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Kauke-Navarro M, Knoedler L, Knoedler S, Safi AF. Advancements in facial implantology: a review of hydroxyapatite applications and outcomes. Front Surg 2024; 11:1409733. [PMID: 39092153 PMCID: PMC11291363 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1409733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The search for an ideal bone substitute in reconstructive surgery has led to the exploration of various materials, with hydroxyapatite (HaP) emerging as a promising candidate due to its biocompatibility, osteoconductive properties, and structural similarity to human bone. Despite its potential, there is a paucity of data on the long-term safety and efficacy of HaP in facial skeletal reconstruction and augmentation. Methods We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for studies on hydroxyapatite facial implants in reconstruction and augmentation. Results Our search yielded 12 studies that met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 74 patients treated with HaP implants for various indications including facial fractures/defects, aesthetic facial balancing, and after tumor resection. The studies reported on outcomes such as implant integration, complications, aesthetic results, and patient satisfaction, with a general trend indicating positive outcomes for the use of HaP in facial reconstruction. Conclusion Hydroxyapatite appears to be a viable and effective material for facial skeletal reconstruction and augmentation, offering benefits in terms of biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and patient outcomes. However, limitations such as low mechanical strength and the need for further research on long-term safety and efficacy were identified. This review underscores the potential of HaP in craniofacial surgery while highlighting areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Craniologicum, Center for Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Craniologicum, Center for Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Farid Safi
- Craniologicum, Center for Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Bern, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Verbist M, Vandevelde AL, Geusens J, Sun Y, Shaheen E, Willaert R. Reconstruction of Craniomaxillofacial Bone Defects with 3D-Printed Bioceramic Implants: Scoping Review and Clinical Case Series. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2805. [PMID: 38792347 PMCID: PMC11122134 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects using 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramic patient-specific implants (PSIs) is a new technique with great potential. This study aimed to investigate the advantages, disadvantages, and clinical outcomes of these implants in craniomaxillofacial surgeries. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for patients with craniomaxillofacial bone defects treated with bioceramic PSIs. Clinical outcomes such as biocompatibility, biomechanical properties, and aesthetics were evaluated and compared to those of commonly used titanium or poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implants and autologous bone grafts. Two clinical cases are presented to illustrate the surgical procedure and clinical outcomes of HA bioceramic PSIs. Literature review showed better a biocompatibility of HA PSIs than titanium and PEEK. The initial biomechanical properties were inferior to those of autologous bone grafts, PEEK, and titanium but improved when integrated. Satisfactory aesthetic results were found in our two clinical cases with good stability and absence of bone resorption or infection. Radiological signs of osteogenesis were observed in the two clinical cases six months postoperatively. HA bioceramic PSIs have excellent biocompatible properties and imitate natural bone biomechanically and radiologically. They are a well-suited alternative for conventional biomaterials in the reconstruction of load-sharing bone defects in the craniomaxillofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Verbist
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Vandevelde
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Geusens
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eman Shaheen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Willaert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Figueroa-Sanchez JA, Martinez HR, Riaño-Espinoza M, Avalos-Montes PJ, Moran-Guerrero JA, Solorzano-Lopez EJ, Perez-Martinez LE, Flores-Salcido RE. Partial Cranial Reconstruction Using Titanium Mesh after Craniectomy: An Antiadhesive and Protective Barrier with Improved Aesthetic Outcomes. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:207-215. [PMID: 38403012 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe a new, safe, technique that uses titanium mesh to partially cover skull defects immediately after decompressive craniectomy (DC). METHODS This study is a retrospective review of 8 patients who underwent DC and placement of a titanium mesh. The mesh partially covered the defect and was placed between the temporalis muscle and the dura graft. The muscle was sutured to the mesh. All patients underwent cranioplasty at a later time. The study recorded and analyzed demographic information, time between surgeries, extra-axial fluid collections, postoperative infections, need for reoperation, cortical hemorrhages, and functional and aesthetic outcomes. RESULTS After craniectomy, all patients underwent cranioplasty within an average of 112.5 days (30-240 days). One patient reported temporalis muscle atrophy, which was the only complication observed. During the cranioplasties, no adhesions were found between temporalis muscle, titanium mesh, and underlying dura. None of the patients showed complications in the follow-up computerized tomography scans. All patients had favorable aesthetic and functional results. CONCLUSIONS Placing a titanium mesh as an extra step during DC could have antiadhesive and protective properties, facilitating subsequent cranioplasty by preventing adhesions and providing a clear surgical plane between the temporalis muscle and intracranial tissues. This technique also helps preserve the temporalis muscle and enhances functional and aesthetic outcomes postcranioplasty. Therefore, it represents a safe alternative to other synthetic anti-adhesive materials. Further studies are necessary to draw definitive conclusions and elucidate long-term outcomes, however, the results obtained hold great promise for the safety and efficacy of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Figueroa-Sanchez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico; Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Hector R Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico; Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | | | - Pablo J Avalos-Montes
- Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jose A Moran-Guerrero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico; Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - E J Solorzano-Lopez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Luis E Perez-Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico; Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rogelio E Flores-Salcido
- Instituto de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
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Sanchez CV, Krag AE, Barnett S, Welch BG, Rozen SM. Polyetheretherketone Implant Cranioplasty for Large Cranial Defects: A Seven-Year Follow-Up. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01387. [PMID: 38421184 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goals of a cranioplasty include protection of the brain, restoration of normal appearance, and neurological function improvement. Although choice of materials for cranial remodeling has changed through the years, computer-designed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implant has gained traction as a preferred material used for cranioplasty. However, long-term outcomes and complications of PEEK implants remain limited. The goal of this study was to report long-term clinical outcomes after PEEK implant cranioplasty. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on patients undergoing PEEK cranioplasty between January 2007 and February 2023. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were included in this study. Mean postoperative follow-up time was 83.45 months (range: 35.47-173.87). Before PEEK implant cranioplasty, patients with multiple cranial procedures had undergone a mean of 2.95 procedures. PEEK implant cranioplasty indications were prior implant infection (14) and secondary reconstruction of cranial defect (8). The mean implant size was 180.43 cm2 (range: 68.00-333.06). Four patients received a 2-piece implant. Postoperative complications included: perioperative subgaleal self-resolving fluid collection in 1 patient, hematoma in another, and 3 infections resulting in explantations with successful reinsertion in 2 patients. Four of 5 patients with preoperative history of seizures reported improved seizures and all 4 patients with preoperative syndrome of the trephined reported improved symptoms and neurological function. CONCLUSION At a mean follow-up of 7 years, most PEEK implants continued to provide protection to the brain and consistent symptom relief in patients suffering from prior postcraniectomy/craniotomy sequelae of seizures and syndrome of the trephined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Sanchez
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Andreas E Krag
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sam Barnett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Babu G Welch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shai M Rozen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Pfnür A, Tosin D, Petkov M, Sharon O, Mayer B, Wirtz CR, Knoll A, Pala A. Exploring complications following cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy: A retrospective bicenter assessment of autologous, PMMA and CAD implants. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:72. [PMID: 38285230 PMCID: PMC10824806 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Cranioplasty (CP) after decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is a common neurosurgical procedure with a high complication rate. The best material for the repair of large cranial defects is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate different implant materials regarding surgery related complications after CP. Type of materials include the autologous bone flap (ABF), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), calcium phosphate reinforced with titanium mesh (CaP-Ti), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). A retrospective, descriptive, observational bicenter study was performed, medical data of all patients who underwent CP after DHC between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2022 were analyzed. Follow-up was until December 31st, 2023. 139 consecutive patients with a median age of 54 years who received either PMMA (56/139; 40.3%), PEEK (35/139; 25.2%), CaP-Ti (21/139; 15.1%), ABF (25/139; 18.0%) or HA (2/139; 1.4%) cranial implant after DHC were included in the study. Median time from DHC to CP was 117 days and median follow-up period was 43 months. Surgical site infection was the most frequent surgery-related complication (13.7%; 19/139). PEEK implants were mostly affected (28.6%; 10/35), followed by ABF (20%; 5/25), CaP-Ti implants (9.5%; 2/21) and PMMA implants (1.7%, 1/56). Explantation was necessary for 9 PEEK implants (25.7%; 9/35), 6 ABFs (24.0%; 6/25), 3 CaP-Ti implants (14.3%; 3/21) and 4 PMMA implants (7.1%; 4/56). Besides infection, a postoperative hematoma was the most common cause. Median surgical time was 106 min, neither longer surgical time nor use of anticoagulation were significantly related to higher infection rates (p = 0.547; p = 0.152 respectively). Ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation prior to CP was noted in 33.8% (47/139) and not significantly associated with surgical related complications. Perioperative lumbar drainage, due to bulging brain, inserted in 38 patients (27.3%; 38/139) before surgery was protective when it comes to explantation of the implant (p = 0.035). Based on our results, CP is still related to a relatively high number of infections and further complications. Implant material seems to have a high effect on postoperative infections, since surgical time, anticoagulation therapy and hydrocephalus did not show a statistically significant effect on postoperative complications in this study. PEEK implants and ABFs seem to possess higher risk of postoperative infection. More biocompatible implants such as CaP-Ti might be beneficial. Further, prospective studies are necessary to answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pfnür
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - D Tosin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Lindenallee 2, 89312, Günzburg, Germany
| | - M Petkov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Lindenallee 2, 89312, Günzburg, Germany
| | - O Sharon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Schwabstraße 13, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - C R Wirtz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Lindenallee 2, 89312, Günzburg, Germany
| | - A Knoll
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Pala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Lindenallee 2, 89312, Günzburg, Germany
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6
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Anderson B, Harris P, Mozaffari K, Foster CH, Johnson M, Jaco AA, Rosner MK. Comparison of Perioperative and Long-term Outcomes Following PEEK and Autologous Cranioplasty: A Single Institution Experience and Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2023; 180:e127-e134. [PMID: 37683922 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensionally (3D) printed polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implants are a relatively novel option for cranioplasty that have recently gained popularity. However, there is ongoing debate with respect to material efficacy and safety compared to autologous bone grafts. The purpose of this study was to offer our institution's experience and add to the growing body of literature. METHODS A single-institution retrospective analysis of patients undergoing cranioplasties between 2016 and 2021. Patients were divided into PEEK and autologous cranioplasty cohorts. Parameters of interest included patient demographics as well as perioperative (<3 months postoperative) and long-term outcomes (>3 months postoperative). A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 31 patients met inclusion criteria (PEEK: 15, Autologous: 16). Mean age of total cohort was 48.9 years (range 19-82 years). Modified Frailty Index (mFI) revealed greater rate of comorbidities among the Autologous group (P = 0.073), which was accounted for in statistical analyses. Multiple logistic regression model revealed significantly higher rate of surgical site infection in the Autologous cohort (31.3% vs. 0%, P = 0.011). Minor complications were similar between groups, while the Autologous group experienced significantly more major postoperative complications (50%) versus PEEK (13.3%) (P = 0.0291). Otherwise perioperative and long term complication profiles were similar between groups. Additionally, generalized linear model demonstrated both cohorts had similar mean hospital length of stay (LoS) (Autologous: 16.1 vs. PEEK: 10.7 days). CONCLUSIONS PEEK cranioplasty implants may offer more favorable perioperative complication profiles with similar long-term complication rates and hospital LoS compared to autologous bone implants. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings in larger series, and further examine the utility of PEEK in cranioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Anderson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Peter Harris
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Khashayar Mozaffari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Chase H Foster
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michael Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA; Department of Physician Assistant Studies, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alejandro A Jaco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michael K Rosner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
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Roblot P, Belaroussi Y, Peiffer-Smadja N, Lafarge X, Cotto E, Colombat M, Blohorn L, Gardere M, Kerdiles G, Le Petit L, Wavasseur T, Liguoro D, Jecko V, Vignes JR. Effect of microorganisms isolated by preoperative osseous sampling on surgical site infection after autologous cranioplasty: A single-center experience. Neurochirurgie 2023; 69:101458. [PMID: 37301131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The most frequent postoperative complication in autologous cranioplasty (AC) is infection. European recommendations include osseous sampling before cryogenic storage of a bone flap. We evaluated the clinical impact of this sampling. METHODS All patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC) and AC in our center between November 2010 and September 2021 were reviewed. The main outcome was the rate of reoperation for infection of the cranioplasty. We evaluated risk factors for bone flap infection, rate of reoperation for any reason (hematoma, skin erosion, cosmetic request, or bone resorption), and radiological evidence of bone flap resorption. RESULTS A total of 195 patients with a median age of 50 (interquartile range: 38.0-57.0) years underwent DC and AC between 2010 and 2021. Of the 195 bone flaps, 54 (27.7%) had a positive culture, including 48 (88.9%) with Cutibacterium acnes. Of the 14 patients who underwent reoperation for bone flap re-removal for infection, 5 and 9 had positive and negative bacteriological cultures, respectively. Of patients who did not have bone flap infection, 49 and 132 had positive and negative bacteriological cultures, respectively. There were no significant differences between patients with and without positive bacteriological culture of bone flaps in the rates of late bone necrosis and reoperation for bone flap infection. CONCLUSIONS A positive culture of intraoperative osseous sampling during DC is not associated with a higher risk of re-intervention after AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Roblot
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Laboratory of Anatomy, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Yaniss Belaroussi
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- Department of Applied Surgical Research and Techniques (DETERCA), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Lafarge
- Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cotto
- Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Marie Colombat
- Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Lucas Blohorn
- Department of Applied Surgical Research and Techniques (DETERCA), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maxime Gardere
- Department of Applied Surgical Research and Techniques (DETERCA), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaëlle Kerdiles
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Applied Surgical Research and Techniques (DETERCA), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Le Petit
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Wavasseur
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Dominique Liguoro
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Laboratory of Anatomy, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Jecko
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Jean-Rodolphe Vignes
- Neurosurgery Department A, University Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Applied Surgical Research and Techniques (DETERCA), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, Zone nord, bâtiment 2, 2(e) étage, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
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