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Bock F, Bøtker JP, Larsen SW, Lu X, Østergaard J. Methodological Considerations in Development of UV Imaging for Characterization of Intra-Tumoral Injectables Using cAMP as a Model Substance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073599. [PMID: 35408971 PMCID: PMC8998202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A UV imaging release-testing setup comprising an agarose gel as a model for tumorous tissue was developed. The setup was optimized with respect to agarose concentration (0.5% (w/v)), injection procedure, and temperature control. A repeatable injection protocol was established allowing injection into cavities with well-defined geometries. The effective resolution of the SDi2 UV imaging system is 30-80 µm. The linear range of the imaging system is less than that of typical spectrophotometers. Consequently, non-linear cAMP calibration curves were applied for quantification at 280 nm. The degree of deviation from Beer's law was affected by the background absorbance of the gel matrix. MATLAB scripts provided hitherto missing flexibility with respect to definition and utilization of quantification zones, contour lines facilitating visualization, and automated, continuous data analysis. Various release patterns were observed for an aqueous solution and in situ forming Pluronic F127 hydrogel and PLGA implants containing cAMP as a model for STING ligands. The UV imaging and MATLAB data analysis setup constituted a significant technical development in terms of visualizing behavior for injectable formulations intended for intra-tumoral delivery, and, thereby, a step toward establishment of a bio-predictive in vitro release-testing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Bock
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.B.); (J.P.B.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Johan Peter Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.B.); (J.P.B.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Susan Weng Larsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.B.); (J.P.B.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Xujin Lu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Drug Product Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.B.); (J.P.B.); (S.W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35336138
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Shortridge C, Akbari Fakhrabadi E, Wuescher LM, Worth RG, Liberatore MW, Yildirim-Ayan E. Impact of Digestive Inflammatory Environment and Genipin Crosslinking on Immunomodulatory Capacity of Injectable Musculoskeletal Tissue Scaffold. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1134. [PMID: 33498864 PMCID: PMC7866115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracrine and autocrine processes of the host response play an integral role in the success of scaffold-based tissue regeneration. Recently, the immunomodulatory scaffolds have received huge attention for modulating inflammation around the host tissue through releasing anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, controlling the inflammation and providing a sustained release of anti-inflammatory cytokine from the scaffold in the digestive inflammatory environment are predicated upon a comprehensive understanding of three fundamental questions. (1) How does the release rate of cytokine from the scaffold change in the digestive inflammatory environment? (2) Can we prevent the premature scaffold degradation and burst release of the loaded cytokine in the digestive inflammatory environment? (3) How does the scaffold degradation prevention technique affect the immunomodulatory capacity of the scaffold? This study investigated the impacts of the digestive inflammatory environment on scaffold degradation and how pre-mature degradation can be prevented using genipin crosslinking and how genipin crosslinking affects the interleukin-4 (IL-4) release from the scaffold and differentiation of naïve macrophages (M0). Our results demonstrated that the digestive inflammatory environment (DIE) attenuates protein retention within the scaffold. Over 14 days, the encapsulated protein released 46% more in DIE than in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), which was improved through genipin crosslinking. We have identified the 0.5 (w/v) genipin concentration as an optimal concentration for improved IL-4 released from the scaffold, cell viability, mechanical strength, and scaffold porosity, and immunomodulation studies. The IL-4 released from the injectable scaffold could differentiate naïve macrophages to an anti-inflammatory (M2) lineage; however, upon genipin crosslinking, the immunomodulatory capacity of the scaffold diminished significantly, and pro-inflammatory markers were expressed dominantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Shortridge
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Ehsan Akbari Fakhrabadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (E.A.F.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Leah M. Wuescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (L.M.W.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Randall G. Worth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (L.M.W.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Matthew W. Liberatore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (E.A.F.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Farokhi M, Mottaghitalab F, Saeb MR, Shojaei S, Zarrin NK, Thomas S, Ramakrishna S. Conductive Biomaterials as Substrates for Neural Stem Cells Differentiation towards Neuronal Lineage Cells. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000123. [PMID: 33015992 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The injuries and defects in the central nervous system are the causes of disability and death of an affected person. As of now, there are no clinically available methods to enhance neural structural regeneration and functional recovery of nerve injuries. Recently, some experimental studies claimed that the injuries in brain can be repaired by progenitor or neural stem cells located in the neurogenic sites of adult mammalian brain. Various attempts have been made to construct biomimetic physiological microenvironment for neural stem cells to control their ultimate fate. Conductive materials have been considered as one the best choices for nerve regeneration due to the capacity to mimic the microenvironment of stem cells and regulate the alignment, growth, and differentiation of neural stem cells. The review highlights the use of conductive biomaterials, e.g., polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphite oxide, for controlling the neural stem cells activities in terms of proliferation and neuronal differentiation. The effects of conductive biomaterials in axon elongation and synapse formation for optimal repair of central nervous system injuries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mottaghitalab
- Nanotechnology Research CentreFaculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6451, Iran
| | | | - Shahrokh Shojaei
- Stem Cells Research CenterTissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Negin Khaneh Zarrin
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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