons and patients benefit from the various applications of AR and VR in AC. This paper investigates the application of AR and VR in AC and assesses its prospective utility in neurosurgery. A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Our search results yielded 220 articles. A total of six articles consisting of 118 patients have been included in this review. VR was used in four papers, and the other two used AR. Tumour was the most common pathology in 108 patients, followed by vascular lesions in eight patients. VR was used for intraoperative mapping of language, vision, and social cognition, while AR was incorporated in preoperative training of white matter dissection and intraoperative visualisation and navigation. Overall, patients and surgeons were satisfied with the applications of AR and VR in their cases. AR and VR can be safely incorporated during AC to supplement, augment, or even replace conventional approaches in neurosurgery. Future investigations are required to assess the feasibility of AR and VR in various phases of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mofatteh
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | | | - Saman Arfaie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yimin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Sanshui District People's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | | | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Soham Bandyopadhyay
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Edy Henich
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xuxing Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan Sanshui District People's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Mark Bernstein
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temmy Latner Center for Palliative Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Durrani S, Onyedimma C, Jarrah R, Bhatti A, Nathani KR, Bhandarkar AR, Mualem W, Ghaith AK, Zamanian C, Michalopoulos GD, Alexander AY, Jean W, Bydon M. The Virtual Vision of Neurosurgery: How Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality are Transforming the Neurosurgical Operating Room. World Neurosurg 2022; 168:190-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Ravindra VM, Tadlock MD, Gurney JM, Kraus KL, Dengler BA, Gordon J, Cooke J, Porensky P, Belverud S, Milton JO, Cardoso M, Carroll CP, Tomlin J, Champagne R, Bell RS, Viers AG, Ikeda DS. Attitudes Toward Neurosurgery Education for the Nonneurosurgeon: A Survey Study and Critical Analysis of U.S. Military Training Techniques and Future Prospects. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:e1335-e1344. [PMID: 36103986 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. military requires medical readiness to support forward-deployed combat operations. Because time and distance to neurosurgical capabilities vary within the deployed trauma system, nonneurosurgeons are required to perform emergent cranial procedures in select cases. It is unclear whether these surgeons have sufficient training in these procedures. METHODS This quality-improvement study involved a voluntary, anonymized specialty-specific survey of active-duty surgeons about their experience and attitudes toward U.S. military emergency neurosurgical training. RESULTS Survey responses were received from 104 general surgeons and 26 neurosurgeons. Among general surgeons, 81% have deployed and 53% received training in emergency neurosurgical procedures before deployment. Only 16% of general surgeons reported participating in craniotomy/craniectomy procedures in the last year. Nine general surgeons reported performing an emergency neurosurgical procedure while on deployment/humanitarian mission, and 87% of respondents expressed interest in further predeployment emergency neurosurgery training. Among neurosurgeons, 81% had participated in training nonneurosurgeons and 73% believe that more comprehensive training for nonneurosurgeons before deployment is needed. General surgeons proposed lower procedure minimums for competency for external ventricular drain placement and craniotomy/craniectomy than did neurosurgeons. Only 37% of general surgeons had used mixed/augmented reality in any capacity previously; for combat procedures, most (90%) would prefer using synchronous supervision via high-fidelity video teleconferencing over mixed reality. CONCLUSIONS These survey results show a gap in readiness for neurosurgical procedures for forward-deployed general surgeons. Capitalizing on capabilities such as mixed/augmented reality would be a force multiplier and a potential means of improving neurosurgical capabilities in the forward-deployed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Ravindra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew D Tadlock
- Department of Surgery, Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA; Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA; 1st Medical Battalion, 1st Marine Logistics Group, Camp Pendleton, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M Gurney
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin L Kraus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bradley A Dengler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Surgery, U.S. Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jonathon Cooke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Paul Porensky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shawn Belverud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason O Milton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mario Cardoso
- Department of Brain and Spine Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher P Carroll
- Department of Brain and Spine Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tomlin
- Department of Brain and Spine Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Roland Champagne
- Bioskills Training Center, Naval Medical Readiness Training Command, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Randy S Bell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela G Viers
- Department of Surgery, U.S. Naval Hospital Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Daniel S Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Pradhanang AB, Shrestha DK, Rajbhandari B, Sedain G, Sharma MR, Shilpakar SK, Wohns R. Virtual Pedagogy in Neurosurgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from University Hospital in Nepal. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022; 30:101590. [PMID: 35600841 PMCID: PMC9113955 DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic many large institutions have turned towards virtual education. Neurosurgery in our institute, recognizing its benefits, readily embraced the virtual learning experience using Zoom Inc (San Jose, California) beginning on May 21, 2020. The result of this form of educational experience may not be apparent readily. Hence, nearing the end of one year of monthly Zoom meetings, an effort was undertaken to assess the feasibility and the barriers of effective virtual teaching learning activity in neurosurgery among the participants. Methods The participants consisted of neurosurgeons and trainees from department of neurosurgery Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in Nepal, neurosurgeons based in Seattle, United States of America and neurosurgeons based in Sweden, who have been regularly attending the monthly virtual education organized by Dr. Wohns. At the end of one-year experience of monthly Zoom teaching and learning activities between the participants a questionnaire comprising objective questions related to their experience of virtual education in neurosurgery was distributed to the participants and answers were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 18 persons out of 25 responded to the questionnaire. Majority of participants responded favorably to virtual education. A few responders faced disturbance in internet connectivity affecting the quality of video and sound during the presentations. None of the participants faced inconvenience due to time difference. Most responders preferred to continue virtual education even after the pandemic. Conclusions Overall most participants responded favorably to virtual education which has helped them increase their participation and hence broaden their knowledge in the field. Most participants look forward to continuing this form of education even in future. Thus, this form of education may be incorporated at least in part in the future of neurosurgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Pradhanang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
| | | | - B Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
| | - G Sedain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
| | - M R Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
| | - S K Shilpakar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
| | - R Wohns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
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Microscope-Based Augmented Reality with Intraoperative Computed Tomography-Based Navigation for Resection of Skull Base Meningiomas in Consecutive Series of 39 Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092302. [PMID: 35565431 PMCID: PMC9101634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of surgery for skull base meningiomas is maximal resection with minimal damage to the involved cranial nerves and cerebral vessels; thus, implementation of technologies for improved orientation in the surgical field, such as neuronavigation and augmented reality (AR), is of interest. Methods: Included in the study were 39 consecutive patients (13 male, 26 female, mean age 64.08 ± 13.5 years) who underwent surgery for skull base meningiomas using microscope-based AR and automatic patient registration using intraoperative computed tomography (iCT). Results: Most common were olfactory meningiomas (6), cavernous sinus (6) and clinoidal (6) meningiomas, meningiomas of the medial (5) and lateral (5) sphenoid wing and meningiomas of the sphenoidal plane (5), followed by suprasellar (4), falcine (1) and middle fossa (1) meningiomas. There were 26 patients (66.6%) who underwent gross total resection (GTR) of the meningioma. Automatic registration applying iCT resulted in high accuracy (target registration error, 0.82 ± 0.37 mm). The effective radiation dose of the registration iCT scans was 0.58 ± 1.05 mSv. AR facilitated orientation in the resection of skull base meningiomas with encasement of cerebral vessels and compression of the optic chiasm, as well as in reoperations, increasing surgeon comfort. No injuries to critical neurovascular structures occurred. Out of 35 patients who lived to follow-up, 33 could ambulate at their last presentation. Conclusion: A microscope-based AR facilitates surgical orientation for resection of skull base meningiomas. Registration accuracy is very high using automatic registration with intraoperative imaging.
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Mendez-Lopez M, Juan MC, Molla R, Fidalgo C. Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Application for Learning Neuroanatomy in Psychology. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 15:535-551. [PMID: 33866682 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuroanatomy is difficult for psychology students because of spatial visualization and the relationship among brain structures. Some technologies have been implemented to facilitate the learning of anatomy using three-dimensional (3D) visualization of anatomy contents. Augmented reality (AR) is a promising technology in this field. A mobile AR application to provide the visualization of morphological and functional information of the brain was developed. A sample of 67 students of neuropsychology completed tests for visuospatial ability, anatomical knowledge, learning goals, and experience with technologies. Subsequently, they performed a learning activity using one of the visualization methods considered: a 3D method using the AR application and a two-dimensional (2D) method using a textbook to color, followed by questions concerning their satisfaction and knowledge. After using the alternative method, the students expressed their preference. The two methods improved knowledge equally, but the 3D method obtained higher satisfaction scores and was more preferred by students. The 3D method was also more preferred by the students who used this method during the activity. After controlling for the method used in the activity, associations were found between the preference of the 3D method because of its usability and experience with technologies. These results found that the AR application was highly valued by students to learn and was as effective as the textbook for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mendez-Lopez
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Carmen Juan
- Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramon Molla
- Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Camino Fidalgo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Thavarajasingam SG, Vardanyan R, Arjomandi Rad A, Thavarajasingam A, Khachikyan A, Mendoza N, Nair R, Vajkoczy P. The use of augmented reality in transsphenoidal surgery: A systematic review. Br J Neurosurg 2022; 36:457-471. [PMID: 35393900 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2057435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented reality (AR) has become a promising tool in neurosurgery. It can minimise the anatomical challenges faced by conventional endoscopic or microscopic transsphenoidal reoperations and can assist in intraoperative guidance, preoperative planning, and surgical training. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review are to describe, compare, and evaluate the use of AR in endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery, incorporating the latest primary research. METHODS A systematic review was performed to explore and evaluate existing primary evidence for using AR in transsphenoidal surgery. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was conducted from database inception to 11th August 2021 for primary data on the use of AR in microscopic and endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. Additional articles were identified through searches on PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Engineering Village, IEEE transactions, and HDAS. A synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) analysis was employed quantitatively and qualitatively on the impact of AR on landmark identification, intraoperative navigation, accuracy, time, surgeon experience, and patient outcomes. RESULTS In this systematic review, 17 studies were included in the final analysis. The main findings were that AR provides a convincing improvement to landmark identification, intraoperative navigation, and surgeon experience in transsphenoidal surgery, with a further positive effect on accuracy and time. It did not demonstrate a convincing positive effect on patient outcomes. No studies reported comparative mortalities, morbidities, or cost-benefit indications. CONCLUSION AR-guided transsphenoidal surgery, both endoscopic and microscopic, is associated with an overall improvement in the areas of intraoperative guidance and surgeon experience as compared with their conventional counterparts. However, literature on this area, particularly comparative data and evidence, is very limited. More studies with similar methodologies and quantitative outcomes are required to perform appropriate meta-analyses and to draw significant conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Vardanyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Artur Khachikyan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nigel Mendoza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Nair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Real-time augmented reality application in presurgical planning and lesion scalp localization by a smartphone. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:1069-1078. [PMID: 34448914 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A smartphone augmented reality (AR) application (app) was explored for clinical use in presurgical planning and lesion scalp localization. METHODS We programmed an AR App on a smartphone. The accuracy of the AR app was tested on a 3D-printed head model, using the Euclidean distance of displacement of virtual objects. For clinical validation, 14 patients with brain tumors were included in the study. Preoperative MRI images were used to generate 3D models for AR contents. The 3D models were then transferred to the smartphone AR app. Tumor scalp localization was marked, and a surgical corridor was planned on the patient's head by viewing AR images on the smartphone screen. Standard neuronavigation was applied to evaluate the accuracy of the smartphone. Max-margin distance (MMD) and area overlap ratio (AOR) were measured to quantitatively validate the clinical accuracy of the smartphone AR technique. RESULTS In model validation, the total mean Euclidean distance of virtual object displacement using the smartphone AR app was 4.7 ± 2.3 mm. In clinical validation, the mean duration of AR app usage was 168.5 ± 73.9 s. The total mean MMD was 6.7 ± 3.7 mm, and total mean AOR was 79%. CONCLUSIONS The smartphone AR app provides a new way of experience to observe intracranial anatomy in situ, and it makes surgical planning more intuitive and efficient. Localization accuracy is satisfactory with lesions larger than 15 mm.
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Liu J, Qian K, Qin Z, Alshehri MD, Li Q, Tai Y. Cloud computing-enabled IIOT system for neurosurgical simulation using augmented reality data access. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cote DJ, Ruzevick J, Strickland BA, Zada G. Commentary: Development of a New Image-Guided Neuronavigation System: Mixed-Reality Projection Mapping Is Accurate and Feasible. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2022; 22:e100. [PMID: 35007267 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J Cote
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Visualization, navigation, augmentation. The ever-changing perspective of the neurosurgeon. BRAIN AND SPINE 2022; 2:100926. [PMID: 36248169 PMCID: PMC9560703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2022.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Augmented reality visualization in brain lesions: a prospective randomized controlled evaluation of its potential and current limitations in navigated microneurosurgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:3-14. [PMID: 34904183 PMCID: PMC8761141 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-05045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Augmented reality (AR) has the potential to support complex neurosurgical interventions by including visual information seamlessly. This study examines intraoperative visualization parameters and clinical impact of AR in brain tumor surgery. Methods Fifty-five intracranial lesions, operated either with AR-navigated microscope (n = 39) or conventional neuronavigation (n = 16) after randomization, have been included prospectively. Surgical resection time, duration/type/mode of AR, displayed objects (n, type), pointer-based navigation checks (n), usability of control, quality indicators, and overall surgical usefulness of AR have been assessed. Results AR display has been used in 44.4% of resection time. Predominant AR type was navigation view (75.7%), followed by target volumes (20.1%). Predominant AR mode was picture-in-picture (PiP) (72.5%), followed by 23.3% overlay display. In 43.6% of cases, vision of important anatomical structures has been partially or entirely blocked by AR information. A total of 7.7% of cases used MRI navigation only, 30.8% used one, 23.1% used two, and 38.5% used three or more object segmentations in AR navigation. A total of 66.7% of surgeons found AR visualization helpful in the individual surgical case. AR depth information and accuracy have been rated acceptable (median 3.0 vs. median 5.0 in conventional neuronavigation). The mean utilization of the navigation pointer was 2.6 × /resection hour (AR) vs. 9.7 × /resection hour (neuronavigation); navigation effort was significantly reduced in AR (P < 0.001). Conclusions The main benefit of HUD-based AR visualization in brain tumor surgery is the integrated continuous display allowing for pointer-less navigation. Navigation view (PiP) provides the highest usability while blocking the operative field less frequently. Visualization quality will benefit from improvements in registration accuracy and depth impression. German clinical trials registration number. DRKS00016955. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00701-021-05045-1.
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Uddin SA, Hanna G, Ross L, Molina C, Urakov T, Johnson P, Kim T, Drazin D. Augmented Reality in Spinal Surgery: Highlights From Augmented Reality Lectures at the Emerging Technologies Annual Meetings. Cureus 2021; 13:e19165. [PMID: 34873508 PMCID: PMC8631483 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Augmented reality (AR) is an advanced technology and emerging field that has been adopted into spine surgery to enhance care and outcomes. AR superimposes a three-dimensional computer-generated image over the normal anatomy of interest in order to facilitate visualization of deep structures without the ability to directly see them. Objective To summarize the latest literature and highlight AR from the annual “Spinal Navigation, Emerging Technologies and Systems Integration” meeting lectures presented by the Seattle Science Foundation (SSF) on the development and use of augmented reality in spinal surgery. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature review from 2016 to 2020 on PubMed to correlate with lectures given at the annual “Emerging Technologies” conferences. After the exclusion of papers that concerned non-spine surgery specialties, a total of 54 papers concerning AR in spinal applications were found. The articles were then categorized by content and focus. Results The 54 papers were divided into six major focused topics: training, proof of concept, feasibility and usability, clinical evaluation, state of technology, and nonsurgical applications. The greatest number of papers were published during 2020. Each paper discussed varied topics such as patient rehabilitation, proof of concept, workflow, applications in neurological and orthopedic spine surgery, and outcomes data. Conclusions The recent literature and SSF lectures on AR provide a solid base and demonstrate the emergence of an advanced technology that offers a platform for an advantageous technique that is superior, in that it allows the operating surgeon to focus directly on the patient rather than a guidance screen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Hanna
- Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Spine Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lindsey Ross
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Camilo Molina
- Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Timur Urakov
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Patrick Johnson
- Neurological Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Terrence Kim
- Orthopedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Doniel Drazin
- Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, USA
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Satoh M, Nakajima T, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe E, Kawai K. Evaluation of augmented-reality based navigation for brain tumor surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:305-314. [PMID: 34863455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, several researchers have introduced augmented reality navigation (ARN) into neurological surgery. While its application in brain tumor surgery seems promising, reports on its utility have been limited, thus warranting further evaluation. To clarify the stages and approaches in which ARN is useful and assess the effect of presurgical discussion with surgeons, we assessed usefulness using a hand-held ARN system we had developed, which displays three-dimensional (3D) virtual structures overlaid on a real-time image of the surgical field via a tablet PC monitor. The system was tested in 20 patients undergoing various procedures, with the first 10 consecutive cases being unselected and the following 10 cases being selected, for whom 3D models were prepared per the surgeons' request. Thereafter, the surgeons ranked its usefulness during each stage of surgery. Consequently, case selection and presurgical discussions with surgeons considerably improved the usefulness, with the "useful" gradings improving from 50% to 88% across all surgical stages. Accordingly, usefulness improved from 50% to 90%, 67% to 100%, and 40% to 80% during the skin incision and craniotomy, dura incision, and intradural procedure stages, respectively. ARN was useful for superficial tumor resection, but less so for deep-seated tumor resection, except when using the transcortical and interhemispheric approaches. In conclusion, a tablet-type ARN can be useful during skin incisions, craniotomy and dura incisions, superficial tumor resections, and transcortical and interhemispheric approaches for deep-seated tumors. Case selection and presurgical discussions with surgeons were essential for the efficacy of ARN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Satoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotuke-City, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotuke-City, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotuke-City, Japan.
| | - Eiju Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotuke-City, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Kawai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotuke-City, Japan.
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Examining the benefits of extended reality in neurosurgery: A systematic review. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:41-53. [PMID: 34863461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While well-established in other surgical subspecialties, the benefits of extended reality, consisting of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies, remains underexplored in neurosurgery despite its increasing utilization. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the effects of extended reality (XR) in neurosurgery with an emphasis on the perioperative period, to provide a guide for future clinical optimization. Seven primary electronic databases were screened following guidelines outlined by PRISMA and the Institute of Medicine. Reported data related to outcomes in the perioperative period and resident training were all examined, and a focused analysis of studies reporting controlled, clinical outcomes was completed. After removal of duplicates, 2548 studies were screened with 116 studies reporting measurable effects of XR in neurosurgery. The majority (82%) included cranial based applications related to tumor surgery with 34% showing improved resection rates and functional outcomes. A rise in high-quality studies was identified from 2017 to 2020 compared to all previous years (p = 0.004). Primary users of the technology were: 56% neurosurgeon (n = 65), 28% residents (n = 33) and 5% patients (n = 6). A final synthesis was conducted on 10 controlled studies reporting patient outcomes. XR technologies have demonstrated benefits in preoperative planning and multimodal neuronavigation especially for tumor surgery. However, few studies have reported patient outcomes in a controlled design demonstrating a need for higher quality data. XR platforms offer several advantages to improve patient outcomes and specifically, the patient experience for neurosurgery.
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Montemurro N, Condino S, Cattari N, D’Amato R, Ferrari V, Cutolo F. Augmented Reality-Assisted Craniotomy for Parasagittal and Convexity En Plaque Meningiomas and Custom-Made Cranio-Plasty: A Preliminary Laboratory Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18199955. [PMID: 34639256 PMCID: PMC8507881 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report discusses the utility of a wearable augmented reality platform in neurosurgery for parasagittal and convexity en plaque meningiomas with bone flap removal and custom-made cranioplasty. METHODS A real patient with en plaque cranial vault meningioma with diffuse and extensive dural involvement, extracranial extension into the calvarium, and homogeneous contrast enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI, was selected for this case study. A patient-specific manikin was designed starting with the segmentation of the patient's preoperative MRI images to simulate a craniotomy procedure. Surgical planning was performed according to the segmented anatomy, and customized bone flaps were designed accordingly. During the surgical simulation stage, the VOSTARS head-mounted display was used to accurately display the planned craniotomy trajectory over the manikin skull. The precision of the craniotomy was assessed based on the evaluation of previously prepared custom-made bone flaps. RESULTS A bone flap with a radius 0.5 mm smaller than the radius of an ideal craniotomy fitted perfectly over the performed craniotomy, demonstrating an error of less than ±1 mm in the task execution. The results of this laboratory-based experiment suggest that the proposed augmented reality platform helps in simulating convexity en plaque meningioma resection and custom-made cranioplasty, as carefully planned in the preoperative phase. CONCLUSIONS Augmented reality head-mounted displays have the potential to be a useful adjunct in tumor surgical resection, cranial vault lesion craniotomy and also skull base surgery, but more study with large series is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Condino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (S.C.); (R.D.); (V.F.); (F.C.)
- EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Nadia Cattari
- EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Renzo D’Amato
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (S.C.); (R.D.); (V.F.); (F.C.)
- EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Ferrari
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (S.C.); (R.D.); (V.F.); (F.C.)
- EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Cutolo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (S.C.); (R.D.); (V.F.); (F.C.)
- EndoCAS Center for Computer-Assisted Surgery, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
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Neves CA, Leuze C, Gomez AM, Navab N, Blevins N, Vaisbuch Y, McNab JA. Augmented Reality for Retrosigmoid Craniotomy Planning. Skull Base Surg 2021; 83:e564-e573. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile medical imaging data have traditionally been viewed on two-dimensional (2D) displays, augmented reality (AR) allows physicians to project the medical imaging data on patient's bodies to locate important anatomy. We present a surgical AR application to plan the retrosigmoid craniotomy, a standard approach to access the posterior fossa and the internal auditory canal. As a simple and accurate alternative to surface landmarks and conventional surgical navigation systems, our AR application augments the surgeon's vision to guide the optimal location of cortical bone removal. In this work, two surgeons performed a retrosigmoid approach 14 times on eight cadaver heads. In each case, the surgeon manually aligned a computed tomography (CT)-derived virtual rendering of the sigmoid sinus on the real cadaveric heads using a see-through AR display, allowing the surgeon to plan and perform the craniotomy accordingly. Postprocedure CT scans were acquired to assess the accuracy of the retrosigmoid craniotomies with respect to their intended location relative to the dural sinuses. The two surgeons had a mean margin of davg = 0.6 ± 4.7 mm and davg = 3.7 ± 2.3 mm between the osteotomy border and the dural sinuses over all their cases, respectively, and only positive margins for 12 of the 14 cases. The intended surgical approach to the internal auditory canal was successfully achieved in all cases using the proposed method, and the relatively small and consistent margins suggest that our system has the potential to be a valuable tool to facilitate planning a variety of similar skull-base procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio A. Neves
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Christoph Leuze
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Alejandro M. Gomez
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nassir Navab
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nikolas Blevins
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Yona Vaisbuch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jennifer A. McNab
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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Qi F, Gan Y, Wang S, Tie Y, Chen J, Li C. Efficacy of a virtual reality-based basic and clinical fused curriculum for clinical education on the lumbar intervertebral disc. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51:E17. [PMID: 34333480 DOI: 10.3171/2021.5.focus20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Today, minimally invasive procedures have become mainstream surgical procedures. Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) requires profound knowledge of the laparoscopic lumbar anatomy. Immersive virtual reality (VR) provides three-dimensional patient-specific models to help in the process of preclinical surgical preparation. In this study, the authors investigated the efficacy of VR application in LDH for training orthopedic residents and postgraduates. METHODS VR images of the lumbar anatomy were created with immersive VR and mAnatomy software. The study was conducted among 60 residents and postgraduates. A questionnaire was developed to assess the effect of and satisfaction with this VR-based basic and clinical fused curriculum. The teaching effect was also evaluated through a postlecture test, and the results of the prelecture surgical examination were taken as baselines. RESULTS All participants in the VR group agreed that VR-based education is practical, attractive, and easy to operate, compared to traditional teaching, and promotes better understanding of the anatomical structures involved in LDH. Learners in the VR group achieved higher scores on an anatomical and clinical fusion test than learners in the traditional group (84.67 ± 14.56 vs 76.00 ± 16.10, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An immersive VR-based basic and clinical fused curriculum can increase residents' and postgraduates' interest and support them in mastering the structural changes and complicated symptoms of LDH. However, a simplified operational process and more realistic haptics of the VR system are necessary for further surgical preparation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qi
- 1Teaching and Research Bureau of Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.,2Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou.,3Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yixiang Gan
- 4School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen
| | - Shengwen Wang
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou.,6Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yizhe Tie
- 7Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; and
| | - Jiewen Chen
- 8Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhai Li
- 1Teaching and Research Bureau of Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.,8Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Luzzi S, Giotta Lucifero A, Martinelli A, Maestro MD, Savioli G, Simoncelli A, Lafe E, Preda L, Galzio R. Supratentorial high-grade gliomas: maximal safe anatomical resection guided by augmented reality high-definition fiber tractography and fluorescein. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51:E5. [PMID: 34333470 DOI: 10.3171/2021.5.focus21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The theoretical advantages of augmented reality (AR) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based high-definition fiber tractography (HDFT) and sodium fluorescein (F) in high-grade glioma (HGG) surgery have not been investigated in detail. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy profiles of HDFT-F microscope-based AR cytoreductive surgery for newly diagnosed supratentorial HGGs. METHODS Data of patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial HGGs who underwent surgery using the AR HDFT-F technique were reviewed and compared with those of a cohort of patients who underwent conventional white-light surgery assisted by infrared neuronavigation. The safety and efficacy of the techniques were reported based on the postoperative Neurological Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (NANO) scores, extent of resection (EOR), and Kaplan-Meier curves, respectively. The chi-square test was conducted for categorical variables. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 54 patients underwent surgery using the AR HDFT-F technique, and 63 underwent conventional white-light surgery assisted by infrared neuronavigation. The mean postoperative NANO scores were 3.8 ± 2 and 5.2 ± 4 in the AR HDFT-F group and control group, respectively (p < 0.05). The EOR was higher in the AR HDFT-F group (p < 0.05) than in the control group. With a mean follow-up of 12.2 months, the rate of progression-free survival (PFS) was longer in the study group (log-rank test, p = 0.006) than in the control group. Moreover, the complication rates were 9.2% and 9.5% in the study and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, AR HDFT-F-assisted surgery is safe and effective in maximizing the EOR and PFS rate for patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial HGGs, and in optimizing patient functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- 1Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia.,2Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- 1Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- 3Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como
| | - Mattia Del Maestro
- 4PhD School in Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia
| | - Gabriele Savioli
- 4PhD School in Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia.,5Emergency Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; and
| | - Anna Simoncelli
- 6Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia; and
| | - Elvis Lafe
- 6Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia; and
| | - Lorenzo Preda
- 6Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia; and
| | - Renato Galzio
- 7Neurosurgery Unit, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
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López-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. Extended-Reality Technologies: An Overview of Emerging Applications in Medical Education and Clinical Care. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:A4-177. [PMID: 34289698 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo López-Ojeda
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
| | - Robin A Hurley
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
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Kuhn S, Huettl F, Deutsch K, Kirchgässner E, Huber T, Kneist W. [Surgical Education in the Digital Age - Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Robotics in the Medical School]. Zentralbl Chir 2021; 146:37-43. [PMID: 33588501 PMCID: PMC7884202 DOI: 10.1055/a-1265-7259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund
Die digitale Transformation der Medizin verändert den Beruf des Arztes. Augmented und Virtual Reality (AR/VR) und die Robotik erfahren einen zunehmenden Einsatz in unterschiedlichen klinischen Kontexten und bedürfen einer begleitenden Aus- und Weiterbildung, die bereits im Medizinstudium beginnen muss. Hier besteht aktuell eine große Diskrepanz zwischen dem hohen Bedarf und der Anzahl an wissenschaftlich überprüften Konzepten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Konzeptionierung und strukturierte Evaluation eines neu entwickelten Lern-/Lehrkonzepts zur digitalen Transformation mit Fokus auf die chirurgische Lehre.
Methoden
35 Studierende haben in 3 Kursen des Blended-Learning-Curriculums „Medizin im digitalen Zeitalter“ teilgenommen. Das 4. Modul dieses Kurses thematisiert Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality und Robotik in der Chirurgie. Es gliedert sich in die folgenden Kursteile: (1) immersive Simulation einer laparoskopischen Cholezystektomie, (2) leberchirurgische Operationsplanung mittels AR/VR, (3) Basisfertigkeiten am VR-Simulator für robotische Chirurgie, (4) kollaborative OP Planung im virtuellen Raum und (5) Expertengespräch. Nach Abschluss des Gesamtcurriculums erfolgte eine qualitative und quantitative Evaluation des Kurskonzepts mittels semistrukturierter Interviews sowie anhand von standardisierten Prä-post-Evaluationsfragebögen.
Ergebnisse
Im qualitativen Auswertungsverfahren der Interviews wurden 79 Textaussagen 4 Schwerpunktkategorien zugewiesen. Den größten Anteil (35%) nahmen hierbei Äußerungen zum „Expertengespräch“ ein, das von den Studierenden als elementarer Teil des Kurskonzepts gewertet wurde. Darüber hinaus empfanden die Studierenden den Kurs als horizonterweiterndes „Lernerlebnis“ (29% der Aussagen) mit einem hohen „Praxisbezug“ (27%). Die quantitative Studierendenevaluation zeigt eine positive Entwicklung für die Teilkompetenzen Wissen und Fertigkeiten sowie eine Tendenz zu einer positiven Haltung nach Kursabschluss.
Schlussfolgerung
Die chirurgische Lehre ist zur Entwicklung digitaler Kompetenzen prädestiniert. Dabei muss die Geschwindigkeit des Veränderungsprozesses der digitalen Transformation im chirurgischen Fachgebiet beachtet und im curricularen Konzept verankert werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuhn
- AG 4 - Digitale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät OWL, Universität Bielefeld.,Zentrum für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Florentine Huettl
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Kim Deutsch
- Zentrum für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Elisa Kirchgässner
- Zentrum für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Tobias Huber
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Werner Kneist
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Deutschland.,Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, St. Georg Klinikum Eisenach gGmbH, Deutschland
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Parsons D, MacCallum K. Current Perspectives on Augmented Reality in Medical Education: Applications, Affordances and Limitations. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2021; 12:77-91. [PMID: 33500677 PMCID: PMC7826047 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s249891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review has been developed against a background of rapid developments in augmented reality (AR) technology and its application in medical education. The objectives are to provide a critical synthesis of current trends in the field and to highlight areas for further research. The data sources used for the study were the PubMed, Web of Science and Discover databases. Sources included in the study comprised peer reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2020. Inclusion criteria included empirical research findings related to learning outcomes and the populations for the selected studies were medical students. Studies were appraised in terms of to what extent the use of AR contributed to learning gains in knowledge and/or skill. Twenty-one studies were included in the analysis, and the dates of these suggested an increasing trend of publications in this area. The uses of AR in each selected study were analyzed through a lens of affordance, to identify which specific affordances of AR appear to be most effective in this domain. Results of the study indicated that AR seems to be more effective in supporting skill development rather than knowledge gain when compared to other techniques. Some key affordances of AR in medical education are identified as developing practical skills in a spatial context, device portability across locations and situated learning in context. It is suggested that a focus on relevant affordances when designing AR systems for medical education may lead to better learning outcomes. It is noted that the majority of AR systems reported in the selected studies are concentrated in the areas of anatomy and surgery, but that are also other areas of practice being explored, and these may provide opportunities for new types of AR learning systems to be developed for medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parsons
- Postgraduate Studies, The Mind Lab, Auckland, New Zealand
- Correspondence: David Parsons The Mind Lab, 99 Khyber Pass Road, Grafton, Auckland1023, New ZealandTel +64 21 0610441 Email
| | - Kathryn MacCallum
- School of Educational Studies and Leadership, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Pennacchietti V, Stoelzel K, Tietze A, Lankes E, Schaumann A, Uecker FC, Thomale UW. First experience with augmented reality neuronavigation in endoscopic assisted midline skull base pathologies in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:1525-1534. [PMID: 33515059 PMCID: PMC8084784 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoscopic skull base approaches are broadly used in modern neurosurgery. The support of neuronavigation can help to effectively target the lesion avoiding complications. In children, endoscopic-assisted skull base surgery in combination with navigation systems becomes even more important because of the morphological variability and rare diseases affecting the sellar and parasellar regions. This paper aims to analyze our first experience on augmented reality navigation in endoscopic skull base surgery in a pediatric case series. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review identified seventeen endoscopic-assisted endonasal or transoral procedures performed in an interdisciplinary setting in a period between October 2011 and May 2020. In all the cases, the surgical target was a lesion in the sellar or parasellar region. Clinical conditions, MRI appearance, intraoperative conditions, postoperative MRI, possible complications, and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS The mean age of our patients was 14.5 ± 2.4 years. The diagnosis varied, but craniopharyngiomas (31.2%) were mostly represented. AR navigation was experienced to be very helpful for effectively targeting the lesion and defining the intraoperative extension of the pathology. In 65% of the oncologic cases, a radical removal was proven in postoperative MRI. The mean follow-up was 89 ± 79 months. There were no deaths in our series. No long-term complications were registered; two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas and a secondary abscess required further surgery. CONCLUSION The implementation of augmented reality to endoscopic-assisted neuronavigated procedures within the skull base was feasible and did provide relevant information directly in the endoscopic field of view and was experienced to be useful in the pediatric cases, where anatomical variability and rarity of the pathologies make surgery more challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pennacchietti
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Stoelzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Tietze
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erwin Lankes
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaumann
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Wilhelm Thomale
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Lazaro T, Srinivasan VM, Rahman M, Asthagiri A, Barkhoudarian G, Chambless LB, Kan P, Rao G, Nahed BV, Patel AJ. Virtual education in neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurosurg Focus 2020; 49:E17. [DOI: 10.3171/2020.9.focus20672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVENeurosurgical education in the US has changed significantly as a consequence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Institutional social distancing requirements have resulted in many neurosurgical programs utilizing video conferencing for educational activities. However, it is unclear how or if these practices should continue after the pandemic. The objective of this study was to characterize virtual education in neurosurgery and understand how it should be utilized after COVID-19.METHODSA 24-question, 3-part online survey was administered anonymously to all 117 US neurosurgical residency programs from May 15, 2020, to June 15, 2020. Questions pertained to the current use of virtual conferencing, preferences over traditional conferences, and future inclinations. The Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 3 = neutral, 5 = strongly agree) was used. Comparisons were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.RESULTSOne-hundred eight responses were recorded. Overall, 38 respondents (35.2%) were attendings and 70 (64.8%) were trainees. Forty-one respondents (38.0%) indicated attending 5–6 conferences per week and 70 (64.8%) attend national virtual conferences. When considering different conference types, there was no overall preference (scores < 3) for virtual conferences over traditional conferences. In regard to future use, respondents strongly agreed that they would continue the practice at some capacity after the pandemic (median score 5). Overall, respondents agreed that virtual conferences would partially replace traditional conferences (median score 4), whereas they strongly disagreed with the complete replacement of traditional conferences (median score 1). The most common choices for the partial replacement of tradition conferences were case conferences (59/108, 55%) and board preparation (64/108, 59%). Lastly, there was a significant difference in scores for continued use of virtual conferencing in those who attend nationally sponsored conferences (median score 5, n = 70) and those who do not (median score 4, n = 38; U = 1762.50, z = 2.97, r = 0.29, p = 0.003).CONCLUSIONSVirtual conferences will likely remain an integral part of neurosurgical education after the COVID-19 pandemic has abated. Across the country, residents and faculty report a preference for continued use of virtual conferencing, especially virtual case conferences and board preparation. Some traditional conferences may even be replaced with virtual conferences, in particular those that are more didactic. Furthermore, nationally sponsored virtual conferences have a positive effect on the preferences for continued use of virtual conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Rahman
- 3University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ashok Asthagiri
- 4John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Lola B. Chambless
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter Kan
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Brian V. Nahed
- 8Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Akash J. Patel
- Departments of 1Neurosurgery and
- 2Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- 9Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Hiyama A, Katoh H, Sakai D, Watanabe M. A New Technique that Combines Navigation-Assisted Lateral Interbody Fusion and Percutaneous Placement of Pedicle Screws in the Lateral Decubitus Position with the Surgeon Using Wearable Smart Glasses: A Small Case Series and Technical Note. World Neurosurg 2020; 146:232-239. [PMID: 33246178 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a new technique that combines navigation-assisted extreme lateral interbody fusion (NALIF) and percutaneous placement of pedicle screws in the lateral decubitus position with the surgeon using wearable smart glasses. METHODS We explain our method for nonfluoroscopic NALIF and single-position (SP)- percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) surgery for patients with degenerative lumbar diseases using wearable smart glasses. The wearable smart glasses provide a semitransparent overlay of the navigation information onto the image seen through the lenses. This technique does not require fluoroscopy during lateral interbody fusion or PPS insertion. It is convenient because it does not require a Jamshidi needle or guidewire when inserting PPSs. RESULTS Using this method, the surgeon can glance at the 3-dimensional images on the wearable smart glasses while still viewing the operation field. A review of 24 cases yielded an average operation time of 89.5 ± 16.4 minutes and 66.7 ± 67.0 mL of blood loss, without any severe intra- or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS Nonfluoroscopic NALIF and SP-PPS placement surgery is a safe and effective means for implanting cages and PPSs in this minimally invasive approach without compromising the results. Although further investigations are needed, the wearable smart glasses may be a useful surgical aid when performing NALIF and SP-PPS placement in patients with degenerative lumbar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Strickland BA, Zada G. Commentary: Mini-Pterional Craniotomy and Extradural Clinoidectomy for Clinoid Meningioma: Optimization of Exposure Using Augmented Reality Template: 2-Dimensional Operative Video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2020; 19:E611-E612. [PMID: 32761198 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opaa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Strickland
- University of Southern California, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gabriel Zada
- University of Southern California, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California
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