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Sharafat RH, Saeed A. Ectonucleotidase inhibitors: targeting signaling pathways for therapeutic advancement-an in-depth review. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10031-0. [PMID: 38958821 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidase inhibitors are a family of pharmacological drugs that, by selectively targeting ectonucleotidases, are essential in altering purinergic signaling pathways. The hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides is carried out by these enzymes, which include ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Ectonucleotidase inhibitors can prevent the conversion of ATP and ADP into adenosine by blocking these enzymes and reduce extracellular adenosine. These molecules are essential for purinergic signaling, which is associated with a variability of physiological and pathological processes. By modifying extracellular nucleotide metabolism and improving purinergic signaling regulation, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) inhibitors have the potential to improve cancer treatment, inflammatory management, and immune response modulation. Purinergic signaling is affected by CD73 inhibitors because they prevent AMP from being converted to adenosine. These inhibitors are useful in cancer therapy and immunotherapy because they may improve chemotherapy effectiveness and alter immune responses. Purinergic signaling is controlled by NTPDase inhibitors, which specifically target enzymes involved in extracellular nucleotide breakdown. These inhibitors show promise in reducing immunological responses, thrombosis, and inflammation, perhaps assisting in the treatment of cardiovascular and autoimmune illnesses. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) inhibitors alter the function of enzymes involved in dephosphorylation reactions, which has an impact on a variety of biological processes. By altering the body's phosphate levels, these inhibitors may be used to treat diseases including hyperphosphatemia and certain bone problems. This article provides a guide for researchers and clinicians looking to leverage the remedial capability of ectonucleotidase inhibitors in a variety of illness scenarios by illuminating their processes, advantages, and difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Huzaifa Sharafat
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45321, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45321, Pakistan.
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He X, Xiong S, Zhu Z, Sun J, Cao C, Wang H. [Overexpression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2T induces radiotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by enriching regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:1149-1158. [PMID: 38977345 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.06.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of overexpression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2T (UBE2T) on radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Hepa1-6 cells were transfected with a UBE2T-overexpressing or a control lentiviral vector, and the changes in their radiotherapy sensitivity and concentrations of glucose and lactate in the supernatant were assessed using colony-forming assay and colorimetric assay. The transfected cells were inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice or C57BL/6 mice, and tumor growth following irradiation were recorded. The xenografts were collected for analyzing infiltration of CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) using flow cytometry and detecting expressions of HK1 and LDHA using Western blotting. The correlations of UBE2T expression with immune cell infiltration, glycolysis and Tregs in HCC were analyzed using CIBERSORT algorithm and TCGA database, and the results were verified in a co-culture system of Hepa1-6 cells and Tregs. RESULTS UBE2T overexpression caused radiotherapy resistance in both cultured Hepa1-6 cells and xenografts in the tumor-bearing mouse models (especially in C57BL/6 mice). CIBERSORT analysis suggested that a high expression of UBE2T was associated with increased percentages of dendritic cells, T follicular helper cells, M2 macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes and Tregs in HCC. The UBE2T-overexpressing xenografts showed an increased percentage of Tregs and enhanced expressions of HK1 and LDHA, and irradiation increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells and Tregs in the tumor microenvironment. Hepa1-6 cells overexpressing UBE2T showed a decreased glucose concentration and an increased lactate concentration. GSEA analysis suggested that a high UBE2T expression was positively correlated with increased glycolysis and Tregs infiltration in HCC. In the cell co-culture system, UBE2T overexpression significantly enhanced lactate production, proliferation and immunosuppressive functions of Tregs. CONCLUSION A high UBE2T expression results in radiotherapy resistance of HCC possibly by enhancing glycolysis and cause enrichment of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - S Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Z Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - J Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - C Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Xu P, Ma J, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Cheng X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gao M. Radiotherapy-Triggered In Situ Tumor Vaccination Boosts Checkpoint Blockaded Immune Response via Antigen-Capturing Nanoadjuvants. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1022-1040. [PMID: 38131289 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In situ vaccination (ISV) formed with the aid of intratumorally injected adjuvants has shed bright light on enhancing the abscopal therapeutic effects of radiotherapy. However, the limited availability of antigens resulting from the radiotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death largely hampers the clinical outcome of ISV. To maximally utilize the radiotherapy-induced antigen, we herein developed a strategy by capturing the radiotherapy-induced antigen in situ with a nanoadjuvant comprised of CpG-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The highly efficient click reaction between the maleimide residue on the nanoadjuvant and sulfhydryl group on the antigen maximized the bioavailability of autoantigens and CpG adjuvant in vivo. Importantly, combined immune checkpoint blockade can reverse T cell exhaustion after treatment with radiotherapy-induced ISV, thereby largely suppressing the treated and distant tumor. Mechanistically, metabolomics reveals the intratumorally injected nanoadjuvants disrupt redox homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment, further inducing tumor ferroptosis after radiotherapy. Overall, the current study highlights the immense potential of the innovative antigen-capturing nanoadjuvants for synergistically enhancing the antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, The Affiliated Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, The Affiliated Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaju Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
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Li T, Lin Y, Li X. Battling against radiotherapy-induced immune tolerance in colorectal cancer: potential synergistic effects of VISTA and CD39 inhibitors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 35:1416. [PMID: 37942759 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School
| | - Yunzhen Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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