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Jain P, Parikh S, Patel P, Shah S, Patel K. Comprehensive insights into herbal P-glycoprotein inhibitors and nanoformulations for improving anti-retroviral therapy efficacy. J Drug Target 2024; 32:884-908. [PMID: 38748868 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2356751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide HIV cases were 39.0 million (33.1-45.7 million) in 2022. Due to genetic variations, HIV-1 is more easily transmitted than HIV-2 and favours CD4 + T cells and macrophages, producing AIDS. Conventional HIV drug therapy has many drawbacks, including adherence issues leading to resistance, side effects that lower life quality, drug interactions, high costs limiting global access, inability to eliminate viral reservoirs, chronicity requiring lifelong treatment, emerging toxicities, and a focus on managing infections. Conventional dosage forms have bioavailability issues due to intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, which can reduce anti-retroviral drug efficacy and lead to resistance. Use of phyto-constituents with P-gp regulating actions has great benefits for semi-synthetic modification to create formulations with greater bioavailability and reduced toxicity, which improves drug effectiveness. Lipid-based nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymer-based nanocarriers, and inorganic nanoparticles may inhibit P-gp efflux. Employing potent P-gp inhibitors within nanocarriers as a Trojan horse approach can enhance the intracellular accumulation of anti-retroviral drugs (ARDs), which are substrates for efflux transporters. This technique increases oral bioavailability and offers lower-dose options, boosting HIV patient compliance and lowering costs. Molecular docking of the inhibitor with P-gp may anticipate optimum binding and function, allowing drug efflux to be minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prexa Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shreni Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Paresh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shreeraj Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaushika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, India
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2
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Sun X, Song L, Lin L, Ding A, Wang C, Ma X, Zhou S, Cai J, Tang H. Development of tenofovir monobenzyl ester phosphonoamidate prodrugs with improved anti-hepatitis B virus activity and intrahepatic tenofovir enrichment. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117607. [PMID: 38246114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Various tenofovir (TFV) prodrugs have been developed by introducing masking groups to the hydroxyls of the monophosphonate group to enhance intestinal absorption efficiency and therapeutic effects. However, the reported TFV prodrugs have drawbacks such as low bioavailability, systemic toxicity caused by their breakdown in non-targeted tissues, and potential low intracellular conversion efficiency. In the present study, we developed a class of TFV monobenzyl ester phosphonoamidate prodrugs without substitutions on the benzene ring. Compared with previous TFV prodrugs, compounds 3a and 3b developed in the present study showed higher anti-hepatitis B virus activity, stronger stability and higher levels of intrahepatic enrichment of the metabolic product (TFV), indicating the potential of these compounds as novel prodrugs with high efficiency and low systemic toxicity for the treatment of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizheng Sun
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunjian Wang
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Jinyong Cai
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Tang
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Avlani D, Shivakumar HN, Kumar A, Prajila A, Baraka BBH, Bhagya V. Pre-exposure prophylactic mucoadhesive sodium alginate microsphere laden pessaries for intravaginal delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128816. [PMID: 38114000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The research aimed to develop novel bioadhesive sodium alginate (Na-Alg) microspheres laden pessaries for intravaginal delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), to overcome limitations of conventional dosage forms. Twelve batches of microspheres formulated by emulsification gelation method indicated that drug-polymer ratios and polymer type affected particle size, drug release, and entrapment efficiency (%EE). Microspheres of batch EH-8 with drug: polymer ratio of 1:4 containing equal amounts of Na-Alg and HPMC K100M displayed optimal %EE (62.09 ± 1.34 %) and controlled drug release (97.02 ± 4.54 % in 12 h). Particle size analysis in Matersizer indicated that microspheres (EH-8) displayed a surface-mean diameter of 11.06 ± 0.18 μm. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies on rabbit mucosa indicated that microspheres (EH-8) adhered well for 12 h. Microspheres integrated into pessaries displayed a sustained release profile (95.31 ± 1.37 % in 12 h) in simulated vaginal fluid. In vivo studies in rabbits indicated that pessaries displayed a significantly higher Cmax (41.18 ± 3.57 ng/mL) (P < 0.005) and reduced Tmax (1.00 ± 0.01 h) (P < 0.0001) of TDF concentrations in vaginal fluid compared to oral tablets. The microparticulate pessaries with the ability to elicit higher vaginal fluid levels in the crucial initial hours of insertion demonstrates a potential novel platform to offer better self-protection to HIV-negative women against HIV during sexual intercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruti Avlani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - H N Shivakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010, Karnataka, India.
| | - Avichal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - A Prajila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Babiker Bashir Haroun Baraka
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - V Bhagya
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010, Karnataka, India
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4
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Avlani D, Kumar A, H N S. Development of Dispersible Vaginal Tablets of Tenofovir Loaded Mucoadhesive Chitosan Microparticles for Anti-HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5006-5018. [PMID: 37656937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-loaded bioadhesive chitosan microparticles (CM) were developed by an emulsification internal gelation technique. Among different batches produced, ECH-4 was found to display a high % entrapment efficiency (68.93 ± 1.76%) and sustained drug release of 88.05 ± 0.38% at 24 h. Solid state characterization of ECH-4 employing DSC and PXRD indicated that the TDF existed in an amorphous state as a solid-solid solution in chitosan. Scanning electron microscopy revealed CM of ECH-4 was spherical in shape with a rough surface topography. Laser scattering analysis using Malvern Master sizer indicated that particle size of ECH-4 was in the range of 0.52 ± 0.10 μm to 284.79 ± 21.42 μm with a surface-mean diameter of 12.41 ± 0.06 μm. Ex vivo mucoadhesion studies using rabbit mucosa as a substrate indicated that 10.34 ± 2.08% of CM of ECH-4 was retained at the end of 24 h. The microparticles of ECH-4 were incorporated into dispersible tablets (DT-TCM) intended for intravaginal administration, in view to arrest the pre-exposure transmission of HIV during sexual intercourse. In vitro release from the dispersible tablet (F3) into simulated vaginal fluid (pH 4.5) displayed a sustained release profile of TDF as 89.98 ± 1.61% of TDF was released at 24 h. The in vitro dissolution profile of the DT-TCM was found to be similar to that of TDF loaded CM with the values of f1 (difference factor) and f2 (similarity factor) being 1.52 and 78.02, respectively. Therefore, DT-TCM would be a promising novel drug delivery platform for pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruti Avlani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010 Karnataka, India
| | - Avichal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010 Karnataka, India
| | - Shivakumar H N
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Prabhakar B Kore Basic Science Research Center, Off-campus, KLE College of Pharmacy (A constituent unit of KAHER-Belagavi), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru 560010 Karnataka, India
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5
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You BH, Bae M, Han SY, Jung J, Jung K, Choi YH. Pharmacokinetic Feasibility of Stability-Enhanced Solid-State (SESS) Tenofovir Disoproxil Free Base Crystal. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051392. [PMID: 37242634 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TEV) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor used against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. To improve the poor bioavailability of TEV, TEV disoproxil (TD), an ester prodrug of TEV, was developed, and TD fumarate (TDF; Viread®) has been marketed due to the hydrolysis of TD in moisture. Recently, a stability-enhanced solid-state TD free base crystal (SESS-TD crystal) was developed with improved solubility (192% of TEV) under gastrointestinal pH condition and stability under accelerated conditions (40 °C, RH 75%) for 30 days. However, its pharmacokinetic property has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic feasibility of SESS-TD crystal and to determine whether the pharmacokinetic profile of TEV remained unchanged when administering SESS-TD crystal stored for 12 months. In our results, the F and systemic exposure (i.e., AUC and Cmax) of TEV in the SESS-TD crystal and TDF groups were increased compared to those in the TEV group. The pharmacokinetic profiles of TEV between the SESS-TD and TDF groups were comparable. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic profiles of TEV remained unchanged even after the administration of the SESS-TD crystal and TDF stored for 12 months. Based on the improved F after the SESS-TD crystal administration and the stable condition of the SESS-TD crystal after 12 months, SESS-TD crystal may have enough pharmacokinetic feasibility to replace TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hoon You
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University_Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingoo Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University_Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yon Han
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University_Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University_Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Jung
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Oncobix Co., Ltd., 120, Heungdeokjungang-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 16950, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University_Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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6
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Xiao J, Shi S, Yao L, Feng J, Zuo J, He Q. Fast and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection for Antiviral Drug Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Biological Matrices. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1123. [PMID: 36551090 PMCID: PMC9775179 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an antiretroviral medication with significant curative effects, so its quantitative detection is important for human health. At present, there are few studies on the detection of TDF by electrochemical sensors. This work can be a supplement to the electrochemical detection of TDF. Moreover, bare electrodes are susceptible to pollution, and have high overvoltage and low sensitivity, so it is crucial to find a suitable electrode material. In this work, zirconium oxide (ZrO2) that has a certain selectivity to phosphoric acid groups was synthesized by a hydrothermal method with zirconyl chloride octahydrate as the precursor. A composite modified glassy carbon electrode for zirconium oxide-chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs/GCE) was used for the first time to detect the TDF, and achieved rapid, sensitive detection of TDF with a detection limit of sub-micron content. The ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs composite was created using sonication of a mixture of ZrO2 and CS-MWCNTs solution. The composite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical analysis was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Compared with single-material electrodes, the ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs/GCE significantly improves the electrochemical sensing of TDF due to the synergistic effect of the composite. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method has achieved good results in linear range (0.3~30 μM; 30~100 μM) and detection limit (0.0625 μM). Moreover, the sensor has the merits of simple preparation, good reproducibility and good repeatability. The ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs/GCE has been applied to the determination of TDF in serum and urine, and it may be helpful for potential applications of other substances with similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Xiao
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 421007, China
| | - Shuting Shi
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Liangyuan Yao
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
| | - Jinxia Feng
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Jinsong Zuo
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Quanguo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 421007, China
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7
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Gorycki P, Magee M, Ackerman P, Miao X, Moore K. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism and Excretion of Radiolabeled Fostemsavir Administered with or without Ritonavir in Healthy Male Subjects. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:541-554. [PMID: 36083110 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, elimination, and metabolism of fostemsavir (FTR), a prodrug of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor temsavir (TMR), were investigated in healthy volunteers. FTR was administered with and without ritonavir (RTV), a protease inhibitor previously shown to boost TMR exposures. In vitro studies were also used to identify the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of TMR.Total recovery of the administered dose ranged from 78% to 89%. Approximately 44% to 58% of the dose was excreted in urine, 20% to 36% in feces, and 5% in bile, as TMR and metabolites. RTV had no effect on the recovery of radioactivity in any matrix.Compared to FTR alone, pretreatment of subjects with RTV increased the exposure of TMR by ∼66% and reduced the exposure of plasma total radioactivity by ∼68%.The major route of TMR elimination was through biotransformation. TMR, M28 (N-dealkylation), and M4 (amide hydrolysis) were the major circulating components in plasma. Pretreatment with RTV increased the amount of TMR present, decreased the amount of circulating M28, and M4 was unchanged.CYP3A4 metabolism accounted for 21% of the dose, forming multiple oxidative metabolites. This pathway was inhibited by coadministration of RTV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mindy Magee
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Katy Moore
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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8
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Olali AZ, Carpenter KA, Myers M, Sharma A, Yin MT, Al-Harthi L, Ross RD. Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:312-327. [PMID: 35726043 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People living with HIV (PLWH) are at an increased risk for osteoporosis, a disease defined by the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone quality, both of which independently contribute to an increased risk of skeletal fractures. While there is an emerging body of literature focusing on the factors that contribute to BMD loss in PLWH, the contribution of these factors to bone quality changes are less understood. The current review summarizes and critically reviews the data describing the effects of HIV, HIV disease-related factors, and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) on bone quality. RECENT FINDINGS The increased availability of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography has confirmed that both HIV infection and ARVs negatively affect bone architecture. There is considerably less data on their effects on bone remodeling or the composition of bone matrix. Whether changes in bone quality independently predict fracture risk, as seen in HIV-uninfected populations, is largely unknown. The available data suggests that bone quality deterioration occurs in PLWH. Future studies are needed to define which factors, viral or ARVs, contribute to loss of bone quality and which bone quality factors are most associated with increased fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Z Olali
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelsey A Carpenter
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Myers
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Michael T Yin
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Husain A, Makadia V, Valicherla GR, Riyazuddin M, Gayen JR. Approaches to minimize the effects of P-glycoprotein in drug transport: A review. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:825-841. [PMID: 35103340 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a transporter protein that is come under the ATP binding cassette family of proteins. It is situated on the surface of the intestine epithelium, where P-gp substrate binds to the transporter and is pumped into the intestine lumen by the ATP-driven energy-dependent process. In this review, we summarize the role of the P-gp efflux transporter situated on the intestine, the clinical importance of P-gp related drug interactions, and approaches to minimize the effect of P-gp in drug transport. This review also focuses on the impact of P-gp on the bioavailability of the orally administered drug. Many drug's oral bioavailabilities can improve by concomitant use of P-gp inhibitors. Multidrug resistance are reduced by using some naturally occurring compounds obtained from plants and several synthetic P-gp inhibitors. Formulation strategies, one of the most important approaches to mimic the P-gp transporter's action, finally enhancing the oral bioavailability of the drug by inhibiting its P-gp efflux. Vitamin E TPGS, Gelucire 44/14 and other pharmaceutical/formulation excipients inhibit the P-gp efflux. A prodrug approach might be a useful strategy to overcome drug resistance. Prodrug helps to enhance the solubility or alter the pharmacokinetic properties but does not diminish the pharmacological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Husain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vishal Makadia
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raibarelly, India
| | - Guru R Valicherla
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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10
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Lee S, Kim E, Moon SJ, Jung J, Lee S, Yu KS. Comparative pharmacokinetics between tenofovir disoproxil phosphate and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy subjects. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2021; 29:45-52. [PMID: 33855000 PMCID: PMC8020360 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2021.29.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir is the representative treatment for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection. This study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and safety characteristics after a single administration of tenofovir disoproxil phosphate compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy male subjects. An open-label, randomized, single administration, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover study was conducted in 37 healthy volunteers. Serial blood samples were collected up to 72 hours. Non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate the PK parameters. The 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) of the geometric mean ratio (GMR) were calculated for comparing tenofovir disoproxil phosphate to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Safety assessments were performed including clinical laboratory tests, adverse events, etc. during the study. The GMR and 90% CIs were 1.0514 (0.9527-1.1603) for Cmax and 1.0375 (0.9516-1.1311) for AUClast, respectively, and both fell within the conventional bioequivalence range of 0.8-1.25. Both tenofovir salt forms were tolerable. This study demonstrated that tenofovir disoproxil phosphate (292 mg) was bioequivalent to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eunwoo Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seol Ju Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Jina Jung
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company, Seoul 05545, Korea
| | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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11
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Yager JL, Anderson PL. Pharmacology and drug interactions with HIV PrEP in transgender persons receiving gender affirming hormone therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:463-474. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1752662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Yager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter L. Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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12
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Cho JH, Choi HG. Development of novel tenofovir disoproxil phosphate salt with stability enhancement and bioequivalence to the commercial tenofovir disoproxil fumarate salt in rats and beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2019; 576:118957. [PMID: 31843551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil (TD) is very unstable in the solid state under storage conditions. Moreover, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a commercial salt, is chemically unstable in alkaline solution. In this study, a novel tenofovir disoproxil phosphate (TDP), with stability enhancement and bioequivalence to commercial TDF in rats and beagle dogs, has been developed as an alternative. The TDP and its tablets were easily manufactured, and its physicochemical properties, such as morphology, crystallinity, solubility, lipophilicity and stability were investigated and compared to TD and TDF. Its dissolution and pharmacokinetics were investigated in rats and beagle dogs in comparison to TD and TDF. TDP appeared as an irregularly-shaped crystalline powder with a rough surface, like TDF. However, TDP significantly improved the solubility (7.4 ± 1.3 vs. 28.6 ± 1.0 mg/ml), hydrophilicity (Log P, 0.58 ± 0.03 vs. 0.47 ± 0.04), and aqueous stability (drug concentration over 12 h at pH 6.8 84.0 ± 2.0% vs. 88.2 ± 1.5%) of TD compared to TDF. The TDP gave no significant different plasma concentrations, AUC and Cmax compared to TDF in rats (AUC, 1242.1 ± 584.9 vs. 825.9 ± 79.5 h·ng/ml; Cmax, 154.8 ± 25.4 vs. 210.9 ± 70.3 ng/ml). Moreover, the TDP-loaded tablets were stable for at least six months and provided similar dissolution and bioequivalence to the TDF-loaded commercial product in beagle dogs (AUC, 26,832.7 ± 4093.0 vs. 26,605.3 ± 2530.1 h·ng/ml; Cmax, 4364.0 ± 2061.9 vs. 4186.3 ± 2616.5 ng/ml). Therefore, as an alternative salt, the TDP would be a recommendable candidate with stability enhancement and bioequivalence to the commercial TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do 445-913, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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Gurjar R, Chan CYS, Curley P, Sharp J, Chiong J, Rannard S, Siccardi M, Owen A. Inhibitory Effects of Commonly Used Excipients on P-Glycoprotein in Vitro. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4835-4842. [PMID: 30350641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical excipients are no longer considered inert and have been shown to influence the activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters, resulting in altered pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs. In this study, the effect of 25 excipients commonly used in drug formulations were investigated for their effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. The effect of excipients on P-gp were assessed by measuring the change in the cellular accumulation of a P-gp substrate, digoxin, in MDCK-MDR1 (Madin Darby canine kidney transfected with multidrug resistance 1 gene) cells. The cells were exposed to low (10 μM) and high (200 μM) concentrations of excipient along with 10 μM digoxin. Excipient concentrations were chosen to span the range of concentrations previously used for investigating activities in vitro. At 10 μM of excipient, an increase in the intracellular digoxin concentration was seen with d-α-tocopherol poly-(ethylene glycol) succinate (Vit-E-PEG; p = 0.002), poly(ethylene oxide)20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80; p = 0.001), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB; p = 0.021), poly(ethylene oxide)35 modified castor oil (Cremophor EL; p = 0.01), polyethylene glycol15-hydroxystearate (Solutol HS 15; p = 0.006), and poly(ethylene glycol) hexadecyl ether (Brij 58; p = 0.001). At 200 μM, Vit-E-PEG ( p < 0.0001), sodium 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate (AOT; p < 0.0001), Tween 80 ( p < 0.0001), CTAB ( p = 0.004), poly(ethylene oxide)20 sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20; p < 0.0001), Cremophor EL ( p < 0.0001), Solutol HS 15 ( p < 0.0001), Brij 58 ( p < 0.0001), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC; p = 0.006) increased intracellular digoxin significantly. Concentration-dependent inhibition of P-gp was then investigated for selected excipients giving an IC50 for Vit-E-PEG (12.48 μM), AOT (192.5 μM), Tween 80 (45.29 μM), CTAB (96.67 μM), Tween 20 (74.15 μM), Cremophor EL (11.92 μM), Solutol HS 15 (179.8 μM), Brij 58 (25.22 μM), and NaCMC (46.69 μM). These data add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that not all excipients are inert and will aid excipient choice for rational formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gurjar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Christina Y S Chan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Justin Chiong
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
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14
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Kala S, Watson B, Zhang JG, Papp E, Guzman Lenis M, Dennehy M, Cameron DW, Harrigan PR, Serghides L. Improving the clinical relevance of a mouse pregnancy model of antiretroviral toxicity; a pharmacokinetic dosing-optimization study of current HIV antiretroviral regimens. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:45-54. [PMID: 30236532 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models can be useful tools for the study of HIV antiretroviral (ARV) safety/toxicity in pregnancy and the mechanisms that underlie ARV-associated adverse events. The utility and translatability of animal model-based ARV safety/toxicity data is improved if ARVs are tested in clinically relevant concentrations. The objective of this work was to improve the clinical relevance of our mouse pregnancy model of ARV toxicity, by determining the doses of currently prescribed ARV regimens that would yield human therapeutic plasma concentrations. Pregnant mice were administered increasing doses of ARV combinations by oral gavage, followed by measurement of drug concentrations in the maternal plasma and amniotic fluid. Concentrations of ten different ARVs in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid samples of pregnant mice are presented, with dosing optimization to yield human pregnancy-relevant plasma drug concentrations. We have proposed optimal dosing for different regimen component drugs to achieve human therapeutic plasma levels, so that a clinically relevant standard dosing is established. A review of related ARV pharmacokinetic studies in (pregnant/non-pregnant) rodents and human pregnancy is also shown. We hope these data will inform and encourage the use of mouse pregnancy models in the study of ARV safety/toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Kala
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Canada
| | - Birgit Watson
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeremy Guijun Zhang
- Clinical Investigation Unit at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at the Ottawa Hospital / Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eszter Papp
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Canada
| | - Monica Guzman Lenis
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Dennehy
- Clinical Investigation Unit at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at the Ottawa Hospital / Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D William Cameron
- Clinical Investigation Unit at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at the Ottawa Hospital / Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - P Richard Harrigan
- Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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15
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Simulating Intestinal Transporter and Enzyme Activity in a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00105-17. [PMID: 28416547 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00105-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a prodrug of tenofovir, has oral bioavailability (25%) limited by intestinal transport (P-glycoprotein), and intestinal degradation (carboxylesterase). However, the influence of luminal pancreatic enzymes is not fully understood. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has utility for estimating drug exposure from in vitro data. This study aimed to develop a PBPK model that included luminal enzyme activity to inform dose reduction strategies. TDF and tenofovir stability in porcine pancrelipase concentrations was assessed (0, 0.48, 4.8, 48, and 480 U/ml of lipase; 1 mM TDF; 37°C; 0 to 30 min). Samples were analyzed using mass spectrometry. TDF stability and permeation data allowed calculation of absorption rates within a human PBPK model to predict plasma exposure following 6 days of once-daily dosing with 300 mg of TDF. Regional absorption of drug was simulated across gut segments. TDF was degraded by pancrelipase (half-lives of 0.07 and 0.62 h using 480 and 48 U/ml, respectively). Previously reported maximum concentration (Cmax; 335 ng/ml), time to Cmax (Tmax; 2.4 h), area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24; 3,045 ng · h/ml), and concentration at 24 h (C24; 48.3 ng/ml) were all within a 0.5-fold difference from the simulated Cmax (238 ng/ml), Tmax (3 h), AUC0-24 (3,036 ng · h/ml), and C24 (42.7 ng/ml). Simulated TDF absorption was higher in duodenum and jejunum than in ileum (p<0.05). These data support that TDF absorption is limited by the action of intestinal lipases. Our results suggest that bioavailability may be improved by protection of drug from intestinal transporters and enzymes, for example, by coadministration of enzyme-inhibiting agents or nanoformulation strategies.
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