1
|
Castellano M, Blanco V, Calzi ML, Costa B, Witwer K, Hill M, Cayota A, Segovia M, Tosar JP. Ribonuclease activity undermines immune sensing of naked extracellular RNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590771. [PMID: 38712104 PMCID: PMC11071435 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The plasma membrane and the membrane of endosomal vesicles are considered physical barriers preventing extracellular RNA uptake. While naked RNA can be spontaneously internalized by certain cells types, functional delivery of naked RNA into the cytosol has been rarely observed. Here we show that extracellular ribonucleases, mainly derived from cell culture supplements, have so far hindered the study of extracellular RNA functionality. In the presence of active ribonuclease inhibitors (RI), naked bacterial RNA is pro-inflammatory when spiked in the media of dendritic cells and macrophages. In murine cells, this response mainly depends on the action of endosomal Toll-like receptors. However, we also show that naked RNA can perform endosomal escape and engage with cytosolic RNA sensors and ribosomes. For example, naked mRNAs encoding reporter proteins can be spontaneously internalized and translated by a variety of cell types, in an RI-dependent manner. In vivo, RI co-injection enhances the activation induced by naked extracellular RNA on splenic lymphocytes and myeloid-derived leukocytes. Furthermore, naked extracellular RNA is inherently pro-inflammatory in ribonuclease-poor compartments such as the peritoneal cavity. Overall, these results demonstrate that naked RNA is bioactive and does not need encapsulation inside synthetic or biological lipid vesicles for functional uptake, making a case for nonvesicular extracellular RNA-mediated intercellular communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castellano
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valentina Blanco
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marco Li Calzi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Costa
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Analytical Biochemistry Unit, School of Science, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Kenneth Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- EV Core Facility “EXCEL”, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo Hill
- Immunoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Academic Unit of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Alfonso Cayota
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes Segovia
- Immunoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Academic Unit of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Analytical Biochemistry Unit, School of Science, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basso M, Gori A, Nardella C, Palviainen M, Holcar M, Sotiropoulos I, Bobis‐Wozowicz S, D'Agostino VG, Casarotto E, Ciani Y, Suetsugu S, Gualerzi A, Martin‐Jaular L, Boselli D, Kashkanova A, Parisse P, Lippens L, Pagliuca M, Blessing M, Frigerio R, Fourniols T, Meliciano A, Fietta A, Fioretti PV, Soroczyńska K, Picciolini S, Salviano‐Silva A, Bergese P, Zocco D, Chiari M, Jenster G, Waldron L, Milosavljevic A, Nolan J, Monopoli MP, Witwer KW, Bussolati B, Di Vizio D, Falcon Perez J, Lenassi M, Cretich M, Demichelis F. International Society for Extracellular Vesicles Workshop. QuantitatEVs: multiscale analyses, from bulk to single extracellular vesicle. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e137. [PMID: 38405579 PMCID: PMC10883470 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The 'QuantitatEVs: multiscale analyses, from bulk to single vesicle' workshop aimed to discuss quantitative strategies and harmonized wet and computational approaches toward the comprehensive analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bulk to single vesicle analyses with a special focus on emerging technologies. The workshop covered the key issues in the quantitative analysis of different EV-associated molecular components and EV biophysical features, which are considered the core of EV-associated biomarker discovery and validation for their clinical translation. The in-person-only workshop was held in Trento, Italy, from January 31st to February 2nd, 2023, and continued in Milan on February 3rd with "Next Generation EVs", a satellite event dedicated to early career researchers (ECR). This report summarizes the main topics and outcomes of the workshop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Basso
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Alessandro Gori
- National Research Council of ItalyIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | - Caterina Nardella
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Mari Palviainen
- EV group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marija Holcar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Institute of Biosciences & ApplicationsNational Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) DemokritosParaskeviGreece
| | - Sylwia Bobis‐Wozowicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Vito G. D'Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari “Rodolfo Paoletti” (DiSFeB), Dipartimento di EccellenzaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Yari Ciani
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkomaJapan
| | | | | | - Daniela Boselli
- FRACTAL (Flow Cytometry Resource, Advanced Cytometry Technical Applications Laboratory)San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Anna Kashkanova
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightErlangenGermany
| | - Pietro Parisse
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM‐CNR)TriesteItaly
| | - Lien Lippens
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer ResearchGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Martina Pagliuca
- Molecular Predictors and New Targets in OncologyGustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
- Clinical and Translational OncologyScuola Superiore MeridionaleNaplesItaly
| | - Martin Blessing
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightErlangenGermany
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- National Research Council of ItalyIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | | | - Ana Meliciano
- iBET‐Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
| | - Anna Fietta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB)University of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza (IRP)PaduaItaly
| | - Paolo Vincenzo Fioretti
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
- IRIB ‐ Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation of CNRPalermoItaly
| | | | - Marcella Chiari
- National Research Council of ItalyIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Levi Waldron
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health PolicyCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Program in Quantitative and Computational BiosciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - John Nolan
- Scintillon InstituteSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan Falcon Perez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Exosomes LaboratoryDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Marina Cretich
- National Research Council of ItalyIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC‐CNR)MilanItaly
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Makarova J, Maltseva D, Tonevitsky A. Challenges in characterization of transcriptomes of extracellular vesicles and non-vesicular extracellular RNA carriers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1327985. [PMID: 38116380 PMCID: PMC10729812 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1327985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its original discovery over a decade ago, extracellular RNA (exRNA) has been found in all biological fluids. Furthermore, extracellular microRNA has been shown to be involved in communication between various cell types. Importantly, the exRNA is protected from RNases degradation by certain carriers including membrane vesicles and non-vesicular protein nanoparticles. Each type of carrier has its unique exRNA profile, which may vary depending on cell type and physiological conditions. To clarify putative mechanisms of intercellular communication mediated by exRNA, the RNA profile of each carrier has to be characterized. While current methods of biofluids fractionation are continuously improving, they fail to completely separate exRNA carriers. Likewise, most popular library preparation approaches for RNA sequencing do not allow obtaining exhaustive and unbiased data on exRNA transcriptome. In this mini review we discuss ongoing progress in the field of exRNA, with the focus on exRNA carriers, analyze the key methodological challenges and provide recommendations on how the latter could be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Makarova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana Maltseva
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Art Photonics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng AP, Kwon S, Adeshara T, Göhre V, Feldbrügge M, Weiberg A. Extracellular RNAs released by plant-associated fungi: from fundamental mechanisms to biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5935-5945. [PMID: 37572124 PMCID: PMC10485130 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular RNAs are an emerging research topic in fungal-plant interactions. Fungal plant pathogens and symbionts release small RNAs that enter host cells to manipulate plant physiology and immunity. This communication via extracellular RNAs between fungi and plants is bidirectional. On the one hand, plants release RNAs encapsulated inside extracellular vesicles as a defense response as well as for intercellular and inter-organismal communication. On the other hand, recent reports suggest that also full-length mRNAs are transported within fungal EVs into plants, and these fungal mRNAs might get translated inside host cells. In this review article, we summarize the current views and fundamental concepts of extracellular RNAs released by plant-associated fungi, and we discuss new strategies to apply extracellular RNAs in crop protection against fungal pathogens. KEY POINTS: • Extracellular RNAs are an emerging topic in plant-fungal communication. • Fungi utilize RNAs to manipulate host plants for colonization. • Extracellular RNAs can be engineered to protect plants against fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Po Cheng
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Seomun Kwon
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Trusha Adeshara
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arne Weiberg
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München (LMU), 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalia V, Baccarelli AA, Happel C, Hollander JA, Jukic AM, McAllister KA, Menon R, Merrick BA, Milosavljevic A, Ravichandran LV, Roth ME, Subramanian A, Tyson FL, Worth L, Shaughnessy DT. Seminar: Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Environmental Stress in Human Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:104201. [PMID: 37861803 PMCID: PMC10588739 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound particles containing a variety of RNA types, DNA, proteins, and other macromolecules, are now appreciated as an important means of communication between cells and tissues, both in normal cellular physiology and as a potential indicator of cellular stress, environmental exposures, and early disease pathogenesis. Extracellular signaling through EVs is a growing field of research for understanding fundamental mechanisms of health and disease and for the potential for biomarker discovery and therapy development. EVs are also known to play important roles in mediating the effects of exposure to environmental stress. OBJECTIVES This seminar addresses the application of new tools and approaches for EV research, developed in part through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Extracellular RNA Communication Program, and reflects presentations and discussions from a workshop held 27-28 September 2021 by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) on "Extracellular Vesicles, Exosomes, and Cell-Cell Signaling in Response to Environmental Stress." The panel of experts discussed current research on EVs and environmental exposures, highlighted recent advances in EV isolation and characterization, and considered research gaps and opportunities toward identifying and characterizing the roles for EVs in environmentally related diseases, as well as the current challenges and opportunities in this field. DISCUSSION The authors discuss the application of new experimental models, particularly organ-on-chip (OOC) systems and in vitro approaches and how these have the potential to extend findings in population-based studies of EVs in exposure-related diseases. Given the complex challenges of identifying cell-specific EVs related to environmental exposures, as well as the general heterogeneity and variability in EVs in blood and other accessible biological samples, there is a critical need for rigorous reporting of experimental methods and validation studies. The authors note that these efforts, combined with cross-disciplinary approaches, would ensure that future research efforts in environmental health studies on EV biomarkers are rigorous and reproducible. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12980.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Happel
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Hollander
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne Marie Jukic
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kimberly A. McAllister
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce A. Merrick
- Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lingamanaidu V. Ravichandran
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew E. Roth
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anita Subramanian
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frederick L. Tyson
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leroy Worth
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel T. Shaughnessy
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mugoni V, Ciani Y, Quaini O, Tomasini S, Notarangelo M, Vannuccini F, Marinelli A, Leonardi E, Pontalti S, Martinelli A, Rossetto D, Pesce I, Mansy SS, Barbareschi M, Ferro A, Caffo O, Attard G, Di Vizio D, D'Agostino VG, Nardella C, Demichelis F. Integrating extracellular vesicle and circulating cell-free DNA analysis using a single plasma aliquot improves the detection of HER2 positivity in breast cancer patients. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e108. [PMID: 38046436 PMCID: PMC10688391 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Multi-analyte liquid biopsies represent an emerging opportunity for non-invasive cancer assessment. We developed ONCE (One Aliquot for Circulating Elements), an approach for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EV) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from a single aliquot of blood. We assessed ONCE performance to classify HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer (BrCa) patients by combining EV-associated RNA (EV-RNA) and cfDNA signals on n = 64 healthy donors (HD) and non-metastatic BrCa patients. Specifically, we isolated EV-enriched samples by a charge-based (CB) method and investigated EV-RNA and cfDNA by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Sequencing of cfDNA and EV-RNA from HER2- and HER2+ patients demonstrated concordance with in situ molecular analyses of matched tissues. Combined analysis of the two circulating analytes by ddPCR showed increased sensitivity in ERBB2/HER2 detection compared to single nucleic acid components. Multi-analyte liquid biopsy prediction performance was comparable to tissue-based sequencing results from TCGA. Also, imaging flow cytometry analysis revealed HER2 protein on the surface of EV isolated from the HER2+ BrCa plasma, thus corroborating the potential relevance of studying EV as companion analyte to cfDNA. This data confirms the relevance of combining cfDNA and EV-RNA for HER2 cancer assessment and supports ONCE as a valuable tool for multi-analytes liquid biopsies' clinical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mugoni
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Yari Ciani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Orsetta Quaini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Simone Tomasini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Michela Notarangelo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Federico Vannuccini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Alessia Marinelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Elena Leonardi
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSSTrentoItaly
| | - Stefano Pontalti
- Department of Medical OncologySanta Chiara Hospital, APSSTrentoItaly
| | - Angela Martinelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Daniele Rossetto
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Isabella Pesce
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Sheref S. Mansy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | | | - Antonella Ferro
- Department of Medical OncologySanta Chiara Hospital, APSSTrentoItaly
| | - Orazio Caffo
- Department of Medical OncologySanta Chiara Hospital, APSSTrentoItaly
| | | | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Caterina Nardella
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| |
Collapse
|