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Li X, Lu W, Kharitonenkov A, Luo Y. Targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway for cholestatic, metabolic, and cancerous diseases. J Intern Med 2024; 295:292-312. [PMID: 38212977 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, or FGF15 in rodents) plays a central role in controlling bile acid (BA) synthesis through a negative feedback mechanism. This process involves a postprandial crosstalk between the BA-activated ileal farnesoid X receptor and the hepatic Klotho beta (KLB) coreceptor complexed with fibrobalst growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) kinase. Additionally, FGF19 regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by coordinating responses from functional KLB and FGFR1-3 receptor complexes on the periphery. Pharmacologically, native FGF19 or its analogs decrease elevated BA levels, fat content, and collateral tissue damage. This makes them effective in treating both cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis (PBC or PSC) and metabolic abnormalities such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, chronic administration of FGF19 drives oncogenesis in mice by activating the FGFR4-dependent mitogenic or hepatic regenerative pathway, which could be a concern in humans. Agents that block FGF19 or FGFR4 signaling have shown great potency in preventing FGF19-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in animal models. Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for several FGF19-based agents in selectively treating patients with PBC, PSC, NASH, or HCC. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical development of both analogs and antagonists targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway for patients with cholestatic, metabolic, and cancer diseases. We will also analyze potential safety and mechanistic concerns that should guide future research and advanced trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Liang Y, Shi G, Cai R, Yuan Y, Xie Z, Yu L, Huang Y, Shi Q, Wang L, Li J, Tang Z. PROST: quantitative identification of spatially variable genes and domain detection in spatial transcriptomics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:600. [PMID: 38238417 PMCID: PMC10796707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Computational methods have been proposed to leverage spatially resolved transcriptomic data, pinpointing genes with spatial expression patterns and delineating tissue domains. However, existing approaches fall short in uniformly quantifying spatially variable genes (SVGs). Moreover, from a methodological viewpoint, while SVGs are naturally associated with depicting spatial domains, they are technically dissociated in most methods. Here, we present a framework (PROST) for the quantitative recognition of spatial transcriptomic patterns, consisting of (i) quantitatively characterizing spatial variations in gene expression patterns through the PROST Index; and (ii) unsupervised clustering of spatial domains via a self-attention mechanism. We demonstrate that PROST performs superior SVG identification and domain segmentation with various spatial resolutions, from multicellular to cellular levels. Importantly, PROST Index can be applied to prioritize spatial expression variations, facilitating the exploration of biological insights. Together, our study provides a flexible and robust framework for analyzing diverse spatial transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Guowei Shi
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Runlin Cai
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuchen Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ziying Xie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Long Yu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yingjian Huang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qian Shi
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lizhe Wang
- School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Zhonghui Tang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Meng X, Lin Q, Zeng X, Jiang J, Li M, Luo X, Chen K, Wu H, Hu Y, Liu C, Su B. Brain developmental and cortical connectivity changes in transgenic monkeys carrying the human-specific duplicated gene SRGAP2C. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad281. [PMID: 38090550 PMCID: PMC10712708 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human-specific duplicated genes contributed to phenotypic innovations during the origin of our own species, such as an enlarged brain and highly developed cognitive abilities. While prior studies on transgenic mice carrying the human-specific SRGAP2C gene have shown enhanced brain connectivity, the relevance to humans remains unclear due to the significant evolutionary gap between humans and rodents. In this study, to investigate the phenotypic outcome and underlying genetic mechanism of SRGAP2C, we generated transgenic cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) carrying the human-specific SRGAP2C gene. Longitudinal MRI imaging revealed delayed brain development with region-specific volume changes, accompanied by altered myelination levels in the temporal and occipital regions. On a cellular level, the transgenic monkeys exhibited increased deep-layer neurons during fetal neurogenesis and delayed synaptic maturation in adolescence. Moreover, transcriptome analysis detected neotenic expression in molecular pathways related to neuron ensheathment, synaptic connections, extracellular matrix and energy metabolism. Cognitively, the transgenic monkeys demonstrated improved motor planning and execution skills. Together, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the newly evolved gene shapes the unique development and circuitry of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xuerui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Kaimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haixu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Cirong Liu
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Nouri P, Zimmer A, Brüggemann S, Friedrich R, Kühn R, Prakash N. Generation of a NES-mScarlet Red Fluorescent Reporter Human iPSC Line for Live Cell Imaging and Flow Cytometric Analysis and Sorting Using CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing. Cells 2022; 11:268. [PMID: 35053384 PMCID: PMC8773741 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the regenerative stem cell field have propelled the generation of tissue-specific cells in the culture dish for subsequent transplantation, drug screening purposes, or the elucidation of disease mechanisms. One major obstacle is the heterogeneity of these cultures, in which the tissue-specific cells of interest usually represent only a fraction of all generated cells. Direct identification of the cells of interest and the ability to specifically isolate these cells in vitro is, thus, highly desirable for these applications. The type VI intermediate filament protein NESTIN is widely used as a marker for neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) in the developing and adult central and peripheral nervous systems. Applying CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we have introduced a red fluorescent reporter (mScarlet) into the NESTIN (NES) locus of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line. We describe the generation and characterization of NES-mScarlet reporter hiPSCs and demonstrate that this line is an accurate reporter of NSCs/NPCs during their directed differentiation into human midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. Furthermore, NES-mScarlet hiPSCs can be used for direct identification during live cell imaging and for flow cytometric analysis and sorting of red fluorescent NSCs/NPCs in this paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Nouri
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (P.N.); (S.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Anja Zimmer
- Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Brüggemann
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (P.N.); (S.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Robin Friedrich
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (P.N.); (S.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (P.N.); (S.B.); (R.F.)
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5
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Boschen KE, Fish EW, Parnell SE. Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts Sonic hedgehog pathway and primary cilia genes in the mouse neural tube. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:136-147. [PMID: 34492310 PMCID: PMC8529623 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurulation-stage alcohol exposure (NAE; embryonic day [E] 8-10) is associated with midline craniofacial and CNS defects that likely arise from disruption of morphogen pathways, such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Notably, midline anomalies are also a hallmark of genetic ciliopathies such as Joubert syndrome. We tested whether NAE alters Shh pathway signaling and the number and function of primary cilia, organelles critical for Shh pathway transduction. Female C57BL/6 J mice were administered two doses of alcohol (2.9 g/kg/dose) or vehicle on E9. Embryos were collected 6, 12, or 24 h later, and changes to Shh, cell cycle genes, and primary cilia were measured in the rostroventral neural tube (RVNT). Within the first 24 h post-NAE, reductions in Shh pathway and cell cycle gene expression and the ratio of Gli3 forms in the full-length activator state were observed. RVNT volume and cell layer width were reduced at 12 h. In addition, altered expression of multiple cilia-related genes was observed at 6 h post-NAE. As a further test of cilia gene-ethanol interaction, mice heterozygous for Kif3a exhibited perturbed behavior during adolescence following NAE compared to vehicle-treated mice, and Kif3a heterozygosity exacerbated the hyperactive effects of NAE on exploratory activity. These data demonstrate that NAE downregulates the Shh pathway in a region of the neural tube that gives rise to alcohol-sensitive brain structures and identifies disruption of primary cilia function, or a "transient ciliopathy", as a possible cellular mechanism of prenatal alcohol pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Boschen
- Bowles Center on Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric W Fish
- Bowles Center on Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott E Parnell
- Bowles Center on Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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6
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Nouri P, Götz S, Rauser B, Irmler M, Peng C, Trümbach D, Kempny C, Lechermeier CG, Bryniok A, Dlugos A, Euchner E, Beckers J, Brodski C, Klümper C, Wurst W, Prakash N. Dose-Dependent and Subset-Specific Regulation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation by LEF1-Mediated WNT1/b-Catenin Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587778. [PMID: 33195246 PMCID: PMC7649324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons, including the nigrostriatal subset that preferentially degenerates in Parkinson’s Disease (PD), strongly depend on an accurately balanced Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 1 (WNT1)/beta-catenin signaling pathway during their development. Loss of this pathway abolishes the generation of these neurons, whereas excessive WNT1/b-catenin signaling prevents their correct differentiation. The identity of the cells responding to this pathway in the developing mammalian ventral midbrain (VM) as well as the precise progression of WNT/b-catenin action in these cells are still unknown. We show that strong WNT/b-catenin signaling inhibits the differentiation of WNT/b-catenin-responding mdDA progenitors into PITX3+ and TH+ mdDA neurons by repressing the Pitx3 gene in mice. This effect is mediated by RSPO2, a WNT/b-catenin agonist, and lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1), an essential nuclear effector of the WNT/b-catenin pathway, via conserved LEF1/T-cell factor binding sites in the Pitx3 promoter. LEF1 expression is restricted to a caudolateral mdDA progenitor subset that preferentially responds to WNT/b-catenin signaling and gives rise to a fraction of all mdDA neurons. Our data indicate that an attenuation of WNT/b-catenin signaling in mdDA progenitors is essential for their correct differentiation into specific mdDA neuron subsets. This is an important consideration for stem cell-based regenerative therapies and in vitro models of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Nouri
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Götz
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedict Rauser
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Changgeng Peng
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kempny
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Carina G Lechermeier
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Bryniok
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Andrea Dlugos
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Ellen Euchner
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claude Brodski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Claudia Klümper
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
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Xiang Y, Cakir B, Park IH. Deconstructing and reconstructing the human brain with regionally specified brain organoids. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:40-51. [PMID: 32553582 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids, three-dimensional neural cultures recapitulating the spatiotemporal organization and function of the brain in a dish, offer unique opportunities for investigating the human brain development and diseases. To model distinct parts of the brain, various region-specific human brain organoids have been developed. In this article, we review current approaches to produce human region-specific brain organoids, developed through the endeavor of many researchers. We highlight the applications of human region-specific brain organoids, especially in reconstructing regional interactions in the brain through organoid fusion. We also outline the existing challenges to drive forward further the brain organoid technology and its applications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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8
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Brodski C, Blaess S, Partanen J, Prakash N. Crosstalk of Intercellular Signaling Pathways in the Generation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons In Vivo and from Stem Cells. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010003. [PMID: 30650592 PMCID: PMC6473842 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-synthesizing neurons located in the mammalian ventral midbrain are at the center stage of biomedical research due to their involvement in severe human neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The induction of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons depends on two important signaling centers of the mammalian embryo: the ventral midline or floor plate (FP) of the neural tube, and the isthmic organizer (IsO) at the mid-/hindbrain boundary (MHB). Cells located within and close to the FP secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), and members of the wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT1/5A), as well as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family. The IsO cells secrete WNT1 and the fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). Accordingly, the FGF8, SHH, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways play crucial roles during the development of the mDA neurons in the mammalian embryo. Moreover, these morphogens are essential for the generation of stem cell-derived mDA neurons, which are critical for the modeling, drug screening, and cell replacement therapy of PD. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the functions and crosstalk of these signaling pathways in mammalian mDA neuron development in vivo and their applications in stem cell-based paradigms for the efficient derivation of these neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Brodski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Juha Partanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FIN00014-University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany.
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Oduyebo I, Camilleri M, Nelson AD, Khemani D, Nord SL, Busciglio I, Burton D, Rhoten D, Ryks M, Carlson P, Donato L, Lueke A, Kim K, Rossi SJ, Zinsmeister AR. Effects of NGM282, an FGF19 variant, on colonic transit and bowel function in functional constipation: a randomized phase 2 trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:725-734. [PMID: 29717197 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NGM282 is an analog of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a potent inhibitor of bile acid (BA) synthesis in animals and humans. In phase 2 trials in type 2 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis, NGM282 was associated with dose-related abdominal cramping and diarrhea. We aimed to examine effects of NGM282 on colonic transit, stool frequency and consistency, hepatic BA synthesis (fasting serum C4), fecal fat, and BA in functional constipation (FC). METHODS Two-dose NGM282 (1 and 6 mg, subcutaneously daily), parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled, 14-day study in patients with FC (Rome III criteria) and baseline colonic transit 24 h geometric center (GC) <3.0. We explored treatment interaction with SNPs in genes KLB, FGFR4, and TGR5 (GPBAR1). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS overall ANCOVA at α = 0.025 (baseline as covariate where available), with three pairwise comparisons among the three groups (α = 0.008). RESULTS Overall, NGM282 altered bowel function (number of bowel movements, looser stool form, and increased ease of passage) and significantly accelerated gastric and colonic transit. Dose-related effects were seen with GC 24 h, but not with gastric emptying (GE) and GC 48 h. There were no differences in fecal fat or weight, but there was reduced fecal total BA excretion with NGM282. The most common adverse events were increased appetite (n = 0 with placebo, 2 with 1 mg, 9 with 6 mg), injection site reaction (n = 2 placebo, 4 with 1 mg, 8 with 6 mg), and diarrhea (n = 1 with 1 mg and 4 with 6 mg NGM282). There was treatment interaction with KLB SNP, with greater increase in colonic transit in participants with the minor A allele (p = 0.056). CONCLUSION NGM282 significantly impacts GE and colonic transit, consistent with the observed clinical symptoms. The specific mechanism of prokinetic activity requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibironke Oduyebo
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfred D Nelson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Disha Khemani
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sara Linker Nord
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Irene Busciglio
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deborah Rhoten
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Ryks
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paula Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leslie Donato
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan Lueke
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kathline Kim
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossi
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan R Zinsmeister
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Kim JJ, Jiwani T, Erwood S, Loree J, Rosenblum ND. Suppressor of fused controls cerebellar neuronal differentiation in a manner modulated by GLI3 repressor and Fgf15. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:156-169. [PMID: 28560839 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of Suppressor of Fused (SuFu), an intracellular mediator of Hedgehog signaling, in the murine mid-hindbrain disrupts cerebellar morphogenesis and cell differentiation in a manner that is rescued by constitutive expression of GLI3 transcriptional repressor (GLI3R). Here, we determined SuFu functions in cerebellar radial precursors following the stage of mid-hindbrain specification using a Blbp-Cre transgene. RESULTS SuFu-deficient cerebella were severely dysplastic, and characterized by laminar disorganization, and delayed differentiation of ventricular zone-derived precursors. In vitro analysis of cerebellar precursors isolated from control and mutant mice demonstrated an increased proportion of radial glial precursors vs. Tuj1-positive neurons in mutant cultures. Abnormal cell differentiation in SuFu-deficient precursors was rescued by a constitutively expressed GLI3R knock-in allele, albeit with variable penetrance. Using RNA expression analysis in control and SuFu-deficient cerebellar anlage, we identified up-regulation of Fgf15 in mutant tissue. Strikingly, exogenous hFGF19, a mFGF15 ortholog, inhibited neuronal differentiation in cultures of wild-type cerebellar precursors. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fgf15 in SuFu-deficient cerebellar precursors rescued their delayed differentiation to neurons. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results show that SuFu promotes cerebellar radial precursor differentiation to neurons. SuFu function is mediated in part by GLI3R and down-regulation of Fgf15 expression. Developmental Dynamics 247:156-169, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny J Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tayyaba Jiwani
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Erwood
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jillian Loree
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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A pharmacogenomic profile of human neural progenitors undergoing differentiation in the presence of the traditional Chinese medicine NeuroAiD. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 16:461-71. [PMID: 27044682 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NeuroAiD, a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat stroke patients in China, was recently demonstrated in rodent models and in clinical trials to possess neuroregenerative and neuroprotective properties. In order to understand the mechanisms employed by NeuroAiD to bring about its neuroproliferative and neuroprotective effects, we investigated the impact of MLC901, a reformulated version of MLC601, on human neural progenitors undergoing neural differentiation at the molecular level by performing three independent microarray experiments. Functional annotations of the genes regulated by MLC901 that were associated with neurogenesis were found to be enriched. We also identified potential targets (FGF19, GALR2, MMP10, FGF3 and TDO2) of MLC901 that could promote neurogenesis and neuroprotection in the human brain. This work highlighted some interesting targets and offered some insights into the possible mechanism of action of MLC901. The discovery could also provide a platform to the development of future therapeutic targets.
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13
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Martinez-Ferre A, Lloret-Quesada C, Prakash N, Wurst W, Rubenstein JLR, Martinez S. Fgf15 regulates thalamic development by controlling the expression of proneural genes. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3095-109. [PMID: 26311466 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the brain structural complexity requires a precisely orchestrated interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic signals modulating cellular mechanisms to guide neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about the nature of these signals in the diencephalon, a complex brain region that processes and relays sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. Morphogenetic signals from brain organizers regulate histogenetic processes such as cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the key signal of the ZLI, identified as the diencephalic organizer. Fgf15, the mouse gene orthologous of human, chick, and zebrafish Fgf19, is induced by Shh signal and expressed in the diencephalic alar plate progenitors during histogenetic developmental stages. This work investigates the role of Fgf15 signal in diencephalic development. In the absence of Fgf15, the complementary expression pattern of proneural genes: Ascl1 and Nng2, is disrupted and the GABAergic thalamic cells do not differentiate; in addition dorsal thalamic progenitors failed to exit from the mitotic cycle and to differentiate into neurons. Therefore, our findings indicate that Fgf15 is the Shh downstream signal to control thalamic regionalization, neurogenesis, and neuronal differentiation by regulating the expression and mutual segregation of neurogenic and proneural regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Martinez-Ferre
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cosme Lloret-Quesada
- Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University, Spanish National Research Council, San Juan Campus, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Technical University Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Technical University Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University, Spanish National Research Council, San Juan Campus, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Parchem RJ, Moore N, Fish JL, Parchem JG, Braga TT, Shenoy A, Oldham MC, Rubenstein JLR, Schneider RA, Blelloch R. miR-302 Is Required for Timing of Neural Differentiation, Neural Tube Closure, and Embryonic Viability. Cell Rep 2015. [PMID: 26212322 PMCID: PMC4741278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved miR-302 family of microRNAs is expressed during early mammalian embryonic development. Here, we report that deletion of miR-302a-d in mice results in a fully penetrant late embryonic lethal phenotype. Knockout embryos have an anterior neural tube closure defect associated with a thickened neuroepithelium. The neuroepithelium shows increased progenitor proliferation, decreased cell death, and precocious neuronal differentiation. mRNA profiling at multiple time points during neurulation uncovers a complex pattern of changing targets over time. Overexpression of one of these targets, Fgf15, in the neuroepithelium of the chick embryo induces precocious neuronal differentiation. Compound mutants between mir-302 and the related mir-290 locus have a synthetic lethal phenotype prior to neurulation. Our results show that mir-302 helps regulate neurulation by suppressing neural progenitor expansion and precocious differentiation. Furthermore, these results uncover redundant roles for mir-290 and mir-302 early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Parchem
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nicole Moore
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacqueline G Parchem
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Archana Shenoy
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Self-organization of polarized cerebellar tissue in 3D culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep 2015; 10:537-50. [PMID: 25640179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During cerebellar development, the main portion of the cerebellar plate neuroepithelium gives birth to Purkinje cells and interneurons, whereas the rhombic lip, the germinal zone at its dorsal edge, generates granule cells and cerebellar nuclei neurons. However, it remains elusive how these components cooperate to form the intricate cerebellar structure. Here, we found that a polarized cerebellar structure self-organizes in 3D human embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture. The self-organized neuroepithelium differentiates into electrophysiologically functional Purkinje cells. The addition of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) promotes spontaneous generation of dorsoventrally polarized neural-tube-like structures at the level of the cerebellum. Furthermore, addition of SDF1 and FGF19 promotes the generation of a continuous cerebellar plate neuroepithelium with rhombic-lip-like structure at one end and a three-layer cytoarchitecture similar to the embryonic cerebellum. Thus, human-ESC-derived cerebellar progenitors exhibit substantial self-organizing potential for generating a polarized structure reminiscent of the early human cerebellum at the first trimester.
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16
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Su YX, Hou CC, Yang WX. Control of hair cell development by molecular pathways involving Atoh1, Hes1 and Hes5. Gene 2014; 558:6-24. [PMID: 25550047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atoh1, Hes1 and Hes5 are crucial for normal inner ear hair cell development. They regulate the expression of each other in a complex network, while they also interact with many other genes and pathways, such as Notch, FGF, SHH, WNT, BMP and RA. This paper summarized molecular pathways that involve Atoh1, Hes1, and Hes5. Some of the pathways and gene regulation mechanisms discussed here were studied in other tissues, yet they might inspire studies in inner ear hair cell development. Thereby, we presented a complex regulatory network involving these three genes, which might be crucial for proliferation and differentiation of inner ear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xun Su
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Alfano C, Studer M. Neocortical arealization: evolution, mechanisms, and open questions. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:411-47. [PMID: 23239642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a structure with no equals in the vertebrates and is the seat of the highest cerebral functions, such as thoughts and consciousness. It is radially organized into six layers and tangentially subdivided into functional areas deputed to the elaboration of sensory information, association between different stimuli, and selection and triggering of voluntary movements. The process subdividing the neocortical field into several functional areas is called "arealization". Each area has its own cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and peculiar functions. In the last century, several neuroscientists have investigated areal structure and the mechanisms that have led during evolution to the rising of the neocortex and its organization. The extreme conservation in the positioning and wiring of neocortical areas among different mammalian families suggests a conserved genetic program orchestrating neocortical patterning. However, the impressive plasticity of the neocortex, which is able to rewire and reorganize areal structures and connectivity after impairments of sensory pathways, argues for a more complex scenario. Indeed, even if genetics and molecular biology helped in identifying several genes involved in the arealization process, the logic underlying the neocortical bauplan is still beyond our comprehension. In this review, we will introduce the present knowledge and hypotheses on the ontogenesis and evolution of neocortical areas. Then, we will focus our attention on some open issues, which are still unresolved, and discuss some recent studies that might open new directions to be explored in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alfano
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, Nice, F-06108, France.
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18
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Li X, Li L, Pandey R, Byun JS, Gardner K, Qin Z, Dou Y. The histone acetyltransferase MOF is a key regulator of the embryonic stem cell core transcriptional network. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:163-78. [PMID: 22862943 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain self-renewal and the potential for rapid response to differentiation cues. Both ESC features are subject to epigenetic regulation. Here we show that the histone acetyltransferase Mof plays an essential role in the maintenance of ESC self-renewal and pluripotency. ESCs with Mof deletion lose characteristic morphology, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, and differentiation potential. They also have aberrant expression of the core transcription factors Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. Importantly, the phenotypes of Mof null ESCs can be partially suppressed by Nanog overexpression, supporting the idea that Mof functions as an upstream regulator of Nanog in ESCs. Genome-wide ChIP-sequencing and transcriptome analyses further demonstrate that Mof is an integral component of the ESC core transcriptional network and that Mof primes genes for diverse developmental programs. Mof is also required for Wdr5 recruitment and H3K4 methylation at key regulatory loci, highlighting the complexity and interconnectivity of various chromatin regulators in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China
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19
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Schröder JC, Läßig AK, Galetzka D, Peters A, Castle JC, Diederich S, Zechner U, Müller-Forell W, Keilmann A, Bartsch O. A boy with homozygous microdeletion of NEUROG1 presents with a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder [Moebius syndrome variant]. Behav Brain Funct 2013; 9:7. [PMID: 23419067 PMCID: PMC3599919 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We report on a 6-year-old Turkish boy with profound sensorineural deafness, balance disorder, severe disorder of oral motor function, and mild developmental delay. Further findings included scaphocephaly, plagiocephaly, long palpebral fissures, high narrow palate, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, torticollis, hypoplastic genitalia and faulty foot posture. Parents were consanguineous. Methods and results Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral single widened cochlear turn, narrowing of the internal auditory canal, and bilateral truncation of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve. Microarray analysis and next generation sequencing showed a homozygous deletion of chromosome 5q31.1 spanning 115.3 kb and including three genes: NEUROG1 (encoding neurogenin 1), DCNP1 (dendritic cell nuclear protein 1, C5ORF20) and TIFAB (TIFA-related protein). The inability to chew and swallow, deafness and balance disorder represented congenital palsies of cranial nerves V (trigeminal nerve) and VIII (vestibulo-cochlear nerve) and thus a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder. Conclusions Based on reported phenotypes of neurog1 null mutant mice and other vertebrates, we strongly propose NEUROG1 as the causative gene in this boy. The human NEUROG1 resides within the DFNB60 locus for non-syndromic autosomal recessive deafness on chromosome 5q22-q31, but linkage data have excluded it from being causative in the DFNB60 patients. Given its large size (35 Mb, >100 genes), the 5q22-q31 area could harbor more than one deafness gene. We propose NEUROG1 as a new gene for syndromic autosomal recessive hearing loss and congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder including cranial nerves V and VIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Schröder
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55101, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Buga AM, Scholz CJ, Kumar S, Herndon JG, Alexandru D, Cojocaru GR, Dandekar T, Popa-Wagner A. Identification of new therapeutic targets by genome-wide analysis of gene expression in the ipsilateral cortex of aged rats after stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50985. [PMID: 23251410 PMCID: PMC3521001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because most human stroke victims are elderly, studies of experimental stroke in the aged rather than the young rat model may be optimal for identifying clinically relevant cellular responses, as well for pinpointing beneficial interventions. Methodology/Principal Findings We employed the Affymetrix platform to analyze the whole-gene transcriptome following temporary ligation of the middle cerebral artery in aged and young rats. The correspondence, heat map, and dendrogram analyses independently suggest a differential, age-group-specific behaviour of major gene clusters after stroke. Overall, the pattern of gene expression strongly suggests that the response of the aged rat brain is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from the young, i.e. the total number of regulated genes is comparable in the two age groups, but the aged rats had great difficulty in mounting a timely response to stroke. Our study indicates that four genes related to neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders and depression (Acvr1c, Cort, Htr2b and Pnoc) may have impaired response to stroke in aged rats. New therapeutic options in aged rats may also include Calcrl, Cyp11b1, Prcp, Cebpa, Cfd, Gpnmb, Fcgr2b, Fcgr3a, Tnfrsf26, Adam 17 and Mmp14. An unexpected target is the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 in aged rats, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Post-stroke axonal growth was compromised in both age groups. Conclusion/Significance We suggest that a multi-stage, multimodal treatment in aged animals may be more likely to produce positive results. Such a therapeutic approach should be focused on tissue restoration but should also address other aspects of patient post-stroke therapy such as neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders, depression, neurotransmission and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine, Craiova, Romania
| | - Claus Jürgen Scholz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Lab for Microarray Applications, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James G. Herndon
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dragos Alexandru
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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A unilateral negative feedback loop between miR-200 microRNAs and Sox2/E2F3 controls neural progenitor cell-cycle exit and differentiation. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13292-308. [PMID: 22993445 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2124-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression during vertebrate development. We show that the miR-200 family plays a crucial role for the proper generation and survival of ventral neuronal populations in the murine midbrain/hindbrain region, including midbrain dopaminergic neurons, by directly targeting the pluripotency factor Sox2 and the cell-cycle regulator E2F3 in neural stem/progenitor cells. The lack of a negative regulation of Sox2 and E2F3 by miR-200 in conditional Dicer1 mutants (En1(+/Cre); Dicer1(flox/flox) mice) and after miR-200 knockdown in vitro leads to a strongly reduced cell-cycle exit and neuronal differentiation of ventral midbrain/hindbrain (vMH) neural progenitors, whereas the opposite effect is seen after miR-200 overexpression in primary vMH cells. Expression of miR-200 is in turn directly regulated by Sox2 and E2F3, thereby establishing a unilateral negative feedback loop required for the cell-cycle exit and neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells. Our findings suggest that the posttranscriptional regulation of Sox2 and E2F3 by miR-200 family members might be a general mechanism to control the transition from a pluripotent/multipotent stem/progenitor cell to a postmitotic and more differentiated cell.
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Oliveira SLB, Pillat MM, Cheffer A, Lameu C, Schwindt TT, Ulrich H. Functions of neurotrophins and growth factors in neurogenesis and brain repair. Cytometry A 2012; 83:76-89. [PMID: 23044513 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and isolation of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain, giving rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes initiated many studies in order to understand basic mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis and repair mechanisms of the nervous system and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for cellular regeneration therapies in brain disease. A previous review (Trujillo et al., Cytometry A 2009;75:38-53) focused on the importance of extrinsic factors, especially neurotransmitters, for directing migration and neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain. Here, we extend our review discussing the effects of the principal growth and neurotrophic factors as well as their intracellular signal transduction on neurogenesis, fate determination and neuroprotective mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms have been elucidated by in vitro studies for which neural stem cells were isolated, grown as neurospheres, induced to neural differentiation under desired experimental conditions, and analyzed for embryonic, progenitor, and neural marker expression by flow and imaging cytometry techniques. The better understanding of neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation is crucial for any therapeutic intervention aiming at neural stem cell transplantation and recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Center for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Andrew Lumsden
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Center for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; ,
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24
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Epstein DJ. Regulation of thalamic development by sonic hedgehog. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:57. [PMID: 22529771 PMCID: PMC3328779 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is strategically positioned within the caudal diencephalic area of the forebrain, between the mesencephalon and telencephalon. This location is important for unique aspects of thalamic function, to process and relay sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex. How the thalamus comes to reside within this region of the central nervous system has been the subject of much investigation. Extracellular signals secreted from key locations both extrinsic and intrinsic to the thalamic primordium have recently been identified and shown to play important roles in the growth, regionalization, and specification of thalamic progenitors. One factor in particular, the secreted morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh), has been implicated in spatiotemporal and threshold models of thalamic development that differ from other areas of the CNS due, in large part, to its expression within two signaling centers, the basal plate and the zona limitans intrathalamica, a dorsally projecting spike that separates the thalamus from the subthalamic region. Shh signaling from these dual sources exhibit unique and overlapping functions in the control of thalamic progenitor identity and nuclei specification. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of Shh function during thalamic development, revealing similarities, and differences that exist between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Epstein
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Devès M, Bourrat F. Transcriptional mechanisms of developmental cell cycle arrest: problems and models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:290-7. [PMID: 22464972 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metazoans begin their life as a single cell. Then, this cell enters a more or less protracted period of active cell proliferation, which can be considered as the default cellular state. A crucial event, the developmental cell cycle exit, occurs thereafter. This phenomenon allows for differentiation to happen and regulates the final size of organs and organisms. Its control is still poorly understood. Herein, we review some transcriptional mechanisms of cell cycle exit in animals, and propose to use cellular conveyor belts as model systems for its study. We finally point to evidence that suggests that the mechanisms of developmental cell cycle arrest may have to be maintained in adult tissues.
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26
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Potthoff MJ, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors 15/19 and 21: from feast to famine. Genes Dev 2012; 26:312-24. [PMID: 22302876 PMCID: PMC3289879 DOI: 10.1101/gad.184788.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We review the physiology and pharmacology of two atypical fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)-FGF15/19 and FGF21-that can function as hormones. Both FGF15/19 and FGF21 act on multiple tissues to coordinate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in response to nutritional status. Whereas FGF15/19 is secreted from the small intestine in response to feeding and has insulin-like actions, FGF21 is secreted from the liver in response to extended fasting and has glucagon-like effects. FGF21 also acts in an autocrine fashion in several tissues, including adipose. The pharmacological actions of FGF15/19 and FGF21 make them attractive drug candidates for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A. Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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27
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Guillemot F, Zimmer C. From cradle to grave: the multiple roles of fibroblast growth factors in neural development. Neuron 2011; 71:574-88. [PMID: 21867876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a functional nervous system involves a multitude of steps that are controlled by just a few families of extracellular signaling molecules. Among these, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is particularly prominent for the remarkable diversity of its functions. FGFs are best known for their roles in the early steps of patterning of the neural primordium and proliferation of neural progenitors. However, other equally important functions have emerged more recently, including in the later steps of neuronal migration, axon navigation, and synaptogenesis. We review here these diverse functions and discuss the mechanisms that account for this unusual range of activities. FGFs are essential components of most protocols devised to generate therapeutically important neuronal populations in vitro or to stimulate neuronal repair in vivo. How FGFs promote the development of the nervous system and maintain its integrity will thus remain an important focus of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Guillemot
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.
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28
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Chen Y, Moon AM, Gaufo GO. Influence of mesodermal Fgf8 on the differentiation of neural crest-derived postganglionic neurons. Dev Biol 2011; 361:125-36. [PMID: 22040872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the cranial neural crest (NC) and the epibranchial placode is critical for the formation of parasympathetic and visceral sensory ganglia, respectively. However, the molecular mechanism that controls this intercellular interaction is unknown. Here we show that the spatiotemporal expression of Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) is strategically poised to control this cellular relationship. A global reduction of Fgf8 in hypomorph embryos leads to an early loss of placode-derived sensory ganglia and reduced number of NC-derived postganglionic (PG) neurons. The latter finding is associated with the early loss of NC cells by apoptosis. This loss occurs concurrent with the interaction between the NC and placode-derived ganglia. Conditional knockout of Fgf8 in the anterior mesoderm shows that this tissue source of Fgf8 has a specific influence on the formation of PG neurons. Unlike the global reduction of Fgf8, mesodermal loss of Fgf8 leads to a deficiency in PG neurons that is independent of NC apoptosis or defects in placode-derived ganglia. We further examined the differentiation of PG precursors by using a quantitative approach to measure the intensity of Phox2b, a PG neuronal determinant. We found reduced numbers and immature state of PG precursors emerging from the placode-derived ganglia en route to their terminal target areas. Our findings support the view that global expression of Fgf8 is required for early NC survival and differentiation of placode-derived sensory neurons, and reveal a novel role for mesodermal Fgf8 on the early differentiation of the NC along the parasympathetic PG lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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29
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Ratzka A, Baron O, Grothe C. FGF-2 deficiency does not influence FGF ligand and receptor expression during development of the nigrostriatal system. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23564. [PMID: 21876757 PMCID: PMC3158085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play important roles during development of various organ systems. A detailed knowledge of their temporal and spatial expression profiles, especially of closely related FGF family members, are essential to further identification of specific functions in distinct tissues. In the central nervous system dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and their axonal projections into the striatum progressively degenerate in Parkinson's disease. In contrast, FGF-2 deficient mice display increased numbers of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we determined the expression profiles of all 22 FGF-ligands and 10 FGF-receptor isoforms, in order to clarify, if FGF-2 deficiency leads to compensatory up-regulation of other FGFs in the nigrostriatal system. Three tissues, ventral mesencephalon (VM), striatum (STR) and as reference tissue spinal cord (SC) of wild-type and FGF-2 deficient mice at four developmental stages E14.5, P0, P28, and adult were comparatively analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. As no differences between the genotypes were observed, a compensatory up-regulation can be excluded. Moreover, this analysis revealed that the majority of FGF-ligands (18/22) and FGF-receptors (9/10) are expressed during normal development of the nigrostriatal system and identified dynamic changes for some family members. By comparing relative expression level changes to SC reference tissue, general alterations in all 3 tissues, such as increased expression of FGF-1, -2, -22, FgfR-2c, -3c and decreased expression of FGF-13 during postnatal development were identified. Further, specific changes affecting only one tissue, such as increased FGF-16 (STR) or decreased FGF-17 (VM) expression, or two tissues, such as decreased expression of FGF-8 (VM, STR) and FGF-15 (SC, VM) were found. Moreover, 3 developmentally down-regulated FGFs (FGF-8b, FGF-15, FGF-17a) were functionally characterized by plasmid-based over-expression in dissociated E11.5 VM cell cultures, however, such a continuous exposure had no influence on the yield of dopaminergic neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ratzka
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Baron
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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