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Wang M, Chen Q, Cui J, Yu Z, Wang W, Sun Z, Chen Q. Distribution, ecological risk, and sediment-influencing mechanisms of heavy metals in surface sediments along the intertidal gradient in typical mangroves in Hainan, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116677. [PMID: 39018823 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The relative importance of each sediment physicochemical property to sediment heavy-metal (HM) contents has not yet been quantitatively evaluated. Differences in the HM contents of mangrove surface sediments among the high, middle, and low intertidal zones, and their quantitative relationships to sediment physicochemical properties, were investigated in Dongzhaigang and Qinglan Harbor reserves, Hainan, China. In both reserves, the Cu and Ni concentrations increased significantly from the low to high intertidal zones; the patterns of change in the Mn and Pb contents were opposite in the two reserves. The Cr concentration was significantly lower and the Pb concentration was significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Ecological risks of HM were higher in Dongzhaigang than in Qinglan Harbor. Regression and redundancy (hierarchical partitioning) analyses showed that the sediment total sulfur, nitrogen and potassium contents and pH were key factors affecting the HM contents of mangrove surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Wang
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Zhouwei Yu
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Quan Chen
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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Shen X, Zhang Y, Hong Y, Zeng X, Zhou W, Yue W, Yao W, Chen H, Liu H, Yang Z. Spatial variability in blue carbon storage and sequestration of seagrass meadows in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175884. [PMID: 39216760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Although seagrass meadows are intense carbon sinks, information on the regional variability in seagrass blue carbon stocks and carbon sequestration remains limited. We estimated the organic carbon (Corg) stocks and carbon accumulation rates (CAR) of seven seagrass meadows along the subtropical coast of China's Zhanjiang City and analyzed the driving factors of variability in sediment Corg stocks in three seagrass meadows. Results showed that most Corg (99.83 %) was stored in the sediments, and the contribution of living biomass was minor. The average Corg stocks of living biomass and sediments across all sites were 0.04 ± 0.01 and 42.03 ± 25.07 Mg C ha-1, respectively, which were significantly lower than the world average (2.52 ± 0.48 and 194.2 Mg C ha-1). The sediment Corg stocks of the upper 1 m ranged from 24.26 to 157.12 Mg C ha-1 with substantial variability among sites: Liusha Bay (64.93 ± 22.31 Mg C ha-1) > Donghai Island (33.8 ± 10.65 Mg C ha-1) > Dongshen Ferry (27.35 ± 4.15 Mg C ha-1). The average sediment CAR was 53.47 g C m-2 yr-1, and the total CAR of 864.18 ha seagrass meadows was 260.76 ± 4.86 Mg C yr-1 in these studied sites. Physicochemical factors, such as high moisture content, salinity, CaCO3 content, and low dry bulk density, jointly inhibited the mineralization rate of Corg in sediments. Our study provides data from understudied regions to a growing dataset on seagrass carbon stocks and sequestration rates and highlights the significance of local and regional differences in seagrass blue carbon storage to accurately assess the climate change mitigation potential of seagrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Shen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xuelan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Weizhong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Weike Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Lu W, Xiao J, Gao H, Jia Q, Li Z, Liang J, Xing Q, Mao D, Li H, Chu X, Chen H, Guo H, Han G, Zhao B, Chen L, Lai DYF, Liu S, Lin G. Carbon fluxes of China's coastal wetlands and impacts of reclamation and restoration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17280. [PMID: 38613249 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and contribute significantly to climate change mitigation. However, climate change, reclamation, and restoration have been causing substantial changes in coastal wetland areas and carbon exchange in China during recent decades. Here we compiled a carbon flux database consisting of 15 coastal wetland sites to assess the magnitude, patterns, and drivers of carbon fluxes and to compare fluxes among contrasting natural, disturbed, and restored wetlands. The natural coastal wetlands have the average net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) of -577 g C m-2 year-1, with -821 g C m-2 year-1 for mangrove forests and -430 g C m-2 year-1 for salt marshes. There are pronounced latitudinal patterns for carbon dioxide exchange of natural coastal wetlands: NEE increased whereas gross primary production (GPP) and respiration of ecosystem decreased with increasing latitude. Distinct environmental factors drive annual variations of GPP between mangroves and salt marshes; temperature was the dominant controlling factor in salt marshes, while temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were co-dominant in mangroves. Meanwhile, both anthropogenic reclamation and restoration had substantial effects on coastal wetland carbon fluxes, and the effect of the anthropogenic perturbation in mangroves was more extensive than that in salt marshes. Furthermore, from 1980 to 2020, anthropogenic reclamation of China's coastal wetlands caused a carbon loss of ~3720 Gg C, while the mangrove restoration project during the period of 2021-2025 may switch restored coastal wetlands from a carbon source to carbon sink with a net carbon gain of 73 Gg C. The comparison of carbon fluxes among these coastal wetlands can improve our understanding of how anthropogenic perturbation can affect the potentials of coastal blue carbon in China, which has implications for informing conservation and restoration strategies and efforts of coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Lu
- College of the Life and Environment Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Haiqiang Gao
- College of the Life and Environment Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qingyu Jia
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- College of the Life and Environment Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Dehua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Li
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Haiqiang Guo
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Derrick Y F Lai
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of the Life and Environment Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guanghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Hainan International Blue Carbon Research Center, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou, China
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Liu T, Bao K, Chen M, Neupane B, Gao C, Zaccone C. Human activity has increasingly affected recent carbon accumulation in Zhanjiang mangrove wetland, South China. iScience 2024; 27:109038. [PMID: 38361628 PMCID: PMC10867414 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mangrove wetlands are an important component of blue carbon (C) ecosystems, although the anthropogenic impact on organic C accumulation rate (OCAR) in mangrove wetlands is not yet clear. Three sediment cores were collected from Zhanjiang Gaoqiao Mangrove Reserve in Southern China, dated by 210Pb and 137Cs, and physico-chemical parameters measured. Results show that the OCARs in mangroves and grasslands have significantly increased by 4.4 and 1.3 times, respectively, since 1950, which is consistent with the transformation of organic C sources and the increase of sedimentation rate. This increment is due to increased soil erosion and nutrient enrichment caused by land use change and the discharge of fertilizer runoff and aquaculture wastewater. This study provides clear evidence for understanding the changes in organic C accumulation processes during the Anthropocene and is conducive to promoting the realization of C peak and neutrality targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kunshan Bao
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Minqi Chen
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Bigyan Neupane
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Claudio Zaccone
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Liu B, Qi L, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Zhou J, An Z, Wang B, Lin Z, Yao C, Wang Y, Yin G, Dong H, Li X, Liang X, Han P, Liu M, Zhang G, Cui Y, Hou L. Four years of climate warming reduced dark carbon fixation in coastal wetlands. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae138. [PMID: 39052319 PMCID: PMC11308615 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Dark carbon fixation (DCF), conducted mainly by chemoautotrophs, contributes greatly to primary production and the global carbon budget. Understanding the response of DCF process to climate warming in coastal wetlands is of great significance for model optimization and climate change prediction. Here, based on a 4-yr field warming experiment (average annual temperature increase of 1.5°C), DCF rates were observed to be significantly inhibited by warming in coastal wetlands (average annual DCF decline of 21.6%, and estimated annual loss of 0.08-1.5 Tg C yr-1 in global coastal marshes), thus causing a positive climate feedback. Under climate warming, chemoautotrophic microbial abundance and biodiversity, which were jointly affected by environmental changes such as soil organic carbon and water content, were recognized as significant drivers directly affecting DCF rates. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that climate warming may alter the pattern of DCF carbon sequestration pathways in coastal wetlands, increasing the relative importance of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, whereas the relative importance of the dominant chemoautotrophic carbon fixation pathways (Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and W-L pathway) may decrease due to warming stress. Collectively, our work uncovers the feedback mechanism of microbially mediated DCF to climate warming in coastal wetlands, and emphasizes a decrease in carbon sequestration through DCF activities in this globally important ecosystem under a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhirui An
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhuke Lin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongpo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guosen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Lu Z, Qin G, Gan S, Liu H, Macreadie PI, Cheah W, Wang F. Blue carbon sink capacity of mangroves determined by leaves and their associated microbiome. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17007. [PMID: 37916453 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves play a globally significant role in carbon capture and storage, known as blue carbon ecosystems. Yet, there are fundamental biogeochemical processes of mangrove blue carbon formation that are inadequately understood, such as the mechanisms by which mangrove afforestation regulates the microbial-driven transfer of carbon from leaf to below-ground blue carbon pool. In this study, we addressed this knowledge gap by investigating: (1) the mangrove leaf characteristics using state-of-the-art FT-ICR-MS; (2) the microbial biomass and their transformation patterns of assimilated plant-carbon; and (3) the degradation potentials of plant-derived carbon in soils of an introduced (Sonneratia apetala) and a native mangrove (Kandelia obovata). We found that biogeochemical cycling took entirely different pathways for S. apetala and K. obovata. Blue carbon accumulation and the proportion of plant-carbon for native mangroves were high, with microbes (dominated by K-strategists) allocating the assimilated-carbon to starch and sucrose metabolism. Conversely, microbes with S. apetala adopted an r-strategy and increased protein- and nucleotide-biosynthetic potentials. These divergent biogeochemical pathways were related to leaf characteristics, with S. apetala leaves characterized by lower molecular-weight, C:N ratio, and lignin content than K. obovata. Moreover, anaerobic-degradation potentials for lignin were high in old-aged soils, but the overall degradation potentials of plant carbon were age-independent, explaining that S. apetala age had no significant influences on the contribution of plant-carbon to blue carbon. We propose that for introduced mangroves, newly fallen leaves release nutrient-rich organic matter that favors growth of r-strategists, which rapidly consume carbon to fuel growth, increasing the proportion of microbial-carbon to blue carbon. In contrast, lignin-rich native mangrove leaves shape K-strategist-dominated microbial communities, which grow slowly and store assimilated-carbon in cells, ultimately promoting the contribution of plant-carbon to the remarkable accumulation of blue carbon. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of microbial community responses during reforestation in mangrove ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guoming Qin
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuchai Gan
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Division of Life Sciences, School of Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wee Cheah
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faming Wang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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