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Sugiyama Y, Aoki Y. A 20-Year Research Overview: Quantitative Prediction of Hepatic Clearance Using the In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Approach Based on Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Extended Clearance Concept. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1067-1076. [PMID: 37407092 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the extended clearance concept and establishing a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model are crucial for investigating the impact of changes in transporter and metabolizing enzyme abundance/functions on drug pharmacokinetics in blood and tissues. This mini-review provides an overview of the extended clearance concept and a PBPK model that includes transporter-mediated uptake processes in the liver. In general, complete in vitro and in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) poses challenges due to missing factors that bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo systems. By considering key in vitro parameters, we can capture in vivo pharmacokinetics, a strategy known as the top-down or middle-out approach. We present the latest progress, theory, and practice of the Cluster Gauss-Newton method, which is used for middle-out analyses. As examples of poor IVIVE, we discuss "albumin-mediated hepatic uptake" and "time-dependent inhibition" of OATP1Bs. The hepatic uptake of highly plasma-bound drugs is more efficient than what can be accounted for by their unbound concentration alone. This phenomenon is referred to as "albumin-mediated" hepatic uptake. IVIVE was improved by measuring hepatic uptake clearance in vitro in the presence of physiologic albumin concentrations. Lastly, we demonstrate the application of Cluster Gauss-Newton method-based analysis to the target-mediated drug disposition of bosentan. Incorporating saturable target binding and OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake into the PBPK model enables the consideration of nonlinear kinetics across a wide dose range and the prediction of receptor occupancy over time. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There have been multiple instances where researchers' endeavors to unravel the underlying mechanism of poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation have led to the discovery of previously undisclosed truths. These include 1) albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, 2) the target-mediated drug disposition in small molecules, and 3) the existence of a trans-inhibition mechanism by inhibitors for OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake of drugs. Consequently, poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and the subsequent inquisitiveness of scientists may serve as a pivotal gateway to uncover hidden mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Y.A., Y.S.); ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, China (Y.S.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Y.A.)
| | - Yasunori Aoki
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Y.A., Y.S.); ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, China (Y.S.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Y.A.)
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Schulz JA, Stresser DM, Kalvass JC. Plasma Protein-Mediated Uptake and Contradictions to the Free Drug Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Drug Metab Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36971325 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
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Pardridge WM. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Brain Delivery of Plasma Protein Bound Drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:661-674. [PMID: 36829100 PMCID: PMC10036418 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is developed that focuses on the kinetic parameters of drug association and dissociation with albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), and brain tissue proteins, as well as drug permeability at the blood-brain barrier, drug metabolism, and brain blood flow. GOAL The model evaluates the extent to which plasma protein-mediated uptake (PMU) of drugs by brain influences the concentration of free drug both within the brain capillary compartment in vivo and the brain compartment. The model also studies the effect of drug binding to brain tissue proteins on the concentration of free drug in brain. METHODS The steady state and non-steady state PBPK models are comprised of 11-12 variables, and 18-23 parameters, respectively. Two model drugs are analyzed: propranolol, which undergoes modest PMU from the AGP-bound pool, and imipramine, which undergoes a high degree of PMU from both the albumin-bound and AGP-bound pools in plasma. RESULTS The free propranolol concentration in brain is under-estimated 2- to fourfold by in vitro measurements of free plasma propranolol, and the free imipramine concentration in brain is under-estimated by 18- to 31-fold by in vitro measurements of free imipramine in plasma. The free drug concentration in brain in vivo is independent of drug binding to brain tissue proteins. CONCLUSIONS In vitro measurement of free drug concentration in plasma under-estimates the free drug in brain in vivo if PMU in vivo from either the albumin and/or the AGP pools in plasma takes place at the BBB surface.
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Yin M, Storelli F, Unadkat JD. Is The Protein-Mediated Uptake Of Drugs By OATPs A Real Phenomenon Or An Artifact?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1132-1141. [PMID: 35351775 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma proteins or human serum albumin (HSA) have been reported to increase the in vitro intrinsic uptake clearance (CLint,uptake) of drugs by hepatocytes or organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-transfected cell lines. This, so called protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE), is thought to be due to an interaction between the drug-protein complex and the cell membrane causing an increase in the unbound drug concentration at the cell surface resulting in an increase in the apparent CLint,uptake of the drug. To determine if the PMUE on OATP-mediated drug uptake is an artifact or a real phenomenon, we determined the effect of 1%, 2% and 5% HSA on OATP1B1-mediated (HEK293 transfected cells) and passive CLint,uptake (MOCK HEK293 cells) of a cocktail of five statins. In addition, we determined the non-specific binding (NSB) of the statin-HSA complex to the cells/labware. The increase in uptake of atorvastatin, fluvastatin and rosuvastatin in the presence of HSA was completely explained by the extent of NSB of the statin-HSA complex, indicating that the PMUE for these statins is an artifact. In contrast, this was not the case for OATP1B1-mediated uptake of pitavastatin and passive uptake of cerivastatin suggesting that the PMUE is a real phenomenon for these drugs. Additionally, the PMUE on OATP1B1-mediated uptake of pitavastatin was confirmed by a decrease in its unbound IC50 in the presence of 5% HSA vs. HBSS buffer. These data question the utility of routinely including plasma proteins or HSA in uptake experiments and the previous findings on PMUE on OATP-mediated drug uptake. Significance Statement Here we report, for the first time, that the protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE) on OATP-transported drugs could be an artifact of the non-specific binding (NSB) of the drug-albumin complex to cells/labware. Future experiments on PMUE must take into consideration such NSB. In addition, mechanisms other than PMUE need to be explored to explain the underprediction of in vivo OATP-mediated hepatic drug CL from in vitro uptake studies.
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Miyauchi S, Kim SJ, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Consideration of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake for highly protein-bound anionic drugs: Bridging the gap of hepatic uptake clearance between in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107938. [PMID: 34171335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy in predicting in vivo hepatic clearance of drugs from in vitro data (often termed as in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) has improved in part by applying the extended-clearance concept that considers the interplay between hepatic metabolism and uptake/efflux processes. However, the IVIVE-based prediction performs poorly in predicting the hepatic uptake clearance of highly albumin-bound anionic drugs. Their hepatic uptake clearances tend to be much higher than expected based on the free-drug theory. Such observation can be attributable to a phenomenon called albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, for which various models have been thus far proposed. Our group has been applying a facilitated-dissociation model, which assumes the enhanced dissociation of the drug-albumin complex upon interaction with the cell surface. By considering the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake (using the facilitated-dissociation model or alternative kinetic models), a number of investigations demonstrated the improvement in the prediction accuracy for the hepatic clearance of highly protein-bound anionic drugs that are substrates for hepatic uptake transporters. This review summarizes the reported kinetic analyses of the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake of highly albumin-bound drugs concerning the IVIVE and the clinical and physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Poulin P, Haddad S. A New Guidance for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in the Early Drug Discovery and Development from the in Vitro-to-in Vivo Extrapolation Method and an Approach for Exploring Whether an Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Phenomenon Could be Present Under in Vivo Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2841-2858. [PMID: 33857483 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods for predicting the hepatic clearance (CL) of drugs based on microsomal or hepatocyte data have certainly advanced; however, there is still place for improving the extrapolations from in vitro assays containing no plasma proteins. Accordingly, there is a discussion on whether the free drug hypothesis or an albumin (ALB)-mediated hepatic uptake phenomenon is the best scaling method. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to guide the prediction of CL and to diagnose which scaling method between the free drug hypothesis and ALB-mediated uptake could be more accurate; this, irrespective of the mechanism(s) governing CL if the drugs can get to the hepatocyte membrane. The analysis of several datasets demonstrated that almost all values of CL in vivo fall within the two calculated values of CL use as boundaries from: 1) the free drug hypothesis, and 2) ALB-mediated uptake. The average value from these two CL boundaries predicted the CL in vivo with an incredible accuracy. Validating these boundaries in preclinical species prior going to human as well as considering the fractional binding in plasma increased the accuracy. Overall, this study is another step towards guiding the CL prediction in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sami Haddad
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Izat N, Sahin S. Hepatic transporter-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions: Recent studies and regulatory recommendations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:45-77. [PMID: 33507532 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are one of the major mechanisms in pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions and correspondingly affecting drugs' safety and efficacy. Regulatory bodies underlined the importance of the evaluation of transporter-mediated interactions as a part of the drug development process. The liver is responsible for the elimination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds via metabolism and biliary excretion. Therefore, hepatic uptake transporters, expressed on the sinusoidal membranes of hepatocytes, and efflux transporters mediating the transport from hepatocytes to the bile are determinant factors for pharmacokinetics of drugs, and hence, drug-drug interactions. In parallel with the growing research interest in this area, regulatory guidances have been updated with detailed assay models and criteria. According to well-established preclinical results, observed or expected hepatic transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions can be taken into account for clinical studies. In this paper, various methods including in vitro, in situ, in vivo, in silico approaches, and combinational concepts and several clinical studies on the assessment of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions were reviewed. Informative and effective evaluation by preclinical tools together with the integration of pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation can reduce unexpected clinical outcomes and enhance the success rate in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Li N, Badrinarayanan A, Ishida K, Li X, Roberts J, Wang S, Hayashi M, Gupta A. Albumin-Mediated Uptake Improves Human Clearance Prediction for Hepatic Uptake Transporter Substrates Aiding a Mechanistic In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) Strategy in Discovery Research. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 23:1. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Bi YA, Ryu S, Tess DA, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Effect of Human Plasma on Hepatic Uptake of Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptide 1B Substrates: Studies Using Transfected Cells and Primary Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:72-83. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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10
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Improved In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation by Using the Unbound-Fraction-Adjusted IC 50 for Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibition. Pharm Res 2020; 37:230. [PMID: 33123823 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the efflux of xenobiotics by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and inhibition of BCRP can cause unexpected central nervous system toxicity. Despite the importance of BCRP inhibition and the associated risk of BBB penetration in vivo, there has been little investigation of it to date. In this study, inhibition of BCRP-mediated transport was assessed by in vitro assay in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to change the unbound inhibitor concentrations, and the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) at the BBB was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS The IC50 values of BCRP inhibitors were determined in vitro with and without BSA and the inhibitors were categorized into two groups. One group of compounds had little risk of inhibiting BCRP because of their low unbound concentrations. In contrast, the other group has the potential to facilitate BBB penetration by inhibiting BCRP. In the IVIVC approach, brain concentrations and the brain-to-plasma ratio were better correlated with the ratio of the unbound plasma concentration at steady-state to the unbound-fraction-adjusted IC50. CONCLUSION We have found a way to obtain a better in vitro-in vivo correlation for BCRP-mediated transport.
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Impact of Extensive Plasma Protein Binding on the In Situ Hepatic Uptake and Clearance of Perampanel and Fluoxetine in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3190-3205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sodhi JK, Wang HJ, Benet LZ. Are There Any Experimental Perfusion Data that Preferentially Support the Dispersion and Parallel-Tube Models over the Well-Stirred Model of Organ Elimination? Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:537-543. [PMID: 32305951 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In reviewing previously published isolated perfused rat liver studies, we find no experimental data for high-clearance metabolized drugs that reasonably or unambiguously support preference for the dispersion and parallel-tube models versus the well-stirred model of organ elimination when only entering and exiting drug concentrations are available. It is likely that the investigators cited here may have been influenced by: 1) the unphysiologic aspects of the well-stirred model, which may have led them to undervalue the studies that directly test the various hepatic disposition models for high-clearance drugs (for which model differences are the greatest); 2) experimental assumptions made in the last century, which are no longer valid today, related to the predictability of in vivo outcomes from in vitro measures of drug elimination and the influence of albumin in hepatic drug uptake; and 3) a lack of critical review of previously reported experimental studies, resulting in inappropriate interpretation of the available experimental data. The number of papers investigating the theoretical aspects of the dispersion, parallel-tube, and well-stirred models of hepatic elimination greatly outnumber the papers that actually examine the experimental evidence available to substantiate these models. When all experimental studies that measure organ elimination using entering and exiting drug concentrations at steady state are critically reviewed, the simple but unphysiologic well-stirred model is the only model that can describe all trustworthy published available data. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the dispersion model of hepatic elimination more adequately reflects physiologic reality, there are no convincing experimental data that unambiguously favor this model. The well-stirred model can describe all well-designed perfusion studies with high-clearance drugs and nondrug substrates, but the field has not recognized this because of hesitation to accept a nonphysiologic model and flawed attempts to utilize in vitro-in vivo extrapolation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.K.S., L.Z.B.) and School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.)
| | - Hong-Jaan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.K.S., L.Z.B.) and School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.)
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.K.S., L.Z.B.) and School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.)
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Bowman CM, Chen E, Chen L, Chen YC, Liang X, Wright M, Chen Y, Mao J. Changes in Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Uptake in HEK293 Overexpressing Cells in the Presence and Absence of Human Plasma. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:18-24. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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14
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Wang HJ, Benet LZ. Protein Binding and Hepatic Clearance: Re-Examining the Discrimination between Models of Hepatic Clearance with Diazepam in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver Preparation. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1397-1402. [PMID: 31563869 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study re-examined the hepatic extraction for diazepam, the only drug for which isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) studies have been reported not to be consistent with the well stirred model of organ elimination when only entering and exiting liver concentration measurements are available. First, the time dependency of diazepam equilibrium fraction unbound measurements from 4 to 24 hours was tested, reporting the continuing increases with time. The results showed that the time dependency of equilibrium protein-binding measurements for very highly bound drugs may be an issue that is not readily overcome. When examining C out/C in (F obs) measurements for diazepam when no protein is added to the incubation media, IPRL outcomes were consistent with previous reports showing marked underpredictability of in vivo clearance from in vitro measures of elimination in the absence of protein for very highly bound drugs, which is markedly diminished in the presence of albumin. F obs for diazepam at additional low concentrations of protein that would allow discrimination of the models of hepatic elimination produced results that were not consistent with the dispersion and parallel-tube models. Therefore, although the outcomes of this study were similar to those reported by Rowland and co-workers, when no protein is added to the perfusion media, these IPRL results for diazepam cannot be reasonably interpreted as proving that hepatic organ elimination is model-independent or as supporting the dispersion and parallel-tube models of organ elimination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The only drug experiments for which isolated perfusion rat liver studies do not support hepatic clearance being best described by the well stirred model have been carried out with diazepam at zero protein concentration. This study repeated those studies, confirming the previous results at zero protein concentration, but the addition of low protein-binding conditions capable of differentiating the various models of hepatic elimination are more consistent with the well stirred model of hepatic elimination. These experimental studies do not support the preference for alternate models of hepatic elimination or the proposal that hepatic organ clearance is model-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jaan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.), and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (L.Z.B.)
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (H.-J.W.), and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (L.Z.B.)
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van der Made TK, Fedecostante M, Scotcher D, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Sastre Toraño J, Middel I, Koster AS, Gerritsen KG, Jankowski V, Jankowski J, Hoenderop JGJ, Masereeuw R, Galetin A. Quantitative Translation of Microfluidic Transporter in Vitro Data to in Vivo Reveals Impaired Albumin-Facilitated Indoxyl Sulfate Secretion in Chronic Kidney Disease. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4551-4562. [PMID: 31525064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IxS), a highly albumin-bound uremic solute, accumulates in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to reduced renal clearance. This study was designed to specifically investigate the role of human serum albumin (HSA) in IxS renal secretion via organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) in a microfluidic system and subsequently apply quantitative translation of in vitro data to predict extent of change in IxS renal clearance in CKD stage IV relative to healthy. Conditionally immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing OAT1 were incubated with IxS (5-200 μM) in the HSA-free medium or in the presence of either HSA or CKD-modified HSA. IxS uptake in the presence of HSA resulted in more than 20-fold decrease in OAT1 affinity (Km,u) and 37-fold greater in vitro unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) versus albumin-free condition. In the presence of CKD-modified albumin, Km,u increased four-fold and IxS CLint,u decreased almost seven-fold relative to HSA. Fold-change in parameters exceeded differences in IxS binding between albumin conditions, indicating additional mechanism and facilitating role of albumin in IxS OAT1-mediated uptake. Quantitative translation of IxS in vitro OAT1-mediated CLint,u predicted a 60% decrease in IxS renal elimination as a result of CKD, in agreement with the observed data (80%). The findings of the current study emphasize the role of albumin in IxS transport via OAT1 and explored the impact of modifications in albumin on renal excretion via active secretion in CKD. For the first time, this study performed quantitative translation of transporter kinetic data generated in a novel microfluidic in vitro system to a clinically relevant setting. Knowledge gaps and future directions in quantitative translation of renal drug disposition from microphysiological systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K van der Made
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | | | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K.,Simcyp Division , Certara UK Limited , Sheffield S1 2BJ , U.K
| | | | | | | | - Karin G Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht 3508 GA , The Netherlands
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research , RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen 52074 , Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research , RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen 52074 , Germany.,School for Cardiovascular Diseases , Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht 6229 ER , The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen 6500 HB , The Netherlands
| | | | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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Bteich M, Poulin P, Haddad S. The potential protein-mediated hepatic uptake: discussion on the molecular interactions between albumin and the hepatocyte cell surface and their implications for the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations of hepatic clearance of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:633-658. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1640679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bteich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Poulin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec city, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Tang H, Mayersohn M. Porcine Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Parameters in People: A Pig in a Poke? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1712-1724. [PMID: 30171162 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The minipig has become an animal of considerable interest in preclinical drug development. It has been used in toxicology research and in examining/establishing regulatory guidelines as a nonrodent animal model. We have reviewed some basic issues that one would want to consider in the development and testing of any animal model for humans. The pig is a reasonable alternative to the dog, but there are some clear limitations and unexplained disparities in the literature, which require further study; primary among these is the need for standardization in choice of breed and sex and routine protocols. The minipig offers numerous advantages over other established animal models, and it has similarities to the human with regard to anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. The gastrointestinal tract is structurally and functionally similar to humans. This appears to be true for enzymes and transporters in the gut as well, but more study is needed. One major concern is assessment of oral drug absorption, especially with regard to potential food effects due to gastric emptying differences, yet this does not appear to be a consistent observation. Hepatic metabolism seems to reflect enzymatic patterns in humans, with some differences. Kidney function seems similar to humans but requires further study. We have analyzed literature data that suggest the pig would offer a reasonable model for human oral bioavailability and for allometric predictions of clearance. The minipig appears to be the model for dermal absorption in humans, and we discuss this in terms of literature data and our own in-house experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tang
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
| | - Michael Mayersohn
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
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18
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Bowman CM, Benet LZ. An examination of protein binding and protein-facilitated uptake relating to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:502-514. [PMID: 30098391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As explained by the free drug theory, the unbound fraction of drug has long been thought to drive the efficacy of a molecule. Thus, the fraction unbound term, or fu, appears in equations for fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, and is used when attempting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). In recent years though, it has been noted that IVIVE does not always yield accurate predictions, and that some highly protein bound ligands have more efficient uptake than can be explained by their unbound fractions. This review explores the evolution of fu terms included when implementing IVIVE, the concept of protein-facilitated uptake, and the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for facilitated uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Fischer FC, Abele C, Droge STJ, Henneberger L, König M, Schlichting R, Scholz S, Escher BI. Cellular Uptake Kinetics of Neutral and Charged Chemicals in in Vitro Assays Measured by Fluorescence Microscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:646-657. [PMID: 29939727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake kinetics are key for understanding time-dependent chemical exposure in in vitro cell assays. Slow cellular uptake kinetics in relation to the total exposure time can considerably reduce the biologically effective dose. In this study, fluorescence microscopy combined with automated image analysis was applied for time-resolved quantification of cellular uptake of 10 neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic fluorophores in two reporter gene assays. The chemical fluorescence in the medium remained relatively constant during the 24-h assay duration, emphasizing that the proteins and lipids in the fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented to the assay medium represent a large reservoir of reversibly bound chemicals with the potential to compensate for chemical depletion by cell uptake, growth, and sorption to well materials. Hence FBS plays a role in stabilizing the cellular dose in a similar way as polymer-based passive dosing, here we term this process as serum-mediated passive dosing (SMPD). Neutral chemicals accumulated in the cells up to 12 times faster than charged chemicals. Increasing medium FBS concentrations accelerated uptake due to FBS-facilitated transport but led to lower cellular concentrations as a result of increased sorption to medium proteins and lipids. In vitro cell exposure results from the interaction of several extra- and intracellular processes, leading to variable and time-dependent exposure between different chemicals and assay setups. The medium FBS plays a crucial role for the thermodynamic equilibria as well as for the cellular uptake kinetics, hence influencing exposure. However, quantification of cellular exposure by an area under the curve (AUC) analysis illustrated that, for the evaluated bioassay setup, current in vitro exposure models that assume instantaneous equilibrium between medium and cells still reflect a realistic exposure because the AUC was typically reduced less than 20% compared to the cellular dose that would result from instantaneous equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Fischer
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Cedric Abele
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geoscience , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
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20
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Da-Silva F, Boulenc X, Vermet H, Compigne P, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Klieber S, Poulin P. Improving Prediction of Metabolic Clearance Using Quantitative Extrapolation of Results Obtained From Human Hepatic Micropatterned Cocultures Model and by Considering the Impact of Albumin Binding. J Pharm Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524447 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare, with the same data set, the predictive performance of 3 in vitro assays of hepatic clearance (CL), namely, micropatterned cocultures (also referring to HepatoPac®) and suspension as well as monolayer hepatocytes to define which assay is the most accurate. Furthermore, existing in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods were challenged to verify which method is the most predictive (i.e., direct scaling method without binding correction, conventional method based either on the unbound fraction in plasma (fup) according to the free-drug hypothesis, or based on an fup value adjusted for the albumin [ALB]-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon). Accordingly, the role of ALB binding was specifically challenged, and consequently, the ALB production was monitored in parallel to the metabolic stability. The ALB concentration data were used to compare the in vitro assays and to adjust the value of fup of each drug to mimic the ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon. The results confirmed that the direct and conventional IVIVE methods generally overpredicted and underpredicted the CL in vivo in humans, respectively. However, the underprediction of the conventional IVIVE method based on fup was significantly reduced from data generated with the HepatoPac® system compared with the 2 other in vitro assays, which is possibly because that system is producing ALB at a rate much closer to the in vivo condition in liver. Hence, these observations suggest that the presence of more ALB molecules per hepatocyte in that HepatoPac® system may have facilitated the hepatic uptake of several bound drugs because their intrinsic CL was increased instead of being decreased by the ALB binding effect. Accordingly, the IVIVE method based on the fup value adjusted for the ALB-facilitated uptake phenomenon gave the lowest prediction bias from the statistical analyses. This study indicated that the HepatoPac® system combined with the adjusted value of fup was the most reliable IVIVE method and revealed the importance of quantifying the in vitro-to-in vivo variation of ALB concentration to improve the CL predictions, which would help any future physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Da-Silva
- Sanofi R&D, Montpellier, France; Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Canada; Associate professor, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Canada
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