Investigation of immune responses to oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization in therapeutic antibodies using preclinical immunogenicity risk assessment assays

Anti-Drug Antibody Response to Therapeutic Antibodies and Potential Mitigation Strategies

The development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) poses significant challenges in the efficacy and safety of these treatments. ADAs can lead to adverse immune reactions, reduced drug efficacy, and increased clearance of therapeutic antibodies. This paper reviews the formation and mechanisms of ADAs, explores factors contributing to their development, and discusses potential strategies to mitigate ADA responses. Current and emerging strategies to reduce ADA formation include in silico and in vitro prediction tools, deimmunization techniques, antibody engineering, and various drug delivery methods. Additionally, novel approaches such as tolerogenic nanoparticles, oral tolerance, and in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins via viral vectors and synthetic mRNA or DNA are explored. These strategies have the potential to enhance clinical outcomes of mAb therapies by minimizing immunogenicity and improving patient safety. Further research and innovation in this field are critical to overcoming the ongoing challenges of ADA responses in therapeutic antibody development.

Innovative bioinks for 3D bioprinting: Exploring technological potential and regulatory challenges

The field of three dimensional (3D) bioprinting has witnessed significant advancements, with bioinks playing a crucial role in enabling the fabrication of complex tissue constructs. This review explores the innovative bioinks that are currently shaping the future of 3D bioprinting, focusing on their composition, functionality, and potential for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. The development of bioinks, incorporating natural and synthetic materials, offers unprecedented opportunities for personalized medicine. However, the rapid technological progress raises regulatory challenges regarding safety, standardization, and long-term biocompatibility. This paper addresses these challenges, examining the current regulatory frameworks and the need for updated guidelines to ensure patient safety and product efficacy. By highlighting both the technological potential and regulatory hurdles, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the future landscape of bioinks in bioprinting, emphasizing the necessity for cross-disciplinary collaboration between scientists, clinicians, and regulatory bodies to achieve successful clinical applications.

Elucidation of Mg2+ induced size and charge heterogeneity in monoclonal antibody therapeutics

Changes in charge variant profile are known to affect mAb stability and vice versa. This report elucidates the effects of magnesium metal (0.5 mM Mg2+) on trastuzumab (IgG1 antibody). Mg2+ is often used as an excipient (50-100 mM) and lubricant (5-10 % w/w) in biopharmaceutical formulations. Analytical size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) were used to evaluate the size and charge heterogeneity in the thermal and metal stressed samples and compared to the control sample (room temperature). The present study unveils that presence of Mg2+ significantly increases the rate of aggregation with 9 % aggregation observed in Mg2+ stressed samples as compared to that from thermal stress (~2 %) or control sample (<1 %). Similarly, a 2-fold elevation in acidic variants was observed both in presence of Mg2+ and thermal stress, when contrasted with the control sample. Application of stress also led to the formation of 17 additional chemical modifications (7 due to thermal stress and 10 due to Mg2+ stress) which were not identified in control, predominantly involving deamidation, isomerization of aspartic acid, oxidation, and succinimide modifications. The results indicate the need for a detailed analysis of the impact of presence of metals in biotherapeutic formulations.

Comparative study of trastuzumab modification analysis using mono/multi-epitope affinity technology with LC-QTOF-MS

Dynamic tracking analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) biotransformation in vivo is crucial, as certain modifications could inactivate the protein and reduce drug efficacy. However, a particular challenge (i.e. immune recognition deficiencies) in biotransformation studies may arise when modifications occur at the paratope recognized by the antigen. To address this limitation, a multi-epitope affinity technology utilizing the metal organic framework (MOF)@Au@peptide@aptamer composite material was proposed and developed by simultaneously immobilizing complementarity determining region (CDR) mimotope peptide (HH24) and non-CDR mimotope aptamer (CH1S-6T) onto the surface of MOF@Au nanocomposite. Comparative studies demonstrated that MOF@Au@peptide@aptamer exhibited significantly enhanced enrichment capabilities for trastuzumab variants in comparison to mono-epitope affinity technology. Moreover, the higher deamidation ratio for LC-Asn-30 and isomerization ratio for HC-Asn-55 can only be monitored by the novel bioanalytical platform based on MOF@Au@peptide@aptamer and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Therefore, multi-epitope affinity technology could effectively overcome the biases of traditional affinity materials for key sites modification analysis of mAb. Particularly, the novel bioanalytical platform can be successfully used for the tracking analysis of trastuzumab modifications in different biological fluids. Compared to the spiked phosphate buffer (PB) model, faster modification trends were monitored in the spiked serum and patients' sera due to the catalytic effect of plasma proteins and relevant proteases. Differences in peptide modification levels of trastuzumab in patients' sera were also monitored. In summary, the novel bioanalytical platform based on the multi-epitope affinity technology holds great potentials for in vivo biotransformation analysis of mAb, contributing to improved understanding and paving the way for future research and clinical applications.

Reducing Immunogenicity by Design: Approaches to Minimize Immunogenicity of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have transformed therapeutic strategies for various diseases. Their high specificity to target antigens makes them ideal therapeutic agents for certain diseases. However, a challenge to their application in clinical practice is their potential risk to induce unwanted immune response, termed immunogenicity. This challenge drives the continued efforts to deimmunize these protein therapeutics while maintaining their pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Because mAbs hold a central position in therapeutic strategies against an array of diseases, the importance of conducting comprehensive immunogenicity risk assessment during the drug development process cannot be overstated. Such assessment necessitates the employment of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies to evaluate the immunogenicity risk of mAbs. Understanding the intricacies of the mechanisms that drive mAb immunogenicity is crucial to improving their therapeutic efficacy and safety and developing the most effective strategies to determine and mitigate their immunogenic risk. This review highlights recent advances in immunogenicity prediction strategies, with a focus on protein engineering strategies used throughout development to reduce immunogenicity.

Antibodies internalization mechanisms by dendritic cells and their role in therapeutic antibody immunogenicity

Internalization and processing by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are critical steps for initiating a T-cell response to therapeutic antibodies. Consequences are the production of neutralizing antidrug antibodies altering the clinical response, the presence of immune complexes, and, in some rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the knowledge of cellular uptake mechanisms of antibodies in DCs. The uptake of antibodies could be directly related to their immunogenicity by regulating the quantity of materials entering the DCs in relation to antibody structure. Here, we summarize the latest insights into cellular uptake mechanisms and pathways in DCs. We highlight the approaches to study endocytosis, the impact of endocytosis routes on T-cell response, and discuss the link between how DCs internalize therapeutic antibodies and the potential mechanisms that could give rise to immunogenicity. Understanding these processes could help in developing assays to evaluate the immunogenicity potential of biotherapeutics.

Comprehensive physicochemical characterization of a peptide-based medicine: Teduglutide (Revestive®) structural description and stress testing

Teduglutide (Revestive®) is a glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue used for the treatment of short bowel syndrome, a rare life-threatening condition in which the amount of functional gut is too short to enable proper absorption of nutrients and fluids. During handling prior to administration to the patient in hospital, it is possible that peptide-based medicines may be exposed to environmental stress conditions that could affect their quality. It is therefore essential to carry out stress testing studies to evaluate how such medicines respond to these stresses. For this reason, in this paper we present a strategy for a comprehensive analytical characterization of a peptide and a stress testing study in which it was subjected to various stress conditions: heating at 40 °C and 60 °C, light exposure and shaking. Several complementary analytical techniques were used throughout this study: Far UV circular dichroism, intrinsic protein fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, size-exclusion chromatography and intact and peptide mapping reverse-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to offer an in-depth description of the chemical structure of teduglutide peptide and its physicochemical characteristics after stress stimuli were applied to the reconstituted medicine Revestive®.

Blueprint for antibody biologics developability

Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.

Instability Challenges and Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins

Maintaining the structure of protein and peptide drugs has become one of the most important goals of scientists in recent decades. Cold and thermal denaturation conditions, lyophilization and freeze drying, different pH conditions, concentrations, ionic strength, environmental agitation, the interaction between the surface of liquid and air as well as liquid and solid, and even the architectural structure of storage containers are among the factors that affect the stability of these therapeutic biomacromolecules. The use of genetic engineering, side-directed mutagenesis, fusion strategies, solvent engineering, the addition of various preservatives, surfactants, and additives are some of the solutions to overcome these problems. This article will discuss the types of stress that lead to instabilities of different proteins used in pharmaceutics including regulatory proteins, antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, and then all the methods for fighting these stresses will be reviewed. New and existing analytical methods that are used to detect the instabilities, mainly changes in their primary and higher order structures, are briefly summarized.