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Sun D, Zhan Z, Wang B, Liu T, Yu M, Lan Y, Li J. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Protease TMPRSS2 in Ocular Hypertension Eyes of Nonhuman Primate and Human. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:270-279. [PMID: 38212998 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2291749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Coronavirus disease 2019 is a disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The double-positive of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine type 2 have a higher risk of being infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The susceptibility of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with chronic diseases, especially in different tissues of ocular hypertension eyes like glaucoma, is not yet known. METHODS An ocular hypertension model was established by laser photocoagulation in rhesus monkeys. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine type 2 in three ocular hypertension eyes and the three control eyes were analyzed using immunofluorescence. RESULTS No difference was observed between ocular hypertension and control eyes in the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine type 2 in the conjunctival epithelium, corneal epithelium, and ciliary muscle. In ocular hypertension eyes and control eyes, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine type 2 expression were both observed in the retina. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 staining of retinal ganglion cells was found to be significantly higher in ocular hypertension eyes than in control eyes. However, there was no difference in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine type 2 expression in retinal vessels and choroidal vessels between ocular hypertension and control eyes. In our study, the expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and TMPREE2 in human retina were similar to that of non-human primates as expected. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine type 2 were expressed widely in rhesus monkey eyes. When compared with controls eyes, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was higher in the retinal ganglion cells in ocular hypertension eyes, suggesting that high ocular pressure may affect the patients' ocular susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyi Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
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Araki T, Shimazawa M, Nakamura S, Otsu W, Numata Y, Sakata M, Kabayama K, Tsusaki H, Hara H. Investigation into the usefulness of cynomolgus monkeys with spontaneously elevated intraocular pressure as a model for glaucoma treatment research. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:52-60. [PMID: 38246728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many glaucoma treatments focus on lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), with novel drugs continuing to be developed. One widely used model involves raising IOP by applying a laser to the trabecular iris angle (TIA) of cynomolgus monkeys to damage the trabecular meshwork. This model, however, presents challenges such as varying IOP values, potential trabecular meshwork damage, and risk of animal distress. This study investigated whether animals with naturally high IOP (>25 mmHg) could be used to effectively evaluate IOP-lowering drugs, thereby possibly replacing laser-induced models. Relationships between TIA size, IOP, and pupil diameter were also examined. Three representative IOP-lowering drugs (latanoprost, timolol, ripasudil) were administered, followed by multiple IOP measurements and assessment of corneal thickness, TIA, and pupil diameter via anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). There was a positive correlation was noted between IOP and corneal thickness before instillation, and a negative correlation between IOP and TIA before instillation. Our findings suggest animals with naturally high IOP could be beneficial for glaucoma research and development as a viable replacement for the laser-induced model and that measuring TIA using AS-OCT along with IOP yields a more detailed evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Araki
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. Drug Safety Research Laboratories (SNBL DSR), Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Biomedical Research, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Biomedical Research, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Numata
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. Drug Safety Research Laboratories (SNBL DSR), Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakata
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. Drug Safety Research Laboratories (SNBL DSR), Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koji Kabayama
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. Drug Safety Research Laboratories (SNBL DSR), Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideshi Tsusaki
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd. Drug Safety Research Laboratories (SNBL DSR), Kagoshima, Japan; Biomedical Research, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Biomedical Research, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Ishikawa T, Kishi N, Shimizu Y, Fujimura T, Yamazaki T. Real-Time Imaging of Single Retinal Cell Apoptosis in a Non-Human Primate Ocular Hypertension Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:20. [PMID: 38252520 PMCID: PMC10810027 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of using DARC (detection of apoptosing retinal cells) technology as a biomarker for preclinical assessment of glaucomatous damage in a non-human primate (NHP) model of ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was induced by applying a laser to the trabecular meshwork in each eye of NHPs. Changes in DARC counts in the retina, identified as fluorescent-tagged annexin V (ANX776)-positive cells, were evaluated together with optic nerve damage, assessed using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. The pharmacokinetic properties of ANX776 in both healthy and OHT model monkeys were also examined. Results Sustained elevation of IOP and subsequent thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) around the optic nerve head were confirmed in the OHT model. Increases in DARC counts were also detected after IOP elevation. We identified a statistically significant relationship between cumulative DARC counts and reductions in RNFLT both globally and in each peripapillary sector. Intravenous administration of ANX776 increased blood annexin V in a dose-dependent manner, which was subsequently eliminated. Conclusions This study revealed that DARC technology can effectively assess glaucomatous damage in an NHP OHT model. We obtained the fundamental data that could serve as a reference for developing preclinical models to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of neuroprotective agents using DARC technology in NHP OHT models. Translational Relevance Our basic data in a monkey OHT model could be useful for future preclinical studies using DARC technology to estimate the pharmacodynamic response of neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishikawa
- Translational Science Management, Non-Clinical Biomedical Science, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishi
- Portfolio Evaluation Group, Cooperate Strategy, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shimizu
- Product Creation Unit, Immuno-Oncology, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Fujimura
- Translational Science Management, Non-Clinical Biomedical Science, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Yamazaki
- Translational Science Management, Non-Clinical Biomedical Science, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
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