1
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Vardar C, George-Weinstein M, Getts R, Byrne ME. Evaluation of Dose-Response Relationship in Novel Extended Release of Targeted Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers to Treat Secondary Cataracts. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:459-466. [PMID: 38899506 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2024.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between targeted nanocarriers released from a novel, sustained release formulation and their ability to specifically deplete cells responsible for the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in month-long, dynamic cell cultures. Methods: Injectable, thermosensitive poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) triblock copolymer hydrogels were loaded with either a low or a high dose of doxorubicin-loaded antibody-targeted nanocarriers (G8:3DNA:Dox). Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, selected for their expression of PCO marker brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), were kept under dynamic media flow and received either a low or high dose of nanocarriers. Cells were fixed and stained at predetermined time points to evaluate targeted depletion of BAI1+ cells. Results: A lower dose of nanocarriers in hydrogel depleted BAI1+ cells at a slower rate than the higher dose, whereas both reached over 90% BAI1+ cellular nonviability at 28 days. Both treatment groups also significantly lowered the relative abundance of BAI1+ cells in the population compared with the control group. Conclusions: Controlled release of a lower dose of nanocarriers can still achieve therapeutically relevant effects in the prevention of PCO, while avoiding potential secondary effects associated with the administration of a higher dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vardar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Mark E Byrne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
- OcuMedic, Inc., Mullica Hill, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Gerhart J, George-Weinstein M. Myo/Nog Cells: The Jekylls and Hydes of the Lens. Cells 2023; 12:1725. [PMID: 37443759 PMCID: PMC10340492 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review a unique and versatile lineage composed of Myo/Nog cells that may be beneficial or detrimental depending on their environment and nature of the pathological stimuli they are exposed to. While we will focus on the lens, related Myo/Nog cell behaviors and functions in other tissues are integrated into the narrative of our research that spans over three decades, examines multiple species and progresses from early stages of embryonic development to aging adults. Myo/Nog cells were discovered in the embryonic epiblast by their co-expression of the skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor MyoD, the bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin and brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1. They were tracked from the epiblast into the developing lens, revealing heterogeneity of cell types within this structure. Depletion of Myo/Nog cells in the epiblast results in eye malformations arising from the absence of Noggin. In the adult lens, Myo/Nog cells are the source of myofibroblasts whose contractions produce wrinkles in the capsule. Eliminating this population within the rabbit lens during cataract surgery reduces posterior capsule opacification to below clinically significant levels. Parallels are drawn between the therapeutic potential of targeting Myo/Nog cells to prevent fibrotic disease in the lens and other ocular tissues.
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3
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Crispin M, Gerhart J, Heffer A, Martin M, Abdalla F, Bravo-Nuevo A, Philp NJ, Kuriyan AE, George-Weinstein M. Myo/Nog Cells Give Rise to Myofibroblasts During Epiretinal Membrane Formation in a Mouse Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:1. [PMID: 36723927 PMCID: PMC9904330 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myo/Nog cells are the source of myofibroblasts in the lens and synthesize muscle proteins in human epiretinal membranes (ERMs). In the current study, we examined the response of Myo/Nog cells during ERM formation in a mouse model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Methods PVR was induced by intravitreal injections of gas and ARPE-19 cells. PVR grade was scored by fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, and histology. Double label immunofluorescence localization was performed to quantify Myo/Nog cells, myofibroblasts, and leukocytes. Results Myo/Nog cells, identified by co-labeling with antibodies to brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) and Noggin, increased throughout the eye with induction of PVR and disease progression. They were present on the inner surface of the retina in grades 1/2 PVR and were the largest subpopulation of cells in grades 3 to 6 ERMs. All α-SMA-positive (+) cells and all but one striated myosin+ cell expressed BAI1 in grades 1 to 6 PVR. Folds and areas of retinal detachment were overlain by Myo/Nog cells containing muscle proteins. Low numbers of CD18, CD68, and CD45+ leukocytes were detected throughout the eye. Small subpopulations of BAI1+ cells expressed leukocyte markers. ARPE-19 cells were found in the vitreous but were rare in ERMs. Pigmented cells lacking Myo/Nog and muscle cell markers were present in ERMs and abundant within the retina by grade 5/6. Conclusions Myo/Nog cells differentiate into myofibroblasts that appear to contract and produce retinal folds and detachment. Targeting BAI1 for Myo/Nog cell depletion may be a pharmacological approach to preventing and treating PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Crispin
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alison Heffer
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Mark Martin
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Fathma Abdalla
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nancy J. Philp
- Sydney Kimmel Medical School of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ajay E. Kuriyan
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States,Current address: Retina Service/Mid Atlantic Retina, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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4
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Osorno LL, Mosley RJ, Poley PL, Bowers J, Gorski G, Gerhart J, Getts R, George-Weinstein M, Byrne ME. Sustained Release of Antibody-Conjugated DNA Nanocarriers from a Novel Injectable Hydrogel for Targeted Cell Depletion to Treat Cataract Posterior Capsule Opacification. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:404-411. [PMID: 35377237 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare a novel, sustained release formulation and a bolus injection of a targeted nanocarrier for the ability to specifically deplete cells responsible for the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in week-long, dynamic cell cultures. Methods: A novel, injectable, thermosensitive poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) triblock copolymer hydrogel was engineered for the sustained release of targeted, nucleic acid nanocarriers loaded with cytotoxic doxorubicin (G8:3DNA:Dox). Human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were used due to their expression of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), a specific marker for the myofibroblasts responsible for PCO. Under constant media flow, nanocarriers were injected into cell cultures as either a bolus or within the hydrogel. Cells were fixed and stained every other day for 7 days to compare targeted depletion of BAI1+ cells. Results: The formulation transitions to a gel at physiological temperatures, is optically clear, noncytotoxic, and can release G8:3DNA:Dox nanocarriers for up to 4 weeks. In RD cell cultures, G8:3DNA:Dox nanocarriers specifically eliminated BAI1+ cells. The bolus nanocarrier dose showed significantly reduced cell depletion overtime, while the sustained release of nanocarriers showed increased cell depletion over time. By day 7, <2% of BAI1+ cells were depleted by the bolus injection and 74.2% BAI1+ cells were targeted by the sustained release of nanocarriers. Conclusions: The sustained release of nanocarriers from the hydrogel allows for improved therapeutic delivery in a dynamic system. This method can offer a more effective and efficient method of prophylactically treating PCO after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Osorno
- Biomimetic and Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, and Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert J Mosley
- Biomimetic and Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, and Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricia L Poley
- Biomimetic and Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, and Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Mark E Byrne
- Biomimetic and Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, and Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA.,OcuMedic, Inc., Mullica Hill, New Jersey, USA
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5
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Joseph-Pauline S, Morrison N, Braccia M, Payne A, Gugerty L, Mostoller J, Lecker P, Tsai EJ, Kim J, Martin M, Brahmbhatt R, Gorski G, Gerhart J, George-Weinstein M, Stone J, Purushothuman S, Bravo-Nuevo A. Acute Response and Neuroprotective Role of Myo/Nog Cells Assessed in a Rat Model of Focal Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:780707. [PMID: 34949984 PMCID: PMC8689062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.780707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal brain injury in the form of a needlestick (NS) results in cell death and induces a self-protective response flanking the lesion. Myo/Nog cells are identified by their expression of bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) and the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD. Myo/Nog cells limit cell death in two forms of retinopathy. In this study, we examined the acute response of Myo/Nog cells to a NS lesion that extended from the rat posterior parietal cortex to the hippocampus. Myo/Nog cells were identified with antibodies to Noggin and BAI1. These cells were the primary source of both molecules in the uninjured and injured brain. One day after the NS, the normally small population of Myo/Nog cells expanded approximately eightfold within a 1 mm area surrounding the lesion. Myo/Nog cells were reduced by approximately 50% along the lesion with an injection of the BAI1 monoclonal antibody and complement. The number of dying cells, identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), was unchanged at this early time point in response to the decrease in Myo/Nog cells. However, increasing the number of Myo/Nog cells within the lesion by injecting BAI1-positive (+) cells isolated from the brains of other animals, significantly reduced cell death and increased the number of NeuN+ neurons compared to brains injected with phosphate buffered saline or exogenous BAI1-negative cells. These findings demonstrate that Myo/Nog cells rapidly react to injury within the brain and increasing their number within the lesion is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Morrison
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Braccia
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alana Payne
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lindsay Gugerty
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jesse Mostoller
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul Lecker
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - E-Jine Tsai
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Kim
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mark Martin
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rushil Brahmbhatt
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Stone
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sivaraman Purushothuman
- Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Abstract
Myo/Nog cells were discovered in the chick embryo epiblast. Their expression of MyoD reflects a commitment to the skeletal muscle lineage and capacity to differentiate into myofibroblasts. Release of Noggin by Myo/Nog cells is essential for normal morphogenesis. Myo/Nog cells rapidly respond to wounding in the skin and eyes. In this report, we present evidence suggesting that Myo/Nog cells phagocytose tattoo ink in tissue sections of human skin and engulf cell corpses in cultures of anterior human lens tissue and magnetic beads injected into the anterior chamber of mice in vivo. Myo/Nog cells are distinct from macrophages in the skin and eyes indicated by the absence of labeling with an antibody to ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1. In addition to their primary roles as regulators of BMP signaling and progenitors of myofibroblasts, Myo/Nog cells behave as nonprofessional phagocytes defined as cells whose primary functions are unrelated to phagocytosis but are capable of engulfment.
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7
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Gerhart J, Bowers J, Gugerty L, Gerhart C, Martin M, Abdalla F, Bravo-Nuevo A, Sullivan JT, Rimkunas R, Albertus A, Casta L, Getts L, Getts R, George-Weinstein M. Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is expressed in the Myo/Nog cell lineage. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234792. [PMID: 32614850 PMCID: PMC7332021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Myo/Nog cell lineage was discovered in the chick embryo and is also present in adult mammalian tissues. The cells are named for their expression of mRNA for the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD and bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin. A third marker for Myo/Nog cells is the cell surface molecule recognized by the G8 monoclonal antibody (mAb). G8 has been used to detect, track, isolate and kill Myo/Nog cells. In this study, we screened a membrane proteome array for the target of the G8 mAb. The array consisted of >5,000 molecules, each synthesized in their native confirmation with appropriate post-translational modifications in a single clone of HEK-293T cells. G8 mAb binding to the clone expressing brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) was detected by flow cytometry, re-verified by sequencing and validated by transfection with the plasmid construct for BAI1. Further validation of the G8 target was provided by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The G8 epitope was identified by screening a high-throughput, site directed mutagenesis library designed to cover 95–100% of the 954 amino acids of the extracellular domain of the BAI1 protein. The G8 mAb binds within the third thrombospondin repeat of the extracellular domain of human BAI1. Immunofluorescence localization experiments revealed that G8 and a commercially available BAI1 mAb co-localize to the subpopulation of Myo/Nog cells in the skin, eyes and brain. Expression of the multi-functional BAI1 protein in Myo/Nog cells introduces new possibilities for the roles of Myo/Nog cells in normal and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Lindsay Gugerty
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Colby Gerhart
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mark Martin
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Fathma Abdalla
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Amie Albertus
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lou Casta
- Genisphere, LLC, Hatfield, PA, United States of America
| | - Lori Getts
- Genisphere, LLC, Hatfield, PA, United States of America
| | - Robert Getts
- Genisphere, LLC, Hatfield, PA, United States of America
| | - Mindy George-Weinstein
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Gerhart J, Morrison N, Gugerty L, Telander D, Bravo-Nuevo A, George-Weinstein M. Myo/Nog cells expressing muscle proteins are present in preretinal membranes from patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108080. [PMID: 32474138 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a complication of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and ocular trauma. The disease is characterized by development of membranes that may apply traction to the retina and cause redetachment. Membrane contractions are attributed to myofibroblasts arising from retinal pigment epithelial cells, glia and fibroblasts. The progenitors of myofibrobasts in the lens are Myo/Nog cells that express the skeletal muscle transcription factor MyoD and bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin. The retina and choroid also contain Myo/Nog cells that respond to stress. We examined preretinal PVR membranes from three ocular trauma patients with retinal detachment for Myo/Nog cells and their expression of muscle proteins. Myo/Nog cells were identified by co-localization of antibodies to the G8 antigen and Noggin. Greater than 80% of all cells in sections from two of three patients expressed both G8 and Noggin. Myo/Nog cells lacked pigment. Alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and striated myosin II heavy chain were present in the majority of Myo/Nog cells in these two patients. Differentiation of Myo/Nog cells was paralleled by low levels of MyoD. Membrane sections from the third patient consisted mostly of connective tissue with very few cells. A small subpopulation in these sections expressed both G8 and Noggin, and muscle proteins were detected in only a minority of G8-positive (+) cells. In all three patients, greater than 99% of cells with MyoD, α-SMA and striated muscle myosin co-expressed G8. These findings suggest that contractile myofibroblasts in PVR membranes may be derived from differentiating Myo/Nog cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Morrison
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Gugerty
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Telander
- University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Retinal Consultants, Sacramento, CA, USA
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9
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Prasad MS, Uribe-Querol E, Marquez J, Vadasz S, Yardley N, Shelar PB, Charney RM, García-Castro MI. Blastula stage specification of avian neural crest. Dev Biol 2020; 458:64-74. [PMID: 31610145 PMCID: PMC7050198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate specification defines the earliest steps towards a distinct cell lineage. Neural crest, a multipotent stem cell population, is thought to be specified from the ectoderm, but its varied contributions defy canons of segregation potential and challenges its embryonic origin. Aiming to resolve this conflict, we have assayed the earliest specification of neural crest using blastula stage chick embryos. Specification assays on isolated chick epiblast explants identify an intermediate region specified towards the neural crest cell fate. Furthermore, low density culture suggests that the specification of intermediate cells towards the neural crest lineage is independent of contact mediated induction and Wnt-ligand induced signaling, but is, however, dependent on transcriptional activity of β-catenin. Finally, we have validated the regional identity of the intermediate region towards the neural crest cell fate using fate map studies. Our results suggest a model of neural crest specification within a restricted epiblast region in blastula stage chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneeshi S Prasad
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick B Shelar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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10
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Gerhart J, Werner L, Mamalis N, Infanti J, Withers C, Abdalla F, Gerhart C, Bravo-Nuevo A, Gerhart O, Getts L, Rhodes K, Bowers J, Getts R, George-Weinstein M. Depletion of Myo/Nog Cells in the Lens Mitigates Posterior Capsule Opacification in Rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:1813-1823. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Liliana Werner
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Nick Mamalis
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Joseph Infanti
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Colleen Withers
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Fathma Abdalla
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Colby Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Olivia Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lori Getts
- Genisphere, LLC, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kelly Rhodes
- Genisphere, LLC, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Robert Getts
- Genisphere, LLC, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, United States
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11
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Gerhart J, Behling K, Paessler M, Milton L, Bramblett G, Garcia D, Pitts M, Hurtt R, Crawford M, Lackman R, Nguyen D, Infanti J, FitzGerald P, George-Weinstein M. Rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms tumors contain a subpopulation of noggin producing, myogenic cells immunoreactive for lens beaded filament proteins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214758. [PMID: 30973903 PMCID: PMC6459534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo/Nog cells are identified by their expression of the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD and the bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor noggin, and binding of the G8 monoclonal antibody. Their release of noggin is critical for morphogenesis and skeletal myogenesis. In the adult, Myo/Nog cells are present in normal tissues, wounds and skin tumors. Myo/Nog cells in the lens give rise to myofibroblasts that synthesize skeletal muscle proteins. The purpose of this study was to screen human lens tissue, rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, and tissue sections from rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms and tumors lacking features of skeletal muscle for co-localization of antibodies to Myo/Nog cell markers and the lens beaded filament proteins filensin and CP49. Immunofluorescence localization experiments revealed that Myo/Nog cells of the lens bind antibodies to beaded filament proteins. Co-localization of antibodies to G8, noggin, filensin and CP49 was observed in most RC13 and a subpopulation of RD human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Western blotting with beaded filament antibodies revealed bands of similar molecular weights in RC13 and murine lens cells. Human alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas and Wilms tumors contained a subpopulation of cells immunoreactive for G8, noggin, MyoD and beaded filaments. G8 was also co-localized with filensin mRNA. Staining for beaded filament proteins was not detected in G8 positive cells in leiomyosarcomas, squamous and basal cell carcinomas, syringocarciomas and malignant melanomas. Lens beaded filament proteins were thought to be present only in the lens. Myo/Nog-like cells immunoreactive for beaded filaments may be diagnostic of tumors related to the skeletal muscle lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Behling
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States of America
- Dept. of Pathology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michele Paessler
- Division of Hematopathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - LaBraya Milton
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gregory Bramblett
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States of America
| | - Denise Garcia
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Meghan Pitts
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States of America
| | - Reginald Hurtt
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Crawford
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Richard Lackman
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States of America
| | - Daniela Nguyen
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Infanti
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Paul FitzGerald
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Mindy George-Weinstein
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Stone J, Mitrofanis J, Johnstone DM, Falsini B, Bisti S, Adam P, Nuevo AB, George-Weinstein M, Mason R, Eells J. Acquired Resilience: An Evolved System of Tissue Protection in Mammals. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818803428. [PMID: 30627064 PMCID: PMC6311597 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818803428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review brings together observations on the stress-induced regulation of resilience mechanisms in body tissues. It is argued that the stresses that induce tissue resilience in mammals arise from everyday sources: sunlight, food, lack of food, hypoxia and physical stresses. At low levels, these stresses induce an organised protective response in probably all tissues; and, at some higher level, cause tissue destruction. This pattern of response to stress is well known to toxicologists, who have termed it hormesis. The phenotypes of resilience are diverse and reports of stress-induced resilience are to be found in journals of neuroscience, sports medicine, cancer, healthy ageing, dementia, parkinsonism, ophthalmology and more. This diversity makes the proposing of a general concept of induced resilience a significant task, which this review attempts. We suggest that a system of stress-induced tissue resilience has evolved to enhance the survival of animals. By analogy with acquired immunity, we term this system 'acquired resilience'. Evidence is reviewed that acquired resilience, like acquired immunity, fades with age. This fading is, we suggest, a major component of ageing. Understanding of acquired resilience may, we argue, open pathways for the maintenance of good health in the later decades of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stone
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Mitrofanis
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel M. Johnstone
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Facolta’ di Medicina e Chirurgia, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Universita’ Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bisti
- Department of Biotechnical and Applied Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, IIT Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova and INBB Istituto Nazionale Biosistemi e Biostrutture, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Adam
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arturo Bravo Nuevo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mindy George-Weinstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Mason
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janis Eells
- College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Gerhart J, Withers C, Gerhart C, Werner L, Mamalis N, Bravo-Nuevo A, Scheinfeld V, FitzGerald P, Getts R, George-Weinstein M. Myo/Nog cells are present in the ciliary processes, on the zonule of Zinn and posterior capsule of the lens following cataract surgery. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:101-105. [PMID: 29559302 PMCID: PMC6085112 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myo/Nog cells, named for their expression of MyoD and noggin, enter the eye during early stages of embryonic development. Their release of noggin is critical for normal morphogenesis of the lens and retina. Myo/Nog cells are also present in adult eyes. Single nucleated skeletal muscle cells designated as myofibroblasts arise from Myo/Nog cells in cultures of lens tissue. In this report we document the presence of Myo/Nog cells in the lens, ciliary body and on the zonule of Zinn in mice, rabbits and humans. Myo/Nog cells were rare in all three structures. Their prevalence increased in the lens and ciliary body of rabbits 24 h following cataract surgery. Rabbits developed posterior capsule opacification (PCO) within one month of surgery. The number of Myo/Nog cells continued to be elevated in the lens and ciliary body. Myo/Nog cells containing alpha smooth muscle actin and striated muscle myosin were present on the posterior capsule and overlaid deformations in the capsule. Myo/Nog cells also were present on the zonule fibers and external surface of the posterior capsule. These findings suggest that Myo/Nog contribute to PCO and may use the zonule fibers to migrate between the ciliary processes and lens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen Withers
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colby Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liliana Werner
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nick Mamalis
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Paul FitzGerald
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Brandli A, Gerhart J, Sutera CK, Purushothuman S, George-Weinstein M, Stone J, Bravo-Nuevo A. Role of Myo/Nog Cells in Neuroprotection: Evidence from the Light Damaged Retina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169744. [PMID: 28099524 PMCID: PMC5242434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify Myo/Nog cells in the adult retina and test their role in protecting retinal photoreceptors from light damage. METHODS Light damage was induced by exposing albino rats raised in dim cyclic light to 1000 lux light for 24 hours. In one group of rats, Myo/Nog cells were purified from rat brain tissue by magnetic cell sorting following binding of the G8 monoclonal antibody (mAb). These cells were injected into the vitreous humour of the eye within 2 hours following bright light exposure. Retinal function was assessed using full-field, flash electroretinogram (ERG) before and after treatment. The numbers of Myo/Nog cells, apoptotic photoreceptors, and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in Muller cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Myo/Nog cells were present in the undamaged retina in low numbers. Light induced damage increased their numbers, particularly in the choroid, ganglion cell layer and outer plexiform layer. Intravitreal injection of G8-positive (G8+) cells harvested from brain mitigated all the effects of light damage examined, i.e. loss of retinal function (ERG), death of photoreceptors and the stress-induced expression of GFAP in Muller cells. Some of the transplanted G8+ cells were integrated into the retina from the vitreous. CONCLUSIONS Myo/Nog cells are a subpopulation of cells that are present in the adult retina. They increase in number in response to light induced stress. Intravitreal injection of Myo/Nog cells was protective to the retina, in part, by reducing retinal stress as measured by the Muller cell response. These results suggest that Myo/Nog cells, or the factors they produce, are neuroprotective and may be therapeutic in neurodegenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Brandli
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mindy George-Weinstein
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Stone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gerhart J, Greenbaum M, Casta L, Clemente A, Mathers K, Getts R, George-Weinstein M. Antibody-Conjugated, DNA-Based Nanocarriers Intercalated with Doxorubicin Eliminate Myofibroblasts in Explants of Human Lens Tissue. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:60-67. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.239079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Agrawal R, Dale TP, Al-Zubaidi MA, Benny Malgulwar P, Forsyth NR, Kulshreshtha R. Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells Display Distinct Hypoxic miRNA Expression Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164976. [PMID: 27783707 PMCID: PMC5081191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are reported to have a crucial role in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Hypoxia has been identified as a key biophysical element of the stem cell culture milieu however, the link between hypoxia and miRNA expression in stem cells remains poorly understood. We therefore explored miRNA expression in hypoxic human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells (hESCs and hMSCs). A total of 50 and 76 miRNAs were differentially regulated by hypoxia (2% O2) in hESCs and hMSCs, respectively, with a negligible overlap of only three miRNAs. We found coordinate regulation of precursor and mature miRNAs under hypoxia suggesting their regulation mainly at transcriptional level. Hypoxia response elements were located upstream of 97% of upregulated hypoxia regulated miRNAs (HRMs) suggesting hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) driven transcription. HIF binding to the candidate cis-elements of specific miRNAs under hypoxia was confirmed by Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR. Role analysis of a subset of upregulated HRMs identified linkage to reported inhibition of differentiation while a downregulated subset of HRMs had a putative role in the promotion of differentiation. MiRNA-target prediction correlation with published hypoxic hESC and hMSC gene expression profiles revealed HRM target genes enriched in the cytokine:cytokine receptor, HIF signalling and pathways in cancer. Overall, our study reveals, novel and distinct hypoxia-driven miRNA signatures in hESCs and hMSCs with the potential for application in optimised culture and differentiation models for both therapeutic application and improved understanding of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India-110016
| | - Tina P. Dale
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Zubaidi
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Prit Benny Malgulwar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India-110029
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India-110016
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Bravo-Nuevo A, Brandli AA, Gerhart J, Nichols J, Pitts M, Sutera CK, Assali S, Scheinfeld V, Prendergast GC, Stone J, George-Weinstein M. Neuroprotective effect of Myo/Nog cells in the stressed retina. Exp Eye Res 2015; 146:22-25. [PMID: 26688580 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myo/Nog cells are essential for eye development in the chick embryo and respond to injury in adult tissues. These cells express mRNA for the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor Noggin and the cell surface protein recognized by the G8 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In this study, we determined that Myo/Nog cells are present in low numbers in the retina of the mouse eye. G8-positive Myo/Nog cells were distinguished from neuronal, Müller and microglial cells that were identified with antibodies to calretinin, Chx10, glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, respectively. In the neonatal retina, the number of Myo/Nog cells increased in parallel with cell death induced by transient exposure to hyperoxia. In this model of retinopathy of prematurity, depletion of Myo/Nog cells by intravitreal injection of the G8 mAb and complement increased cell death. These findings demonstrate that Myo/Nog cells are a distinct population of cells, not previously described in the retina, which increases in response to retinal damage and mitigate hypoxia-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice A Brandli
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Meghan Pitts
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Assali
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Stone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gerhart J, Greenbaum M, Scheinfeld V, FitzGerald P, Crawford M, Bravo-Nuevo A, Pitts M, George-Weinstein M. Myo/Nog cells: targets for preventing the accumulation of skeletal muscle-like cells in the human lens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95262. [PMID: 24736495 PMCID: PMC3988172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a vision impairing condition that arises in some patients following cataract surgery. The fibrotic form of PCO is caused by myofibroblasts that may emerge in the lens years after surgery. In the chick embryo lens, myofibroblasts are derived from Myo/Nog cells that are identified by their expression of the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD, the bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin, and the epitope recognized by the G8 monoclonal antibody. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that depletion of Myo/Nog cells will prevent the accumulation of myofibroblasts in human lens tissue. Myo/Nog cells were present in anterior, equatorial and bow regions of the human lens, cornea and ciliary processes. In anterior lens tissue removed by capsulorhexis, Myo/Nog cells had synthesized myofibroblast and skeletal muscle proteins, including vimentin, MyoD and sarcomeric myosin. Alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was detected in a subpopulation of Myo/Nog cells. Areas of the capsule denuded of epithelial cells were surrounded by Myo/Nog cells. Some of these cell free areas contained a wrinkle in the capsule. Depletion of Myo/Nog cells eliminated cells expressing skeletal muscle proteins in 5-day cultures but did not affect cells immunoreactive for beaded filament proteins that accumulate in differentiating lens epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor-betas 1 and 2 that mediate an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, did not induce the expression of skeletal muscle proteins in lens cells following Myo/Nog cell depletion. This study demonstrates that Myo/Nog cells in anterior lens tissue removed from cataract patients have undergone a partial differentiation to skeletal muscle. Myo/Nog cells appear to be the source of skeletal muscle-like cells in explants of human lens tissue. Targeting Myo/Nog cells with the G8 antibody during cataract surgery may reduce the incidence of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marvin Greenbaum
- Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Victoria Scheinfeld
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul FitzGerald
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Crawford
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meghan Pitts
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mindy George-Weinstein
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Zou S, Zhang S, Long Q, Cao Y, Zhang W. Marker gene screening for human mesenchymal stem cells in early osteogenic response to bone morphogenetic protein 6 with DNA microarray. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:641-5. [PMID: 23799295 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microarray data were analyzed using bioinformatic tools to screen marker genes of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in response to bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6). RESULTS A total of 190 differentially expressed genes were identified. The interaction network was divided into three functional modules. These genes were connected with BMP signaling pathways and regulation of cell processes, while NOG and BMPR2 participated in the transforming growth factor-beta signal pathway. Besides, several related small molecules were acquired. CONCLUSION Marker genes in osteogenic responses to BMP6 treatment for hMSC were screened with microarray data along with elaborate function analysis by bioinformatics. NOG and BMPR2 showed potential to become indicators to monitor the directed differentiation of hMSC into osteoblasts, which can be used for bone disease treatment. Moreover, small molecules such as W-13 were retrieved and provided directions for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shien Zou
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
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Gerhart J, Hayes C, Scheinfeld V, Chernick M, Gilmour S, George-Weinstein M. Myo/Nog cells in normal, wounded and tumor-bearing skin. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:466-8. [PMID: 22621191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Murine and human skin were examined for the presence of Myo/Nog cells that were originally discovered in the chick embryo by their expression of MyoD mRNA, noggin and the G8 antigen. Myo/Nog cells are the primary source of noggin in telogen hair follicles. They are scarce within the interfollicular dermis and absent in the epidermis. Within 24 h following epidermal abrasion, Myo/Nog cells increase in number in the follicles and appear in the wound. Myo/Nog cells are also recruited to the stroma of tumors formed from v-Ras-transformed keratinocytes (Ker/Ras). Human squamous cell carcinomas and malignant melanomas contain significantly more Myo/Nog cells than basal cell carcinomas. Myo/Nog cells are distinct from macrophages, granulocytes and cells expressing alpha smooth muscle actin in the tumor stroma. Myo/Nog cells may be modulators of skin homoeostasis and wound healing, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in skin cancer.
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