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Panzade P, Wagh A, Harale P, Bhilwade S. Pharmaceutical cocrystals: a rising star in drug delivery applications. J Drug Target 2024; 32:115-127. [PMID: 38164658 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2300690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals, owing to their manifold applications, are acting as bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical product development. The ability to scale up pharmaceutical cocrystals through continuous manufacturing approaches offers superior and economic pharmaceutical products. Moreover, cocrystals can be an aid for the nanoparticulate systems to solve the issues related to scale-up and cost. Cocrystals grabbed attention of academic researchers and pharmaceutical scientist due to their potential to target various diseases like cancer. The present review is mainly focussed on the diverse and comprehensive applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals in drug delivery including solubility and dissolution enhancement, improvement of bioavailability of drug, mechanical and flow properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, controlled/sustained release and colour tuning of API. Besides, phytochemical based cocrystals, multi-drug cocrystals and cocrystals for tumour therapy have been discussed in this review. Additionally, recent progress pertinent to pharmaceutical cocrystals is also included, which may provide future directions to manufacturing and scale-up of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Panzade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Anita Wagh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Pratiksha Harale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Sumeet Bhilwade
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
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Sartinah A, Uekusa H, Abekura Y, Ibrahim S, Anggadiredja K, Ilma Nugrahani. Piperine-hydroxybenzoate as phytochemistry antiosteoarthritis combination: Structural, solubility, and in vivo antiinflammatory study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31548. [PMID: 38845875 PMCID: PMC11154213 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study discusses the composition and structure determination of a new multicomponent system from antiinflammatory natural ingredients, consisting of piperine (Pip) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), named Pip-HBA. In addition, this research studied its solubility and anti-inflammatory activity. After screening the stoichiometric proportions, this multicomponent system formation reaction was carried out using the solvent-dropped grinding and evaporation methods. Characterizations using solid analysis including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirmed the formation of Pip-HBA. These multicomponent systems showed different thermograms and diffractograms. Furthermore, the FTIR spectrum of Pip-HBA multicomponent system differs from the physical mixture and its constituent components. Single crystal diffractometry (SCXRD) determined Pip-HBA to be a new multicomponent system structure in three dimensions. Pip-HBA showed increased solubility and anti-inflammatory activity compared to single piperine. Therefore, Pip-HBA multicomponent system has quite potential for further preparation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sartinah
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93231, Indonesia
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yuto Abekura
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Slamet Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Cimahi 40531, Indonesia
| | | | - Ilma Nugrahani
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Center of Halal Studies, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Fayez SM, Elnahas OS, Fayez AM, El-Mancy SS. Coconut oil based self-nano emulsifying delivery systems mitigate ulcerogenic NSAIDs side effect and enhance drug dissolution: Formula optimization, in-vitro, and in-vivo assessments. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122666. [PMID: 36736674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is a common gastrointestinal ailment that affects many people worldwide. NSAIDs induced ulcers are the second most common etiology of gastric ulcers. Coconut oil has well-known potential anti-ulcerogenic characteristics. This work aimed to develop and optimize diclofenac potassium (a highly used model drug of NSAIDs) as self-nanoemulsifying delivery system containing coconut oil (DFP-COSNEDS) to overcome its ulcerogenic effect. A mixture design was applied for formula optimization and investigation of the effect of different formulation factors on the droplet size (DS) and polydispersity index (PDI) of the prepared DFP-COSNEDS. The optimized formulae showed good self-emulsification characters and better drug dissolution compared with the drug suspension. The ulcer protection was assessed in-vivo using 7 groups of adult male Wistar rats. Oxidative stress parameters (MDA, GSH, and SOD), inflammatory mediators (PGE-2, TNF-α, and IL-6) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene expression were measured. The results revealed that pure coconut oil and DFP-COSNEDS containing 25 % of coconut oil showed close figures to normal group and better values than famotidine (FAM) group. In conclusion, coconut oil showed high potential for gastric-protection activity against DFP induced ulcer. DFP-COSNEDS offers dual benefits of improving DFP dissolution and alleviating its ulcerogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Fayez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Osama S Elnahas
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Fayez
- Department School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hert-fordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen S El-Mancy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
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Nugrahani I, Susanti E, Adawiyah T, Santosa S, Laksana AN. Non-Covalent Reactions Supporting Antiviral Development. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249051. [PMID: 36558183 PMCID: PMC9783875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the current big enemy of the world's healthcare systems. As the small infector causes various deadly diseases, from influenza and HIV to COVID-19, the virus continues to evolve from one type to its mutants. Therefore, the development of antivirals demands tremendous attention and resources for drug researchers around the world. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) development includes discovering new drug compounds and developing existing ones. However, to innovate a new antiviral takes a very long time to test its safety and effectiveness, from structure modeling to synthesis, and then requires various stages of clinical trials. Meanwhile, developing the existing API can be more efficient because it reduces many development stages. One approach in this effort is to modify the solid structures to improve their physicochemical properties and enhance their activity. This review discusses antiviral multicomponent systems under the research phase and has been marketed. The discussion includes the types of antivirals, their counterpart compound, screening, manufacturing methods, multicomponent systems yielded, characterization methods, physicochemical properties, and their effects on their pharmacological activities. It is hoped that the opportunities and challenges of solid antiviral drug modifications can be drawn in this review as important information for further antiviral development.
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Wathoni N, Sari WA, Elamin KM, Mohammed AFA, Suharyani I. A Review of Coformer Utilization in Multicomponent Crystal Formation. Molecules 2022; 27:8693. [PMID: 36557827 PMCID: PMC9786674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most recently discovered active pharmaceutical molecules and market-approved medicines are poorly soluble in water, resulting in limited drug bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. The application of coformers in a multicomponent crystal method is one possible strategy to modulate a drug's solubility. A multicomponent crystal is a solid phase formed when several molecules of different substances crystallize in a crystal lattice with a certain stoichiometric ratio. The goal of this review paper is to comprehensively describe the application of coformers in the formation of multicomponent crystals as solutions for pharmaceutically active ingredients with limited solubility. Owing to their benefits including improved physicochemical profile of pharmaceutically active ingredients, multicomponent crystal methods are predicted to become increasingly prevalent in the development of active drug ingredients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Research Center of Biopolymer for Drug and Cosmetic Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Wuri Ariestika Sari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Khaled M. Elamin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | | | - Ine Suharyani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Sekolah Tinggi Farmasi Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Jl. Cideng Indah No.3, Cirebon 45153, Indonesia
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New Organic Salt from Levofloxacin-Citric Acid: What Is the Impact on the Stability and Antibiotic Potency? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072166. [PMID: 35408567 PMCID: PMC9000237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research dealt with the composition, structure determination, stability, and antibiotic potency of a novel organic salt composed of levofloxacin (LF) and citric acid (CA), named levofloxacin-citrate (LC). After a stoichiometric proportion screening, the antibiotic-antioxidant reaction was conducted by slow and fast evaporation methods. A series of characterizations using thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffractometry, vibrational spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed LC formation. The new organic salt showed a distinct thermogram and diffractogram. Next, Fourier transform infrared indicated the change in N-methylamine and carboxylic stretching, confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra to elucidate the 2D structure. Finally, single-crystal diffractometry determined LC as a new salt structure three-dimensionally. The attributive improvements were demonstrated on the stability toward the humidity and lighting of LC compared to LF alone. Moreover, the antibiotic potency of LF against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) enhanced ~1.5–2-fold by LC. Hereafter, LC is a potential salt antibiotic-antioxidant combination for dosage formulas development.
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Improved Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Ketoprofen by the Formation of Multicomponent Crystals with Tromethamine. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to improve the dissolution rate of ketoprofen by preparing multicomponent crystals with tromethamine. The multicomponent crystals (equimolar ratio) of ketoprofen and tromethamine were prepared by the solvent co-evaporation method. The solid-state properties of the resulting powder were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, DSC thermal analysis, FT–IR spectroscopy, solubility, and in vitro dissolution rate. The crystal structure of the multicomponent crystal was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the ketoprofen–tromethamine binary system was different from that of the starting materials. This difference indicates the formation of a new crystalline phase between ketoprofen and tromethamine (equimolar ratio). The DSC thermogram of the ketoprofen–tromethamine binary system exhibited a single and sharp endothermic peak at 128.67 °C, attributed to the melting point of a multicomponent crystal of ketoprofen–tromethamine. A single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that ketoprofen–tromethamine formed a layered structure, salt-type multicomponent crystal. The solubility and dissolution rate of the multicomponent crystal were notably enhanced compared to the intact ketoprofen. The ketoprofen–tromethamine binary system forms salt-type multicomponent crystals, which can significantly increase the solubility and dissolution rate.
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Radchenko OB, Radchenko DS, Konovets AI, Grygorenko OO. Water Determination in Aromatic Sulfonyl Chlorides Using the Karl Fischer Titration Method: Scope and Limitations. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga B. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | | | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
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Bongioanni A, Bueno MS, Mezzano BA, Longhi MR, Garnero C. Amino acids and its pharmaceutical applications: A mini review. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121375. [PMID: 34906648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are natural compounds that can be safely used in pharmaceutical applications. Considering the great interest in the amino acids used in the pharmaceutical industry, this article presents an overview of investigations reported in recent years. In this regard, the first sections begin with an introductory description of the properties, classification and safety of amino acids, while in the other sections the most common methods for the preparation of amino acids formulations and their application on solubilization, permeation and stabilization of several active pharmaceutical ingredients are described. Furthermore, available data about the multicomponent systems approach is included. Lastly, the impact of amino acids formulations on therapeutic efficacy is explored. The advantages illustrated suggest that amino acids are capable of improving the biopharmaceutical properties of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Bongioanni
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
| | - Maria Soledad Bueno
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
| | - Belén Alejandra Mezzano
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Raquel Longhi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
| | - Claudia Garnero
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
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Lou Y, Yu K, Wu X, Wang Z, Cui Y, Bao H, Wang J, Hu X, Ji Y, Tang G. Co-Crystals of Resveratrol and Polydatin with L-Proline: Crystal Structures, Dissolution Properties, and In Vitro Cytotoxicities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185722. [PMID: 34577193 PMCID: PMC8469398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) and polydatin (PD) have been widely used to treat several chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and diabetes, among several others. However, their low solubility hinders their further applications. In this work, we show that the solubility of PD can be boosted via its co-crystallization with L-proline (L-Pro). Two different phases of co-crystals, namely the RSV-L-Pro (RSV:L-Pro = 1:2) and PD-L-Pro (PD:L-Pro = 1: 3), have been prepared and characterized. As compared to the pristine RSV and PD, the solubility and dissolution rates of PD-L-Pro in water (pH 7.0) exhibited a 15.8% increase, whereas those of RSV-L-Pro exhibited a 13.8% decrease. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay of pristine RSV, PD, RSV-L-Pro, and PD-L-Pro against lung cancer cell line A549 and human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 indicated that both compounds showed obvious cytotoxicity against A549, but significantly reduced cytotoxicity against HEK-293, with PD/PD-L-Pro further exhibiting better biological safety than that of RSV/RSV-L-Pro. This work demonstrated that the readily available and biocompatible L-Pro can be a promising adjuvant to optimize the physical and chemical properties of RSV and PD to improve their pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Lou
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Kaxi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China; (K.Y.); (H.B.); (J.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiajun Wu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yusheng Cui
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hanxiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China; (K.Y.); (H.B.); (J.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China; (K.Y.); (H.B.); (J.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiurong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China; (K.Y.); (H.B.); (J.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Yunxi Ji
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (G.T.)
| | - Guping Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China; (K.Y.); (H.B.); (J.W.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (G.T.)
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Nugrahani I, Parwati RD. Challenges and Progress in Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Co-Crystal Development. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144185. [PMID: 34299458 PMCID: PMC8303568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystal innovation is an opportunity in drug development for both scientists and industry. In line with the “green pharmacy” concept for obtaining safer methods and advanced pharmaceutical products, co-crystallization is one of the most promising approaches to find novel patent drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). This kind of multi-component system improves previously poor physicochemical and mechanical properties through non-covalent interactions. Practically, there are many challenges to find commercially viable co-crystal drugs. The difficulty in selecting co-formers becomes the primary problem, followed by unexpected results, such as decreased solubility and dissolution, spring and parachute effect, microenvironment pH effects, changes in instability, and polymorphisms, which can occur during the co-crystal development. However, over time, NSAID co-crystals have been continuously updated regarding co-formers selection and methods development.
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Nugrahani I, Fisandra F, Horikawa A, Uekusa H. New Sodium Mefenamate - Nicotinamide Multicomponent Crystal Development to Modulate Solubility and Dissolution: Preparation, Structural, and Performance Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3246-3260. [PMID: 34090898 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A cocrystal of mefenamic acid (MA) - nicotinamide (NA) has been reported to increase the solubility of MA, but it still does not exceed the solubility of sodium mefenamate (SM). Accordingly, this research dealt with a new salt cocrystal arrangement of SM - NA. Cocrystal screening was performed, followed by powder and single-crystal preparation. Solvent drop grinding and slow evaporation at cold and ambient temperatures were employed to produce the multicomponent crystal. Two new salt cocrystals were found as hemihydrates and monohydrates, named SMN-HH and SMN-MH, respectively. SMN-MH single crystals were successfully isolated and structurally analyzed using a single crystal X-ray diffractometer. Pharmaceutical properties were investigated, including hydrate stability, solubility, and intrinsic dissolution. The experiments showed that the hemihydrate was stable under ambient humidity and temperature, and that the monohydrate rapidly changed to hemihydrate. Both hydrates improved the solubility and intrinsic dissolution of SM, but SMN-HH was superior. The data showed that SMN salt cocrystals combine the advantages of salt and cocrystals and show potential for dosage form development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Nugrahani
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.
| | | | - Ayano Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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Nugrahani I, Jessica MA. Amino Acids as the Potential Co-Former for Co-Crystal Development: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3279. [PMID: 34071731 PMCID: PMC8198002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystals are one of the most popular ways to modify the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) without changing pharmacological activity through non-covalent interactions with one or more co-formers. A "green method" has recently prompted many researchers to develop solvent-free techniques or minimize solvents for arranging the eco-friendlier process of co-crystallization. Researchers have also been looking for less-risk co-formers that produce the desired API's physicochemical properties. This review purposed to collect the report studies of amino acids as the safe co-former and explored their advantages. Structurally, amino acids are promising co-former candidates as they have functional groups that can form hydrogen bonds and increase stability through zwitterionic moieties, which support strong interactions. The co-crystals and deep eutectic solvent yielded from this natural compound have been proven to improve pharmaceutical performance. For example, l-glutamine could reduce the side effects of mesalamine through an acid-base stabilizing effect in the gastrointestinal fluid. In addition, some amino acids, especially l-proline, enhances API's solubility and absorption in its natural deep eutectic solvent and co-crystals systems. Moreover, some ionic co-crystals of amino acids have also been designed to increase chiral resolution. Therefore, amino acids are safe potential co-formers, which are suitable for improving the physicochemical properties of API and prospective to be developed further in the dosage formula and solid-state syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Nugrahani
- Pharmacochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
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