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Korshunova K, Kiuru J, Liekkinen J, Enkavi G, Vattulainen I, Bruininks BMH. Martini 3 OliGo̅mers: A Scalable Approach for Multimers and Fibrils in GROMACS. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 39189419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Martini 3 is a widely used coarse-grained simulation method for large-scale biomolecular simulations. It can be combined with a Go̅ model to realistically describe higher-order protein structures while allowing the folding and unfolding events. However, as of today, this method has largely been used only for individual monomers. In this article, we describe how the Go̅ model can be implemented within the framework of Martini 3 for a multimer system, taking into account both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in an oligomeric protein system. We demonstrate the method by showing how it can be applied to both structural stability maintenance and assembly/disassembly of protein oligomers, using aquaporin tetramer, insulin dimer, and amyloid-β fibril as examples. We find that addition of intermolecular Go̅ potentials stabilizes the quaternary structure of proteins. The strength of the Go̅ potentials can be tuned so that the internal fluctuations of proteins match the behavior of atomistic simulation models, however, the results also show that the use of too strong intermolecular Go̅ potentials weakens the chemical specificity of oligomerization. The Martini-Go̅ model presented here enables the use of Go̅ potentials in oligomeric molecular systems in a computationally efficient and parallelizable manner, especially in the case of homopolymers, where the number of identical protein monomers is high. This paves the way for coarse-grained simulations of large protein complexes, such as viral protein capsids and prion fibrils, in complex biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Korshunova
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julius Kiuru
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Liekkinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bart M H Bruininks
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Dahl K, Raun K, Hansen JL, Poulsen C, de la Cour CD, Clausen TR, Hansen AMK, John LM, Plesner A, Sun G, Schlein M, Skyggebjerg RB, Kruse T. NN1213 - A Potent, Long-Acting, and Selective Analog of Human Amylin. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11688-11700. [PMID: 38960379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Amylin, a member of the calcitonin family, acts via amylin receptors in the hindbrain and hypothalamus to suppress appetite. Native ligands of these receptors are peptides with short half-lives. Conjugating fatty acids to these peptides can increase their half-lives. The long-acting human amylin analog, NN1213, was generated from structure-activity efforts optimizing solubility, stability, receptor affinity, and selectivity, as well as in vivo potency and clearance. In both rats and dogs, a single dose of NN1213 reduced appetite in a dose-dependent manner and with a long duration of action. Consistent with the effect on appetite, studies in obese rats demonstrated that daily NN1213 dosing resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in body weight over a 21-day period. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated that this was primarily driven by loss of fat mass. Based on these data, NN1213 could be considered an attractive option for weight management in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Dahl
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linu M John
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk China, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Building 2, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Annette Plesner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Gao Sun
- Novo Nordisk China, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Building 2, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Morten Schlein
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
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3
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Francis D, Chacko AM, Anoop A, Nadimuthu S, Venugopal V. Evolution of biosynthetic human insulin and its analogues for diabetes management. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 142:191-256. [PMID: 39059986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining the normal human physiology. By acting as chemical messengers that facilitate the communication between different organs, tissues and cells of the body hormones assist in responding appropriately to external and internal stimuli that trigger growth, development and metabolic activities of the body. Any abnormalities in the hormonal composition and balance can lead to devastating health consequences. Hormones have been important therapeutic agents since the early 20th century, when it was realized that their exogenous supply could serve as a functional substitution for those hormones which are not produced enough or are completely lacking, endogenously. Insulin, the pivotal anabolic hormone in the body, was used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder due to the absence or intolerance towards insulin, since 1921 and is the trailblazer in hormone therapeutics. At present the largest market share for therapeutic hormones is held by insulin. Many other hormones were introduced into clinical practice following the success with insulin. However, for the six decades following the introduction the first therapeutic hormone, there was no reliable method for producing human hormones. The most common source for hormones were animals, although semisynthetic and synthetic hormones were also developed. However, none of these were optimal because of their allergenicity, immunogenicity, lack of consistency in purity and most importantly, scalability. The advent of recombinant DNA technology was a game changer for hormone therapeutics. This revolutionary molecular biology tool made it possible to synthesize human hormones in microbial cell factories. The approach allowed for the synthesis of highly pure hormones which were structurally and biochemically identical to the human hormones. Further, the fermentation techniques utilized to produce recombinant hormones were highly scalable. Moreover, by employing tools such as site directed mutagenesis along with recombinant DNA technology, it became possible to amend the molecular structure of the hormones to achieve better efficacy and mimic the exact physiology of the endogenous hormone. The first recombinant hormone to be deployed in clinical practice was insulin. It was called biosynthetic human insulin to reflect the biological route of production. Subsequently, the biochemistry of recombinant insulin was modified using the possibilities of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering to produce analogues that better mimic physiological insulin. These analogues were tailored to exhibit pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the prandial and basal human insulins to achieve better glycemic control. The present chapter explores the principles of genetic engineering applied to therapeutic hormones by reviewing the evolution of therapeutic insulin and its analogues. It also focuses on how recombinant analogues account for the better management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Aksa Mariyam Chacko
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anagha Anoop
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subramani Nadimuthu
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopal
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rao SS, Kundapura SV, Dey D, Palaniappan C, Sekar K, Kulal A, Ramagopal UA. Cumulative phylogenetic, sequence and structural analysis of Insulin superfamily proteins provide unique structure-function insights. Mol Inform 2024:e202300160. [PMID: 38973776 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The insulin superfamily proteins (ISPs), in particular, insulin, IGFs and relaxin proteins are key modulators of animal physiology. They are known to have evolved from the same ancestral gene and have diverged into proteins with varied sequences and distinct functions, but maintain a similar structural architecture stabilized by highly conserved disulphide bridges. The recent surge of sequence data and the structures of these proteins prompted a need for a comprehensive analysis, which connects the evolution of these sequences (427 sequences) in the light of available functional and structural information including representative complex structures of ISPs with their cognate receptors. This study reveals (a) unusually high sequence conservation of IGFs (>90 % conservation in 184 sequences) and provides a possible structure-based rationale for such high sequence conservation; (b) provides an updated definition of the receptor-binding signature motif of the functionally diverse relaxin family members (c) provides a probable non-canonical C-peptide cleavage site in a few insulin sequences. The high conservation of IGFs appears to represent a classic case of resistance to sequence diversity exerted by physiologically important interactions with multiple partners. We also propose a probable mechanism for C-peptide cleavage in a few distinct insulin sequences and redefine the receptor-binding signature motif of the relaxin family. Lastly, we provide a basis for minimally modified insulin mutants with potential therapeutic application, inspired by concomitant changes observed in other insulin superfamily protein members supported by molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Sheshagiri Rao
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Poornaprajnapura, 562110, Bidalur (Post), Bengaluru, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankar V Kundapura
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Poornaprajnapura, 562110, Bidalur (Post), Bengaluru, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Debayan Dey
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Poornaprajnapura, 562110, Bidalur (Post), Bengaluru, India
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, GA 30322, Atlanta, USA
| | - Chandrasekaran Palaniappan
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Ananda Kulal
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Poornaprajnapura, 562110, Bidalur (Post), Bengaluru, India
| | - Udupi A Ramagopal
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Poornaprajnapura, 562110, Bidalur (Post), Bengaluru, India
- Department of Microbiology and FST, School of Science, GITAM University, 530045, Visakhapatnam, India
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Fagan A, Bateman LM, O’Shea JP, Crean AM. Elucidating the Degradation Pathways of Human Insulin in the Solid State. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2024; 8:288-299. [PMID: 39184306 PMCID: PMC11338979 DOI: 10.1007/s41664-024-00302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
While there have been significant advances in the development of peptide oral dosage forms in recent years, highlighted by the clinical and commercial success of approved peptides such as Rybelsus®, there remain several barriers in the way of broad range applicability of this approach to peptide delivery. One such barrier includes the poor physical and chemical stability inherent to their structures, which persists in the solid state although degradation typically occurs at different rates and via different pathways in comparison to the solution state. Using insulin as a model peptide, this work sought to contribute to the development of analytical techniques for investigating common insulin degradation pathways. Chemically denatured, deamidated and aggregated samples were prepared and used to benchmark circular dichroism spectroscopy, reverse phase HPLC and size exclusion chromatography methods for the investigation of unfolding, chemical modifications and covalent aggregation of the insulin molecule respectively. Solid state degraded samples were prepared by heating insulin powder at 60 °C and 75% relative humidity for 1, 3, 5 and 7 d, and the degradation profiles of the samples were evaluated and compared with those observed in solution. While no unfolding was observed to occur, significant deamidation and covalent aggregation were detected. Reductive disulfide bond cleavage using dithiothreitol allowed for separation of the insulin A- and B-chains, offering a facile yet novel means of assessing the mechanisms of deamidation and covalent aggregation occurring in the solid state. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41664-024-00302-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fagan
- SSPC, the SFI Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20 Ireland
| | - Lorraine M. Bateman
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20 Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60 Ireland
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60 Ireland
| | - Joseph P. O’Shea
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20 Ireland
| | - Abina M. Crean
- SSPC, the SFI Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YT20 Ireland
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Vinokur V, Berenshtein E, Chevion M, Chevion D. A New Concept in Antidiabetic Therapeutics: A Concerted Removal of Labile Iron and Intracellular Deposition of Zinc. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:59-71. [PMID: 38173374 PMCID: PMC10850271 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND The inflammatory process is known to be an integral part of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The "labile," redox-active iron, serving as a catalyst in Fenton reaction, producing the deleterious reactive oxygen species, triggering and maintaining inflammation, is hypothesized to play a causative role in this process. Concenter Biopharma continued the development of a new platform of iron chelators (Zygosids), first initiated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (HUJI), acting via the novel mechanism, based on a sequestration of the labile redox-active iron and its substitution by zinc or gallium. The mode of action of Zygosids is based on the higher affinity of the metal-binding moiety of the complex to Fe3+ in comparison to already bound ion, leading to rapid release of the ion of another metal and chelation of Fe3+. Concomitantly, zinc ion, released by the complex, is known for its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory role. METHODS The therapeutic effect of zinc-desferrioxamine (Zygosid-50) and gallium-desferrioxamine, was tested on fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus) model of diet-induced T2DM and on Leprdb transgenic diabetic mice. RESULTS Zygosids demonstrated an ability to noticeably reduce blood glucose and insulin levels and improve the lipid profile. Moreover, an ability to mitigate insulin resistance by >90% was shown on the sand rat model. In addition, a potent anti-inflammatory effect, expressed as a diminishment of the proinflammatory cytokines in tissue levels, was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Zygosids demonstrated robust therapeutic efficacy in treatment of T2DM. Importantly, no adverse effects were detected, in all the experiments, indicating high safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vinokur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Jerusalem, Israel
- Concenter Biopharma, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eduard Berenshtein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mordechai Chevion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Jerusalem, Israel
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Wang ST, Sun MF, Gao H, Shen BB, Fang WJ. Monitoring of low-molecular-weight protein aggregation by CE-SDS as a complementary method to SE-HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115521. [PMID: 37327620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) has long been proven to have excellent performance in the analysis and characterization of therapeutic proteins. However, it is rarely used for the detection of low-molecular-weight proteins or peptides. Our research has proved the ability of CE-SDS to characterize the purity of low-molecular-weight proteins (i.e., <10 kDa) and even polypeptides. In this article, insulin glargine was used as a model protein, and CE-SDS was used to analyze the samples damaged by heating and light exposure. The monomers, dimers, and trimers of insulin glargine were effectively separated, and the results of the mass spectrometry also confirmed the existence of two kinds of insulin aggregates. For comparison, the size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) only showed a single aggregate peak. In addition, the denaturation conditions caused only the covalent aggregates to appear in the CE-SDS analysis. These advantages also make CE-SDS an excellent supplementary technology to the traditional SE-HPLC, providing biopharmaceutical analysts with more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min-Fei Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Han Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, China; Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 317000, China.
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Kamelnia R, Goliaei B, Peyman Shariatpanahi S, Mehrnejad F, Ghasemi A, Zare Karizak A, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Chemical Modification of the Amino Groups of Human Insulin: Investigating Structural Properties and Amorphous Aggregation of Acetylated Species. Protein J 2023:10.1007/s10930-023-10131-7. [PMID: 37395911 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of human recombinant insulin can be affected by its aggregation. Effects of acetylation were observed on insulin structure, stability, and aggregation at 37 and 50 °C and pH of 5.0 and 7.4 with the use of spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Raman and FTIR results were indicative of structural changes in AC-INS, and CD analyses showed a slight increase in β-sheet content in AC-INS. Melting temperature (Tm) measurements indicated an overall more stable structure and spectroscopic assessment showed a more compact one. Formation of amorphous aggregates was followed over time and kinetics parameters showed a longer nucleation phase (higher t* amount) and lower aggregates amount (lower Alim) for acetylated insulin (AC-INS) compared to native (N-INS) in all tested conditions. The results of amyloid-specific probes approved the formation of amorphous aggregates. Size particle and microscopic analysis suggested that AC-INS was less prone to form aggregates, which were smaller if formed. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that controlled acetylation of insulin may lead to its higher stability and lower propensity toward amorphous aggregation and has provided insight into the result of this type of post-translational protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Kamelnia
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Departments of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Departments of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Peyman Shariatpanahi
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Departments of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Mehrnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Ghasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Zare Karizak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal Al Ahmad Highway, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Danielsen M, Kempen PJ, Andresen TL, Urquhart AJ. Formulation and characterization of insulin nanoclusters for a controlled release. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123658. [PMID: 36822285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in biopharmaceuticals combined with the challenges regarding formulation and delivery continues to encourage the development of new and improved formulations of this class of therapeutics. Nanoclusters (NCs) represent a type of formulation strategy where the biopharmaceutical is clustered in a reversible manner to function as both the therapeutic and the vehicle. In this study, insulin NCs (INCs) were formulated by a new methodology of first crosslinking proteins followed by desolvation. Crosslinking of the protein with the reducible DTSSP crosslinker improved control of the INC synthesis process to give INCs with a mean size of 198 ± 7 nm and a mean zeta potential of -39 ± 1 mV. Crosslinking and clustering of insulin did not induce cytotoxicity or major differences in the biological activity compared to the free unmodified protein. The potency of the crosslinked insulin and the INCs appeared slightly lower than that of the unmodified protein, and significantly higher doses of the INCs compared to the free protein were applied to achieve similar blood sugar lowering effects in vivo. Interestingly, the INCs allowed for high doses to be subcutaneously delivered with prolonged efficacy without being lethal in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Danielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew James Urquhart
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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10
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Walther M, Vestweber PK, Kühn S, Rieger U, Schäfer J, Münch C, Vogel-Kindgen S, Planz V, Windbergs M. Bioactive Insulin-Loaded Electrospun Wound Dressings for Localized Drug Delivery and Stimulation of Protein Expression Associated with Wound Healing. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:241-254. [PMID: 36538353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapy of wounds is difficult, especially for chronic, non-healing wounds, and novel therapeutics are urgently needed. This challenge can be addressed with bioactive wound dressings providing a microenvironment and facilitating cell proliferation and migration, ideally incorporating actives, which initiate and/or progress effective healing upon release. In this context, electrospun scaffolds loaded with growth factors emerged as promising wound dressings due to their biocompatibility, similarity to the extracellular matrix, and potential for controlled drug release. In this study, electrospun core-shell fibers were designed composed of a combination of polycaprolactone and polyethylene oxide. Insulin, a proteohormone with growth factor characteristics, was successfully incorporated into the core and was released in a controlled manner. The fibers exhibited favorable mechanical properties and a surface guiding cell migration for wound closure in combination with a high uptake capacity for wound exudate. Biocompatibility and significant wound healing effects were shown in interaction studies with human skin cells. As a new approach, analysis of the wound proteome in treated ex vivo human skin wounds clearly demonstrated a remarkable increase in wound healing biomarkers. Based on these findings, insulin-loaded electrospun wound dressings bear a high potential as effective wound healing therapeutics overcoming current challenges in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Walther
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Katharina Vestweber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shafreena Kühn
- Clinic for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Agaplesion Markus Clinic, Wilhelm-Epstein-Straße 4, 60431Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rieger
- Clinic for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Agaplesion Markus Clinic, Wilhelm-Epstein-Straße 4, 60431Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schäfer
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 / Building 75, 60590Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 / Building 75, 60590Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Vogel-Kindgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viktoria Planz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Bucur P, Fülöp I, Sipos E. Insulin Complexation with Cyclodextrins-A Molecular Modeling Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020465. [PMID: 35056780 PMCID: PMC8778189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 5% of the population of the world is affected with the disease called diabetes mellitus. The main medication of the diabetes is the insulin; the active form is the insulin monomer, which is an instable molecule, because the long storage time, or the high temperature, can cause the monomer insulin to adapt an alternative fold, rich in β-sheets, which is pharmaceutically inactive. The aim of this study is to form different insulin complexes with all the cyclodextrin used for pharmaceutical excipients (native cyclodextrin, methyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and sulfobutylether substituted β-cyclodextrin), in silico condition, with the AutoDock molecular modeling program, to determine the best type of cyclodextrin or cyclodextrin derivate to form a complex with an insulin monomer, to predict the molar ratio, the conformation of the complex, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the cyclodextrin and the insulin. From the results calculated by the AutoDock program it can be predicted that insulin can make a stable complex with 5–7 molecules of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, and by forming a complex potentially can prevent or delay the amyloid fibrillation of the insulin and increase the stability of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pálma Bucur
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Ibolya Fülöp
- Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Emese Sipos
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.B.); (E.S.)
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12
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Chun SY, Son MK, Park CR, Lim C, Kim HI, Kwak K, Cho M. Direct observation of protein structural transitions through entire amyloid aggregation processes in water using 2D-IR spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4482-4489. [PMID: 35656138 PMCID: PMC9020176 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid proteins that undergo self-assembly to form insoluble fibrillar aggregates have attracted much attention due to their role in biological and pathological significance in amyloidosis. This study aims to understand the amyloid aggregation dynamics of insulin (INS) in H2O using two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy. Conventional IR studies have been performed in D2O to avoid spectral congestion despite distinct H–D isotope effects. We observed a slowdown of the INS fibrillation process in D2O compared to that in H2O. The 2D-IR results reveal that different quaternary structures of INS at the onset of the nucleation phase caused the distinct fibrillation pathways of INS in H2O and D2O. A few different biophysical analysis, including solution-phase small-angle X-ray scattering combined with molecular dynamics simulations and other spectroscopic techniques, support our 2D-IR investigation results, providing insight into mechanistic details of distinct structural transition dynamics of INS in water. We found the delayed structural transition in D2O is due to the kinetic isotope effect at an early stage of fibrillation of INS in D2O, i.e., enhanced dimer formation of INS in D2O. Our 2D-IR and biophysical analysis provide insight into mechanistic details of structural transition dynamics of INS in water. This study demonstrates an innovative 2D-IR approach for studying protein dynamics in H2O, which will open the way for observing protein dynamics under biological conditions without IR spectroscopic interference by water vibrations. This study aims to understand the structural transition dynamics of INS during amyloid aggregation in H2O using 2D-IR spectroscopy. The results show that distinct fibrillations in D2O and H2O originated from different quaternary structures of INS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Chun
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Kook Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Single Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ri Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Single Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Chaiho Lim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hugh I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Single Cell Analysis Laboratory, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwon Kwak
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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13
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Liu M, White BF, Praveen P, Li W, Lin F, Wu H, Li R, Delaine C, Forbes BE, Wade JD, Hossain MA. Engineering of a Biologically Active Insulin Dimer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17448-17454. [PMID: 34797669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing epidemic of diabetes means that there is a need for therapies that are more efficacious, safe, and convenient. Here, we report the efficient synthesis of a novel disulfide dimer of human insulin tethered at the N-terminus of its B-chain through placement of a cysteine residue. The resulting peptide was shown to bind to both the insulin receptor isoform B and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with comparable affinity to native insulin. In in vivo insulin tolerance tests, the dimer was equipotent to Actrapid insulin and possessed a sustained duration of action greater than that of Actrapid and Glargine. While the secondary structure of our dimeric insulin was similar to that of insulin, it was more resistant to proteolysis. More importantly, our analogue was produced in quantitative yield from a monomeric thiol insulin scaffold. Our results suggest that this dimer has significant potential to address the clinical needs in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Barbara F White
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Praveen Praveen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Feng Lin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hongkang Wu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rong Li
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carlie Delaine
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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14
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Poulsen C, Pedersen MØ, Wahlund PO, Sjölander A, Thomsen JK, Conde-Frieboes KW, Paulsson JF, Wulff BS, Østergaard S. Rational Development of Stable PYY 3-36 Peptide Y 2 Receptor Agonists. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1369-1385. [PMID: 34272643 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The anorectic effect of PYY3-36 makes it a potential pharmacological weight loss treatment. Modifications of the endogenous peptide to obtain commercially attractive pharmacological and biophysical stability properties are examined. METHODS Half-life extended PYY3-36 analogues were prepared and examined regarding Y2-receptor potency as well as biophysical and stability properties. RESULTS Deamidation of asparagine in position 18 and 29 was observed upon incubation at 37°C. Asparagine in position 18 - but not position 29 - could be substituted to glutamine without detrimental effects on Y2-receptor potency. Covalent dimers were formed via the phenol impurity benzoquinone reacting with two N-terminal residues (Isoleucine-Lysine). Both residues had to be modified to suppress dimerization, which could be done without negatively affecting Y2-receptor potency or other stability/biophysical properties. Introduction of half-life extending modifications in position 30 and 35 eliminated aggregation at 37°C without negatively affecting other stability properties. Placement of a protracting moiety (fatty acid) in the receptor-binding C-terminal region reduced Y2-receptor potency substantially, whereas only minor effects of protractor position were observed on structural, biophysical or stability properties. Lipidated PYY3-36 analogues formed oligomers of various sizes depending on primary structure and solution conditions. CONCLUSIONS By rational design, a chemically and physically stable Y2-receptor selective, half-life extended PYY3-36 peptide has been developed.
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15
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Srivatsa K, Gokhale Y, Chakrabarti PP, Kulshrestha A, Vajpai N. Simultaneous characterization of insulin HMWP and protamine sulphate in complex formulations through SEC-coupled mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114188. [PMID: 34126389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight protein aggregates present in a recombinant human insulin and analogs are conventionally quantified by SEC-HPLC and identified by SEC-MALS as oligomeric population which lacks precise identification of species. The limitation of these two techniques is vanquished though simultaneous separation and identification by SEC coupled with MS. The identification was established with organic solvent based isocratic elution followed by MS for parallel separation and identification of HMWP species. The developed SEC-MS method is validated to establish the method capability and variability. Further investigations under stress conditions of Insulin analogues revealed the capability of the method to separate higher order oligomeric (Trimeric, and Tetrameric) species alongside covalent dimeric species. Additionally, the method holds good in separating and sequencing protamine peptides used in suspension (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) and biphasic/mixed (70/30) formulations of Human insulin using ETD-MSMS. The data presented here shows insight towards utilization of state-of-the-art SEC-MS technique in the biopharmaceutical field as a tool to establish the structural comparability of higher order species in biosimilars and to investigate the lot to lot batch variability for protamine sulphate in-terms of sequence confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koduru Srivatsa
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Molecular Characterization Lab, Biocon Research Limited - SEZ Unit, Plot No. 2&3, Phase IV- B.I.A, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Yatika Gokhale
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Molecular Characterization Lab, Biocon Research Limited - SEZ Unit, Plot No. 2&3, Phase IV- B.I.A, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Partha Pratim Chakrabarti
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Molecular Characterization Lab, Biocon Research Limited - SEZ Unit, Plot No. 2&3, Phase IV- B.I.A, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Kulshrestha
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Molecular Characterization Lab, Biocon Research Limited - SEZ Unit, Plot No. 2&3, Phase IV- B.I.A, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Navratna Vajpai
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Molecular Characterization Lab, Biocon Research Limited - SEZ Unit, Plot No. 2&3, Phase IV- B.I.A, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India.
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16
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Cell free protein synthesis versus yeast expression - A comparison using insulin as a model protein. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 186:105910. [PMID: 34089870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins traditionally require a cellular system to transcribe and translate foreign DNA to a desired protein. The process requires special knowledge of the specific cellular metabolism in use and is often time consuming and labour intensive. A cell free expression system provides an opportunity to express recombinant proteins without consideration of the living cell. Instead, a cell free system relies on either a cellular lysate or recombinant proteins to carry out protein synthesis, increasing overall production speed and ease of handling. The one-pot cell free setup is commonly known as an in vitro transcription/translation reaction (IVTT). Here we focused on a PURE (Protein synthesis Using Recombinant Elements) IVTT system based on recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli. We evaluated the cell free system's ability to express functional insulin analogues compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a well-established system for large scale production of recombinant human insulin and insulin analogues. Significantly, it was found that correct insulin expression and folding was governed by the inherent properties of the primary amino acids sequence of insulin, whereas the eukaryotic features of the expression system apparently play a minor role. The IVTT system successfully produced insulin analogues identical in structure and with similar insulin receptor affinity to those produced by yeast. In conclusion we demonstrate that the PURE IVTT system is highly suited for expressing soluble molecules with higher order features and multiple disulphide bridges.
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17
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Lamprakis C, Andreadelis I, Manchester J, Velez-Vega C, Duca JS, Cournia Z. Evaluating the Efficiency of the Martini Force Field to Study Protein Dimerization in Aqueous and Membrane Environments. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3088-3102. [PMID: 33913726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein complex assembly is one of the major drivers of biological response. Understanding the mechanisms of protein oligomerization/dimerization would allow one to elucidate how these complexes participate in biological activities and could ultimately lead to new approaches in designing novel therapeutic agents. However, determining the exact association pathways and structures of such complexes remains a challenge. Here, we use parallel tempering metadynamics simulations in the well-tempered ensemble to evaluate the performance of Martini 2.2P and Martini open-beta 3 (Martini 3) force fields in reproducing the structure and energetics of the dimerization process of membrane proteins and proteins in an aqueous solution in reasonable accuracy and throughput. We find that Martini 2.2P systematically overestimates the free energy of association by estimating large barriers in distinct areas, which likely leads to overaggregation when multiple monomers are present. In comparison, the less viscous Martini 3 results in a systematic underestimation of the free energy of association for proteins in solution, while it performs well in describing the association of membrane proteins. In all cases, the near-native dimer complexes are identified as minima in the free energy surface albeit not always as the lowest minima. In the case of Martini 3, we find that the spurious supramolecular protein aggregation present in Martini 2.2P multimer simulations is alleviated and thus this force field may be more suitable for the study of protein oligomerization. We propose that the use of enhanced sampling simulations with a refined coarse-grained force field and appropriately defined collective variables is a robust approach for studying the protein dimerization process, although one should be cautious of the ranking of energy minima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Lamprakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Andreadelis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John Manchester
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Camilo Velez-Vega
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - José S Duca
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
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18
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Quantitative analysis of weakly bound insulin oligomers in solution using polarized multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1138:18-29. [PMID: 33161979 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Being able to measure the size and distribution of oligomers in solution is a critical issue in the manufacture and stability of insulin and other protein formulations. Measuring oligomers reliably can however be complicated, due to their fragile self-assembled structures, which are held together by weak forces. This can cause issues in chromatographic based methods, where dissociation or re-equilibration of oligomer populations can occur e.g. upon dilution in a different eluting buffer, but also for light scattering based methods like dynamic light scattering (DLS) where the size difference involved (often less than a factor 3) does not allow mixtures of oligomers to be resolved. Intrinsic fluorescence offers an attractive alternative as it is non-invasive, sensitive but also because it contains scattered light when implemented via excitation emission matrix (EEM) measurements, that is sensitive to changes in particle size. Here, using insulin at formulation level concentrations, we show for the first time how EEM can both discriminate and quantify the proportion of oligomeric states in solution. This was achieved by using the Rayleigh scatter (RS) band and the fluorescence signal contained in EEM. After validating size changes with DLS, we show in particular how the volume under the RS band correlated linearly with protein/oligomer molecular weight, in agreement with the Debye-Zimm relationship. This was true for the RS data from both EEM and polarized EEM (pEEM) measurements, the latter providing a stronger scatter signal, more sensitive to particle size changes. The fluorescence signal was then used with multivariate curve resolution (MCR) to quantify more precisely the soluble oligomer composition of insulin solutions. In conditions that promoted the formation of mainly one type of oligomer (monomer, dimer, or hexamer), pEEM-MCR helped identify the presence of small amounts of other oligomeric forms, while in conditions that were previously said to favour the insulin tetramer, we show that in the presence of zinc, these insulin samples were instead a heterogenous mixture composed of mostly dimers and hexamers. These MCR results correlated in all cases with the observed discrimination by principal component analysis (PCA), and deviations observed in the RS data. In conclusion, using pEEM scatter and emission components with chemometric data analysis provides a unique analytical method for characterising and monitoring changes in the soluble oligomeric state of proteins.
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19
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Staby A, Steensgaard DB, Haselmann KF, Marino JS, Bartholdy C, Videbæk N, Schelde O, Bosch-Traberg H, Spang LT, Asgreen DJ. Influence of Production Process and Scale on Quality of Polypeptide Drugs: a Case Study on GLP-1 Analogs. Pharm Res 2020; 37:120. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Wang H, Zhang J, Dou F, Chen Z. A near-infrared fluorescent probe quinaldine red lights up the β-sheet structure of amyloid proteins in mouse brain. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112048. [PMID: 32056662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe a near-infrared fluorescent probe called quinaldine red (QR) which lights up the β-sheet structure of amyloid fibrils. The photochemical and biophysical properties of QR along with other canonical amyloid probes in the presence of protein fibrils were investigated by using fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal fluorescent microscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. Moreover, the binding sites and interaction mode between QR and insulin fibrils were calculated based on molecule docking. Among these amyloid probes, QR showed several advantages including strong supramolecular force, near-infrared emission, high sensitivity and resistance to bleaching. A linear response of the fluorescence intensity of QR towards fibril samples in the presence of sera was visualized in the range of 1-30 μM, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.31 μM. The recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the proposed method for the determination of protein fibrils was 90.4%-99.2% and 3.05%-3.47%, respectively. Finally, QR can be fluorescently lighted up when meeting the aberrant protein aggregates of pathogenic mice. We recommend QR as a novel and excellent alternative tool for monitoring conformational transition of amyloid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drugs & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drugs & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, PR China.
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21
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Mukherjee S, Deshmukh AA, Mondal S, Gopal B, Bagchi B. Destabilization of Insulin Hexamer in Water–Ethanol Binary Mixture. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10365-10375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumyak Mukherjee
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ashish A. Deshmukh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sayantan Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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22
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Wang A, Yang T, Fan W, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Guo S, Zhu C, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Gan Y. Protein Corona Liposomes Achieve Efficient Oral Insulin Delivery by Overcoming Mucus and Epithelial Barriers. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801123. [PMID: 30485708 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of peptide/protein drugs has attracted worldwide attention due to its good patient compliance and convenience of administration. Orally administered nanocarriers always encounter the rigorous defenses of the gastrointestinal tract, which mainly consist of mucus and epithelium barriers. However, diametrically opposite surface properties of nanocarriers are required for good mucus penetration and high epithelial uptake. Here, bovine serum albumin (BSA) is adsorbed to cationic liposomes (CLs) to form protein corona liposomes (PcCLs). The aim of using PcCLs is to conquer the mucus and epithelium barriers, eventually improving the oral bioavailability of insulin. Investigations using in vitro and in vivo experiments show that the uptake amounts and transepithelial permeability of PcCLs are 3.24- and 7.91-fold higher than that of free insulin, respectively. Further study of the behavior of PcCLs implies that BSA corona can be shed from PcCLs as they cross the mucus layer, which results in the exposure of CLs to improve the transepithelial transport. Intrajejunal administration of PcCLs in type I diabetic rats produces a remarkable hypoglycemic effect and increases the oral bioavailability up to 11.9%. All of these results imply that PcCLs may provide a new insight into the method for oral insulin delivery by overcoming the multiple barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aohua Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Quanlei Zhu
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Shiyan Guo
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Chunliu Zhu
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yongchun Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Technical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences No. 500, Yutian Road Shanghai 200083 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Technical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences No. 500, Yutian Road Shanghai 200083 China
| | - Yong Gan
- Center for Pharmaceutics ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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23
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Stadnik D, Bierczyńska-Krzysik A, Zielińska J, Antosik J, Borowicz P, Bednarek E, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Kozerski L. Identification of Lysine Misincorporation at Asparagine Position in Recombinant Insulin Analogs Produced in E. coli. Pharm Res 2019; 36:79. [PMID: 30949841 PMCID: PMC6449291 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of human insulin analogs' impurity with a mass shift +14 Da in comparison to a parent protein. METHODS The protein sequence variant was detected and identified with the application of peptide mapping, liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Edman sequencing. RESULTS The misincorporated lysine (Lys) at asparagine (Asn) position A21 was detected in recombinant human insulin and its analogs. CONCLUSIONS Although there are three asparagine residues in the insulin derivative, the misincorporation of lysine occurred only at position A21. The process involves G/U or A/U wobble base pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Stadnik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bierczyńska-Krzysik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Zielińska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Antosik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Borowicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarek
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bocian
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lech Kozerski
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Distribution of insulin in trigeminal nerve and brain after intranasal administration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2621. [PMID: 30796294 PMCID: PMC6385374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, insulin acts as a growth factor, regulates energy homeostasis, and is involved in learning and memory acquisition. Many central nervous system (CNS) diseases are characterized by deficits in insulin signaling. Pre-clinical studies have shown that intranasal insulin is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. Clinical trials have also shown that intranasal insulin elicits beneficial cognitive effects in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. It is known that insulin can be detected in the CNS within minutes following intranasal administration. Despite these advances, the anatomical pathways that insulin utilizes to reach the CNS and the cellular CNS targets after intranasal administration are not fully understood. Here, we intranasally administered fluorescently labeled insulin and imaged its localization within the brain and trigeminal nerves. Our data indicates that intranasal insulin can reach cellular CNS targets along extracellular components of the trigeminal nerve. Upon CNS entry, we found insulin significantly increased levels of an activated form of the insulin receptor. These findings suggest that the intranasal route of administration is able to effectively deliver insulin to CNS targets in a biologically active form.
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25
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Hackl E, Darkwah J, Smith G, Ermolina I. Effect of Arginine on the Aggregation of Protein in Freeze-Dried Formulations Containing Sugars and Polyol: II. BSA Reconstitution and Aggregation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2934-2947. [PMID: 29980982 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper continues our study on the ability of L-arginine to prevent/reduce the aggregation of proteins that results from the various stresses during the lyophilisation and/or storage of lyophilized protein-based products. The first part of our study, i.e. formulation development, was devoted to the rational design and optimization of an L-arginine containing lyophilized formulation which can resist the natural tendency of L-arginine to absorb atmosphere moisture. Mannitol and trehalose were chosen among other excipients to be included in the protein-based formulation, as mannitol in a combination with L-arginine has been shown to reduce moisture sorption while trehalose provides a degree of lyoprotection. In the present study, a number of formulations, which comprised bovine serum albumin (BSA) with and without L-arginine, and with five different ratios of trehalose-to-mannitol (from 30:70 to 80:20) were lyophilised and assessed. The internal structures and the moisture sorption/retention of the lyophilized formulations were characterised. To study the effect of L-arginine on BSA solid-phase stability, the lyophilized powder was exposed to accelerated storage conditions (high moisture (75% RH) and temperature (22 or 45 °C)) for up to 24 h. The lyophilized BSA formulations were then reconstituted and solution-state protein aggregation assessed by turbidimetry at 360 nm and fluorescence spectroscopy using the thioflavin T assay. It was demonstrated that L-arginine can be used in protein-based freeze-dried formulations to significantly reduce the aggregation of protein during the manufacturing, storage and subsequent reconstitution. The results also revealed the importance of a sufficient amount of mannitol in the arginine-containing formulations.
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26
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Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Sandebring-Matton A, Merino-Serrais P, Parrado-Fernandez C, Rabano A, Winblad B, Ávila J, Ferrer I, Cedazo-Minguez A. Tau hyperphosphorylation induces oligomeric insulin accumulation and insulin resistance in neurons. Brain 2017; 140:3269-3285. [PMID: 29053786 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signalling deficiencies and insulin resistance have been directly linked to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. However, to date little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms or insulin state and distribution in the brain under pathological conditions. Here, we report that insulin is accumulated and retained as oligomers in hyperphosphorylated tau-bearing neurons in Alzheimer's disease and in several of the most prevalent human tauopathies. The intraneuronal accumulation of insulin is directly dependent on tau hyperphosphorylation, and follows the tauopathy progression. Furthermore, cells accumulating insulin show signs of insulin resistance and decreased insulin receptor levels. These results suggest that insulin retention in hyperphosphorylated tau-bearing neurons is a causative factor for the insulin resistance observed in tauopathies, and describe a novel neuropathological concept with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sandebring-Matton
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Rabano
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Fundación CIEN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patologica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Patil SM, Keire DA, Chen K. Comparison of NMR and Dynamic Light Scattering for Measuring Diffusion Coefficients of Formulated Insulin: Implications for Particle Size Distribution Measurements in Drug Products. AAPS J 2017; 19:1760-1766. [PMID: 28791599 PMCID: PMC6058974 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle size distribution, a measurable physicochemical quantity, is a critical quality attribute of drug products that needs to be controlled in drug manufacturing. The non-invasive methods of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY) NMR can be used to measure diffusion coefficient and derive the corresponding hydrodynamic radius. However, little is known about their use and sensitivity as analytical tools for particle size measurement of formulated protein therapeutics. Here, DLS and DOSY-NMR methods are shown to be orthogonal and yield identical diffusion coefficient results for a homogenous monomeric protein standard, ribonuclease A. However, different diffusion coefficients were observed for five insulin drug products measured using the two methods. DOSY-NMR yielded an averaged diffusion coefficient among fast exchanging insulin oligomers, ranging between dimer and hexamer in size. By contrast, DLS showed several distinct species, including dimer, hexamer, dodecamer and other aggregates. The heterogeneity or polydisperse nature of insulin oligomers in formulation caused DOSY-NMR and DLS results to differ from each other. DLS measurements provided more quality attributes and higher sensitivity to larger aggregates than DOSY-NMR. Nevertheless, each method was sensitive to a different range of particle sizes and complemented each other. The application of both methods increases the assurance of complex drug quality in this similarity comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadrao M Patil
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
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28
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Schlein M. Insulin Formulation Characterization-the Thioflavin T Assays. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 19:397-408. [PMID: 28000098 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The insulin molecule was discovered in 1921. Shortly thereafter, its propensity towards amyloid fibril formation, fibrillation, was observed and described in the literature as a "precipitate." In the past decades, the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes has reached global epidemic proportions. This has emphasized the demands for both insulin production and the development of modern insulin products for unmet medical needs. Bringing such new insulin drug products to the market for the benefit of patients requires that many CMC-related processes are understood, described, and controlled. One potential undesired process is insulin fibril formation. The compound thioflavin T (ThT) is known as a fluorescent probe for amyloid fibrils. As such, ThT is utilized in a versatile research assay in microtiter plate format, the ThT assay. This review will describe an experimental set-up using not only a ThT microtiter plate assay but also two orthogonal methods. The use of the ThT assay in research and characterization of insulin analogues, as well as formulations of insulin, is described by cases drawn from the scientific literature and patents. The ThT assay is compared to other physical stability tests and in conclusion the advantages and limitations of the assay are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Schlein
- Injectable Formulation Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park H6.S.09.1, DK2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
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29
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Jayamani J, Shanmugam G. Gelatin as a Potential Inhibitor of Insulin Amyloid Fibril Formation. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Jayamani
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar; Chennai 600 020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CLRI Campus; Sardar Patel Road Chennai 600020 India
| | - Ganesh Shanmugam
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar; Chennai 600 020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CLRI Campus; Sardar Patel Road Chennai 600020 India
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30
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Abstract
The formation of insulin amyloid can dramatically impact glycemic control in patients with diabetes, making it an important therapeutic consideration. In addition, the cost associated with the excess insulin required by patients with amyloid is estimated to be $3K per patient per year, which adds to the growing financial burden of this disease. Insulin amyloid has been observed with every mode of therapeutic insulin administration (infusion, injection and inhalation), and the number of reported cases has increased significantly since 2002. The new cases represent a much broader demographic, and include many patients who have used exclusively human insulin and human insulin analogs. The reason for the increase in case reports is unknown, but this review explores the possibility that changes in patient care, improved differential diagnosis and/or changes in insulin type and insulin delivery systems may be important factors. The goal of this review is to raise key questions that will inspire proactive measures to prevent, identify and treat insulin amyloid. Furthermore, this comprehensive examination of insulin amyloid can provide insight into important considerations for other injectable drugs that are prone to form amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Nilsson
- a Department of Chemistry , McDaniel College , Westminster , MD , USA
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