1
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Rincon Pabon JP, Akbar Z, Politis A. MSe Collision Energy Optimization for the Analysis of Membrane Proteins Using HDX-cIMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1383-1389. [PMID: 38842540 PMCID: PMC11228973 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has evolved as an essential technique in structural proteomics. The use of ion mobility separation (IMS) coupled to HDX-MS has increased the applicability of the technique to more complex systems and has been shown to improve data quality and robustness. The first step when running any HDX-MS workflow is to confirm the sequence and retention time of the peptides resulting from the proteolytic digestion of the nondeuterated protein. Here, we optimized the collision energy ramp of HDMSE experiments for membrane proteins using a Waters SELECT SERIES cIMS-QTOF system following an HDX workflow using Phosphorylase B, XylE transporter, and Smoothened receptor (SMO) as model systems. Although collision energy (CE) ramp 10-50 eV gave the highest amount of positive identified peptides when using Phosphorylase B, XylE, and SMO, results suggest optimal CE ramps are protein specific, and different ramps can produce a unique set of peptides. We recommend cIMS users use different CE ramps in their HDMSE experiments and pool the results to ensure maximum peptide identifications. The results show how selecting an appropriate CE ramp can change the sequence coverage of proteins ranging from 4 to 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rincon Pabon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Zulaikha Akbar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Argyris Politis
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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2
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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3
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Phillips A, Srinivas A, Prentoska I, O'Dea M, Kustrup M, Hurley S, Bruno S, Nguyen V, Lai PK. Teaching biologics design using molecular modeling and simulations. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 52:299-310. [PMID: 38197506 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Teaching chemistry and biology students about biologics design remains challenging despite its increasing importance in pharmaceutical development. Monoclonal antibodies, commonly called mAbs, are the most popular biologics. They have been developed into drugs to treat various diseases in the past decades. Multiple challenges exist for designing proper formulations to stabilize mAbs, such as preventing aggregation and mitigating viscosity. Molecular modeling and simulations can improve pharmaceutical products by examining the interactions between mAbs and other compounds, such as excipients. To introduce students to biopharmaceuticals, eight students at the Stevens Institute of Technology participated in a semester-long course to learn the challenges of pharmaceutical development and different computational skills to study biologics design. The students started with a limited background in this field. Throughout one semester, they were introduced to various literature and software tools for modeling antibodies and studying their interactions with excipients. This paper aims to develop a course structure to be replicated at other universities and institutions to teach biopharmaceutical development to students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Phillips
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anusha Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ilina Prentoska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Margaret O'Dea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew Kustrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah Hurley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Savannah Bruno
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pin-Kuang Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Dignon G, Dill KA. Computational Procedure for Predicting Excipient Effects on Protein-Protein Affinities. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1479-1488. [PMID: 38294777 PMCID: PMC10868583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions lie at the center of many biological processes and are a challenge in formulating biological drugs, such as antibodies. A key to mitigating protein association is to use small-molecule additives, i.e., excipients that can weaken protein-protein interactions. Here, we develop a computationally efficient model for predicting the viscosity-reducing effect of different excipient molecules by combining atomic-resolution MD simulations, binding polynomials, and a thermodynamic perturbation theory. In a proof of principle, this method successfully ranks the order of four types of excipients known to reduce the viscosity of solutions of a particular monoclonal antibody. This approach appears useful for predicting the effects of excipients on protein association and phase separation, as well as the effects of buffers on protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
L. Dignon
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ken A. Dill
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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5
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Dignon GL, Dill KA. A computational procedure for predicting excipient effects on protein-protein affinities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573113. [PMID: 38187552 PMCID: PMC10769426 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions lie at the center of much biology and are a challenge in formulating biological drugs such as antibodies. A key to mitigating protein association is to use small molecule additives, i.e. excipients that can weaken protein-protein interactions. Here, we develop a computationally efficient model for predicting the viscosity-reducing effect of different excipient molecules by combining atomic-resolution MD simulations, binding polynomials and a thermodynamic perturbation theory. In a proof of principle, this method successfully rank orders four types of excipients known to reduce the viscosity of solutions of a particular monoclonal antibody. This approach appears useful for predicting effects of excipients on protein association and phase separation, as well as the effects of buffers on protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Dignon
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University
- Current address: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University
| | - Ken A Dill
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University
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6
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Karunaratne SP, Jolliffe MC, Trayton I, Shanmugam RK, Darton NJ, Weis DD. Interaction between preservatives and a monoclonal antibody in support of multidose formulation development. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123600. [PMID: 37967687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Multidose formulations have patient-centric advantages over single-dose formats. A major challenge in developing multidose formulations is the prevention of microbial growth that can potentially be introduced during multiple drawings. The incorporation of antimicrobial preservatives (APs) is a common approach to inhibit this microbial growth. Selection of the right preservative while maintaining drug product stability is often challenging. We explored the effects of three APs, 1.1 % (w/v) benzyl alcohol, 0.62 % (w/v) phenol, and 0.42 % (w/v) m-cresol, on a model immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody, termed the "NIST mAb." As measured by hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) and differential scanning calorimetry, conformational stability was decreased in the presence of APs. Specifically, flexibility (faster HX) was significantly increased in the CH2 domain (HC 238-255) across all APs. The addition of phenol caused the greatest conformational destabilization, followed by m-cresol and benzyl alcohol. Storage stability studies conducted by subvisible particle (SVP) analysis at 40 °C over 4 weeks further revealed an increase in SVPs in the presence of phenol and m-cresol but not in the presence of benzyl alcohol. However, as monitored by size exclusion chromatography, there was neither a significant change in the monomeric content nor an accumulation of soluble aggregate in the presence of APs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine C Jolliffe
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabelle Trayton
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Darton
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence KS, USA.
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7
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Li R, Xiang D. L-lysine moderates thermal aggregation of coconut proteins induced by thermal treatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13310. [PMID: 37587151 PMCID: PMC10432461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work attempts to investigate the inhibitory effect of L-lysine (Lys) on the thermal aggregation of coconut protein (CP). The results showed that under neutral conditions (pH = 7), temperature reduced the solubility and enhanced the thermally induced gel formation of CP. In addition, Lys reduced the fluorescence properties, particle size and increased the turbidity of CP, which had an inhibitory effect on heat induced gels. The results indicate that Lys plays an important role in inhibiting protein thermal aggregation by interacting with CP to create steric hindrance and increase protein electrostatic repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No. 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Youbang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No. 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Run Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No. 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No. 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, No. 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228, China.
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8
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Ghosh I, Gutka H, Krause ME, Clemens R, Kashi RS. A systematic review of commercial high concentration antibody drug products approved in the US: formulation composition, dosage form design and primary packaging considerations. MAbs 2023; 15:2205540. [PMID: 37243580 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2205540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three critical aspects that define high concentration antibody products (HCAPs) are as follows: 1) formulation composition, 2) dosage form, and 3) primary packaging configuration. HCAPs have become successful in the therapeutic sector due to their unique advantage of allowing subcutaneous self-administration. Technical challenges, such as physical and chemical instability, viscosity, delivery volume limitations, and product immunogenicity, can hinder successful development and commercialization of HCAPs. Such challenges can be overcome by robust formulation and process development strategies, as well as rational selection of excipients and packaging components. We compiled and analyzed data from US Food and Drug Administration-approved and marketed HCAPs that are ≥100 mg/mL to identify trends in formulation composition and quality target product profile. This review presents our findings and discusses novel formulation and processing technologies that enable the development of improved HCAPs at ≥200 mg/mL. The observed trends can be used as a guide for further advancements in the development of HCAPs as more complex antibody-based modalities enter biologics product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hiten Gutka
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan Clemens
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Ramesh S Kashi
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
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9
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Abstract
The aggregation propensity of monoclonal antibodies can be modified by adding different cosolutes into the solution. A simple coarse-grained model in the combination with the thermodynamic perturbation theory was used to predict cluster distribution and viscosity of the solutions of IgG4 monoclonal anibody in the presence of L-Arginine Hydrochloride. The data were analysed using binding polynomial to describe the binding of cosolute (Arginine) to the antibody molecule. The results show that by binding to the antibody molecule the cosolute occupies some of the binding sites of the antibody, and in this way reduces the amount of binding sites available to other antibody molecules. The aggregation propensity of the antibody molecules is therefore reduced.
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10
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Process- and Product-Related Foulants in Virus Filtration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040155. [PMID: 35447715 PMCID: PMC9030149 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory authorities place stringent guidelines on the removal of contaminants during the manufacture of biopharmaceutical products. Monoclonal antibodies, Fc-fusion proteins, and other mammalian cell-derived biotherapeutics are heterogeneous molecules that are validated based on the production process and not on molecular homogeneity. Validation of clearance of potential contamination by viruses is a major challenge during the downstream purification of these therapeutics. Virus filtration is a single-use, size-based separation process in which the contaminating virus particles are retained while the therapeutic molecules pass through the membrane pores. Virus filtration is routinely used as part of the overall virus clearance strategy. Compromised performance of virus filters due to membrane fouling, low throughput and reduced viral clearance, is of considerable industrial significance and is frequently a major challenge. This review shows how components generated during cell culture, contaminants, and product variants can affect virus filtration of mammalian cell-derived biologics. Cell culture-derived foulants include host cell proteins, proteases, and endotoxins. We also provide mitigation measures for each potential foulant.
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11
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Effects of Monovalent Salt on Protein-Protein Interactions of Dilute and Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11020024. [PMID: 35466277 PMCID: PMC9036246 DOI: 10.3390/antib11020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used sodium chloride (NaCl) to extensively modulate non-specific protein-protein interactions (PPI) of a humanized anti-streptavidin monoclonal antibody class 2 molecule (ASA-IgG2). The changes in PPI with varying NaCl (CNaCl) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) concentration (CmAb) were assessed using the diffusion interaction parameter kD and second virial coefficient B22 measured from solutions with low to moderate CmAb. The effective structure factor S(q)eff measured from concentrated mAb solutions using small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) was also used to characterize the PPI. Our results found that the nature of net PPI changed not only with CNaCl, but also with increasing CmAb. As a result, parameters measured from dilute and concentrated mAb samples could lead to different predictions on the stability of mAb formulations. We also compared experimentally determined viscosity results with those predicted from interaction parameters, including kD and S(q)eff. The lack of a clear correlation between interaction parameters and measured viscosity values indicates that the relationship between viscosity and PPI is concentration-dependent. Collectively, the behavior of flexible mAb molecules in concentrated solutions may not be correctly predicted using models where proteins are considered to be uniform colloid particles defined by parameters derived from low CmAb.
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12
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Nakauchi Y, Nishinami S, Murakami Y, Ogura T, Kano H, Shiraki K. Opalescence Arising from Network Assembly in Antibody Solution. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1160-1167. [PMID: 35274955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence of therapeutic antibody solutions is one of the concerns in drug formulation. However, the mechanistic insights into the opalescence of antibody solutions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the assembly states of antibody molecules as a function of antibody concentration. The solutions of bovine gamma globulin and human immunoglobulin G at around 100 mg/mL showed the formation of submicron-scale network assemblies. The network assembly resulted in the appearance of opalescence with a transparent blue color without the precipitates of antibodies. Furthermore, the addition of trehalose and arginine, previously known to act as protein stabilizers and protein aggregation suppressors, was able to suppress the opalescence arising from the network assembly. These results will provide an important information for evaluating and improving protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nakauchi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Ph.D. Program in Humanics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Kyusyu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Jiskoot W, Hawe A, Menzen T, Volkin DB, Crommelin DJA. Ongoing Challenges to Develop High Concentration Monoclonal Antibody-based Formulations for Subcutaneous Administration: Quo Vadis? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:861-867. [PMID: 34813800 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many subcutaneously (s.c.) delivered, high-concentration antibody formulations (HCAF) have received regulatory approval and are widely used commercially, formulation scientists are still presented with many ongoing challenges during HCAF development with new mAb and mAb-based candidates. Depending on the specific physicochemical and biological properties of a particular mAb-based molecule, such challenges vary from pharmaceutical attributes e.g., stability, viscosity, manufacturability, to clinical performance e.g., bioavailability, immunogenicity, and finally to patient experience e.g., preference for s.c. vs. intravenous delivery and/or preferred interactions with health-care professionals. This commentary focuses on one key formulation obstacle encountered during HCAF development: how to maximize the dose of the drug? We examine methodologies for increasing the protein concentration, increasing the volume delivered, or combining both approaches together. We discuss commonly encountered hurdles, i.e., physical protein instability and solution volume limitations, and we provide recommendations to formulation scientists to facilitate their development of s.c. administered HCAF with new mAb-based product candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiskoot
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Interaction of Aluminum-adjuvanted Recombinant P[4] Protein Antigen With Preservatives: Storage Stability and Backbone Flexibility Studies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:970-981. [PMID: 34758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eight antimicrobial preservatives used in parenteral multidose formulations (thimerosal, 2-phenoxy ethanol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben) were examined for their effects on the storage stability (4 °C, 25 °C) of an Alhydrogel® (AH) adjuvanted formulation of the non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) recombinant P[4] protein antigen. The stability of AH-adsorbed P[4] was monitored for antigen-antibody binding, conformational stability, and antigen-adjuvant interaction via competitive ELISA, DSC, and SDS-PAGE, respectively. There was an unexpected correlation between increasing storage stability of the AH-adsorbed P[4] and preservative hydrophobicity (log P) (e.g., the parabens and chlorobutanol were least destabilizing). We used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to better understand the destabilizing effects of temperature and preservative on backbone flexibility of AH-adsorbed P[4]. Thimerosal addition immediately increased the backbone flexibility across much of the AH-adsorbed P[4] protein backbone (except the N-terminal P2 region and residues G17-Y38), and further increase in P[4] backbone flexibility was observed after storage (4 °C, 4 weeks). HX-MS analysis of AH-adsorbed P[4] stored for 4 weeks at 25 °C revealed structural alterations in some regions of the epitope involved in P[4] specific mAb binding. These combined results are discussed in terms of a generalized workflow for multi-dose vaccine formulation development for recombinant protein antigens.
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15
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Barros M, Zhang X, Kenrick S, Valente JJ. Opalescence Measurements: Improvements in Fundamental Knowledge, Identifying Sources of Analytical Biases, and Advanced Applications for the Development of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3550-3557. [PMID: 34111445 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence of biopharmaceutical solutions can indicate suboptimal colloidal stability and is therefore a generally undesirable attribute that requires investigation and potentially remediation. While there are numerous instrumentation options available for measuring opalescence, cross-instrument comparisons and detailed knowledge of analytical biases have been limited. Here, we highlight key findings from a multi-instrument investigation where differences in reported opalescence values are explained with particular emphasis on how the optical configuration and detector properties of each instrument affect the response of the sample and the primary formazin standards required for instrument calibration. In doing so, the particle size distribution, angular-dependent light scattering properties and refractive index of the primary formazin standard material are characterized and presented. Finally, the advanced application of a 90° angle light scattering instrument is presented as a suitable approach for making low volume, temperature controlled, nephelometric measurements of opalescence. Moreover, we demonstrate how this approach enables the simultaneous evaluation of key physical properties, such as hydrodynamic size, that are pertinent to investigations of opalescent biopharmaceuticals but have historically required the use of separate instrumentation. The findings reported here address key knowledge gaps and provide opportunities for improving the efficiency and inter-laboratory comparability of opalescence measurements for biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barros
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Xujun Zhang
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Sophia Kenrick
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Joseph J Valente
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Kingsbury JS, Lantz MM, Saini A, Wang MZ, Gokarn YR. Characterization of Opalescence in low Volume Monoclonal Antibody Solutions Enabled by Microscale Nephelometry. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3176-3182. [PMID: 34004217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based drugs are often prone to unfavorable solution behaviors including high viscosity, opalescence, phase separation, and aggregation at the high concentrations needed to enable patient-centric subcutaneous dosage forms. Given that these can have a detrimental impact on manufacturability, stability, and delivery, approaches to identifying, monitoring, and controlling these behaviors during drug development are critical. Opalescence presents a significant challenge due to its relationship to liquid-liquid phase separation. Quantitative characterization of opalescence via turbidimetry is often restrictive due to large volume requirements (>2 mL) and alternative microscale approaches based on light transmittance (Eckhardt et al., J Pharm Sci Technol. 1994, 48: 64-70) may pose challenging with respect to accuracy. To address the need for accurate and quantitative microscale opalescence measurements, we have evaluated the use of a 'de-tuned' static light scattering detector which requires <10 μL sample per measurement. We show that tuning of the laser power to a range far below that of traditional light scattering measurements results in a stable detector response that can be accurately calibrated to the nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) scale using appropriate standards. The calibrated detector signal yields NTU values for mAbs and other protein solutions that are comparable to a commercial turbidimeter. We used this microscale approach to characterize the opalescence of 48 commercial mAb drug products and found that the majority have opalescence below 15 NTU. However, in products with mAb concentrations greater than 75 mg/mL, a broad range of opalescence was observed, in a few cases greater than 20 NTU. These measurements as well as nephelometric characterization of several IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs across a broad pH range highlight subclass-specific tendencies toward opalescence in high concentration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amandeep Saini
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA
| | - Michael Z Wang
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA.
| | - Yatin R Gokarn
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA
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Energetic Dissection of Mab-Specific Reversible Self-Association Reveals Unique Thermodynamic Signatures. Pharm Res 2021; 38:243-255. [PMID: 33604786 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reversible self-association (RSA) remains a challenge in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We recently analyzed the energetics of RSA for five IgG mAbs (designated as A-E) under matched conditions and using orthogonal methods. Here we examine the thermodynamics of RSA for two of the mAbs that showed the strongest evidence of RSA (mAbs C and E) to identify underlying mechanisms. METHODS Concentration-dependent dynamic light scattering and sedimentation velocity (SV) studies were carried out for each mAb over a range of temperatures. Because self-association was weak, the SV data were globally analyzed via direct boundary fitting to identify best-fit models, accurately determine interaction energetics, and account for the confounding effects of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic nonideality. RESULTS mAb C undergoes isodesmic self-association at all temperatures examined, with the energetics indicative of an enthalpically-driven reaction offset by a significant entropic penalty. By contrast, mAb E undergoes monomer-dimer self-association, with the reaction being entropically-driven and comprised of only a small enthalpic contribution. CONCLUSIONS Classical interpretations implicate van der Waals interactions and H-bond formation for mAb C RSA, and electrostatic interactions for mAb E. However, noting that RSA is likely coupled to additional equilibria, we also discuss the limitations of such interpretations.
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