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Mayhew CN, Singhania R. A review of protocols for brain organoids and applications for disease modeling. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:101860. [PMID: 36566384 PMCID: PMC9803834 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in human stem cell technologies have enabled the generation of 3D brain organoid platforms for modeling human neurodevelopment and disease. Here, we review advances in brain organoid development, approaches for generating whole-brain or cerebral organoids and region-specific brain organoids, and their applications in disease modeling. We present a comprehensive overview of various brain organoid generation protocols, including culture steps, media, timelines, and technical considerations associated with each protocol, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each protocol. We also discuss the current limitations as well as increasing sophistication of brain organoid technology, and future directions for the field. These insights provide a valuable assessment of multiple commonly used brain organoid models and main considerations for investigators who are considering implementing brain organoid technologies in their laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Mayhew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Richa Singhania
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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2
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Sandhurst ES, Jaswandkar SV, Kundu K, Katti DR, Katti KS, Sun H, Engebretson D, Francis KR. Nanoarchitectonics of a Microsphere-Based Scaffold for Modeling Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disease. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:528-544. [PMID: 35045249 PMCID: PMC8865216 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cellular constructs derived from pluripotent stem cells allow the ex vivo study of neurodevelopment and neurological disease within a spatially organized model. However, the robustness and utility of three-dimensional models is impacted by tissue self-organization, size limitations, nutrient supply, and heterogeneity. In this work, we have utilized the principles of nanoarchitectonics to create a multifunctional polymer/bioceramic composite microsphere system for stem cell culture and differentiation in a chemically defined microenvironment. Microspheres could be customized to produce three-dimensional structures of defined size (ranging from >100 to <350 μm) with lower mechanical properties compared with a thin film. Furthermore, the microspheres softened in solution, approaching more tissue-like mechanical properties over time. With neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, microsphere-cultured NSCs were able to utilize multiple substrates to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. Prolonged culture of NSC-bound microspheres under differentiating conditions allowed the formation of both neural and glial cell types from control and patient-derived stem cell models. Human NSCs and differentiated neurons could also be cocultured with astrocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, demonstrating application for tissue-engineered modeling of development and human disease. We further demonstrated that microspheres allow the loading and sustained release of multiple recombinant proteins to support cellular maintenance and differentiation. While previous work has principally utilized self-organizing models or protein-rich hydrogels for neural culture, the three-dimensional matrix developed here through nanoarchitectonics represents a chemically defined and robust alternative for the in vitro study of neurodevelopment and nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Sandhurst
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
South Dakota, Sioux
Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States,BioSystems
Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, South Dakota 57006, United States
| | - Sharad V. Jaswandkar
- Civil,
Construction and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Krishna Kundu
- Civil,
Construction and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Dinesh R. Katti
- Civil,
Construction and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Kalpana S. Katti
- Civil,
Construction and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hongli Sun
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
South Dakota, Sioux
Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States,BioSystems
Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, South Dakota 57006, United States
| | - Daniel Engebretson
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
South Dakota, Sioux
Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States
| | - Kevin R. Francis
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
South Dakota, Sioux
Falls, South Dakota 57107, United States,BioSystems
Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, South Dakota 57006, United States,Cellular
Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford
Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57104, United States,Department
of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota
Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux
Falls, South Dakota 57105, United States,
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Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. The Emergence of Model Systems to Investigate the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:813544. [PMID: 35211003 PMCID: PMC8862182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.813544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have an elevated risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s-related dementias (AD/ADRD). Despite these connections, the underlying mechanisms by which TBI induces AD-related pathology, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive decline have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the various in vivo and in vitro models that are being employed to provide more definite mechanistic relationships between TBI-induced mechanical injury and AD-related phenotypes. In particular, we will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems as it relates to advancing the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to TBI-induced AD onset and progression as well as providing platforms to evaluate potential therapies. Finally, we will discuss how emerging methods including the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cultures and genome engineering technologies can be employed to generate better models of TBI-induced AD.
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