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Pradhan A, Phillips B, Yang F, Karan K, Durig T, Haight B, Martin C, Zhang F. Optimizing twin-screw melt granulation: The role of overflight clearance on granulation behavior. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123900. [PMID: 38360288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Twin-screw melt granulation (TSMG) relies on the dispersive and distributive mixing at the kneading zone for granule growth to happen highlighting the critical role played by the kneading elements in TSMG. Despite extensive research conducted on the impact of screw geometry in melt compounding, there is not enough literature for TSMG. Disc width for the kneading elements was 2 mm, contrary to the standard 5 mm. The objective of this study was to evaluate if varying overflight clearance (OC) can alter the paradigm for TSMG. The new elements reduce the peak shear at kneading zone however a higher barrel temperature and degree of fill (DoF) is required to compensate to attain similar granule attributes. The change in DoF was achieved through a combination of modified screw configuration to pre-densify powders before kneading and processing at a lower screw speed. Despite the higher barrel temperature, process optimization of thermally unstable gabapentin was carried out. Using the new elements, compressible granules (Tensile strength > 2 MPa) with low % GABA-L content were manufactured despite increasing OC to 0.4 mm. Granule stability at 40 °C, ambient humidity for 6 months indicated gabapentin was stable (% GABA-L ≪0.4 %) despite a high barrel temperature of 120 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwait Pradhan
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Brian Phillips
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Kapish Karan
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Thomas Durig
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Brian Haight
- Leistritz Extrusion Technology, Somerville, NJ, United States
| | - Charlie Martin
- Leistritz Extrusion Technology, Somerville, NJ, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Patil H, Vemula SK, Narala S, Lakkala P, Munnangi SR, Narala N, Jara MO, Williams RO, Terefe H, Repka MA. Hot-Melt Extrusion: from Theory to Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation-Where Are We Now? AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:37. [PMID: 38355916 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a globally recognized, robust, effective technology that enhances the bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients and offers an efficient continuous manufacturing process. The twin-screw extruder (TSE) offers an extremely resourceful customizable mixer that is used for continuous compounding and granulation by using different combinations of conveying elements, kneading elements (forward and reverse configuration), and distributive mixing elements. TSE is thus efficiently utilized for dry, wet, or melt granulation not only to manufacture dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, or granule-filled sachets, but also for designing novel formulations such as dry powder inhalers, drying units for granules, nanoextrusion, 3D printing, complexation, and amorphous solid dispersions. Over the past decades, combined academic and pharmaceutical industry collaborations have driven novel innovations for HME technology, which has resulted in a substantial increase in published articles and patents. This article summarizes the challenges and models for executing HME scale-up. Additionally, it covers the benefits of continuous manufacturing, process analytical technology (PAT) considerations, and regulatory requirements. In summary, this well-designed review builds upon our earlier publication, probing deeper into the potential of twin-screw extruders (TSE) for various new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Patil
- Department of Product Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, 14 Schoolhouse Road, Somerset, New Jersey, 08873, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Preethi Lakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Siva Ram Munnangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Nagarjuna Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Miguel O Jara
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Hibreniguss Terefe
- Department of Product Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, 14 Schoolhouse Road, Somerset, New Jersey, 08873, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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Lou H, Ding L, Wu T, Li W, Khalaf R, Smyth HDC, Reid DL. Emerging Process Modeling Capabilities for Dry Powder Operations for Inhaled Formulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5332-5344. [PMID: 37783568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) products are commonly formulated as a mixture of micronized drug particles and large carrier particles, with or without additional fine particle excipients, followed by final powder filling into dose containment systems such as capsules, blisters, or reservoirs. DPI product manufacturing consists of a series of unit operations, including particle size reduction, blending, and filling. This review provides an overview of the relevant critical process parameters used for jet milling, high-shear blending, and dosator/drum capsule filling operations across commonly utilized instruments. Further, this review describes the recent achievements regarding the application of empirical and mechanistic models, especially discrete element method (DEM) simulation, in DPI process development. Although to date only limited modeling/simulation work has been accomplished, in the authors' perspective, process design and development are destined to be more modeling/simulation driven with the emphasis on evaluating the impact of material attributes/process parameters on process performance. The advancement of computational power is expected to enable modeling/simulation approaches to tackle more complex problems with better accuracy when dealing with real-world DPI process operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Li Ding
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tian Wu
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Weikun Li
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ryan Khalaf
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 West University Avenue, PHR 4.214, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Darren L Reid
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Nyavanandi D, Mandati P, Narala S, Alzahrani A, Kolimi P, Vemula SK, Repka MA. Twin Screw Melt Granulation: A Single Step Approach for Developing Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Lipophilic Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2267. [PMID: 37765237 PMCID: PMC10534719 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research aims to improve the solubility of the poorly soluble drug, i.e., ibuprofen, by developing self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) utilizing a twin screw melt granulation (TSMG) approach. Gelucire® 44/14, Gelucire® 48/16, and Transcutol® HP were screened as suitable excipients for developing the SEDDS formulations. Initially, liquid SEDDS (L-SEDDS) were developed with oil concentrations between 20-50% w/w and surfactant to co-surfactant ratios of 2:1, 4:1, 6:1. The stable formulations of L-SEDDS were transformed into solid SEDDS (S-SEDDS) using a suitable adsorbent carrier and compressed into tablets (T-SEDDS). The S-SEDDS has improved flow, drug release profiles, and permeability compared to pure drugs. The existence of the drug in an amorphous state was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The formulations with 20% w/w and 30% w/w of oil concentration and a 4:1 ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant have resulted in a stable homogeneous emulsion with a globule size of 14.67 ± 0.23 nm and 18.54 ± 0.55 nm. The compressed tablets were found stable after six months of storage at accelerated and long-term conditions. This shows the suitability of the TSMG approach as a single-step continuous manufacturing process for developing S-SEDDS formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Praveen Kolimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Michael A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (D.N.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (A.A.); (P.K.); (S.K.V.)
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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