1
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Kong R, Zhao H, Li J, Ma Y, Li N, Shi L, Li Z. A regulatory loop of JAK/STAT signalling and its downstream targets represses cell fate conversion and maintains male germline stem cell niche homeostasis. Cell Prolif 2024:e13648. [PMID: 38987866 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A specialised microenvironment, termed niche, provides extrinsic signals for the maintenance of residential stem cells. However, how residential stem cells maintain niche homeostasis and whether stromal niche cells could convert their fate into stem cells to replenish lost stem cells upon systemic stem cell loss remain largely unknown. Here, through systemic identification of JAK/STAT downstream targets in adult Drosophila testis, we show that Escargot (Esg), a member of the Snail family of transcriptional factors, is a putative JAK/STAT downstream target. esg is intrinsically required in cyst stem cells (CySCs) but not in germline stem cells (GSCs). esg depletion in CySCs results in CySC loss due to differentiation and non-cell autonomous GSC loss. Interestingly, hub cells are gradually lost by delaminating from the hub and converting into CySCs in esg-defective testes. Mechanistically, esg directly represses the expression of socs36E, the well-known downstream target and negative regulator of JAK/STAT signalling. Finally, further depletion of socs36E completely rescues the defects observed in esg-defective testes. Collectively, JAK/STAT target Esg suppresses SOCS36E to maintain CySC fate and repress niche cell conversion. Thus, our work uncovers a regulatory loop between JAK/STAT signalling and its downstream targets in controlling testicular niche homeostasis under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Kong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yankun Ma
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningfang Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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2
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Kong R, Li J, Liu F, Ma Y, Zhao H, Zhao H, Ma M, Li Z. A feedforward loop between JAK/STAT downstream target p115 and STAT in germline stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1940-1953. [PMID: 37683644 PMCID: PMC10656303 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) is essential for tissue homeostasis. JAK/STAT signaling maintains GSC fate in Drosophila testis. However, how JAK/STAT signaling maintains male GSC fate through its downstream targets remains poorly understood. Here, we identify p115, a tER/cis-Golgi golgin protein, as a putative downstream target of JAK/STAT signaling. p115 maintains GSC fate independent of GM130 and GRASP65. p115 localizes in cytosol, the ER and Golgi apparatus in germline cells and is required for the morphology of the ER and Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, depletion of p115 in GSCs results in aberrant spindle orientation. Mechanistically, p115 associates with and stabilizes STAT. Finally, ectopic expression of STAT completely restores GSC loss caused by p115 depletion. Collectively, JAK/STAT signaling and p115 form a feedforward loop to maintain male GSC fate. Our work provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of how stem cell maintenance is properly controlled by JAK/STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fuli Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yankun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hanfei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Meifang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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3
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the ocular lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101118. [PMID: 36068128 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) reside in most cells; on their surface, in the pericellular milieu and/or extracellular matrix. In the eye, HSPGs can orchestrate the activity of key signalling molecules found in the ocular environment that promote its development and homeostasis. To date, our understanding of the specific roles played by individual HSPG family members, and the heterogeneity of their associated sulfated HS chains, is in its infancy. The crystalline lens is a relatively simple and well characterised ocular tissue that provides an ideal stage to showcase and model the expression and unique roles of individual HSPGs. Individual HSPG core proteins are differentially localised to eye tissues in a temporal and spatial developmental- and cell-type specific manner, and their loss or functional disruption results in unique phenotypic outcomes for the lens, and other ocular tissues. More recent work has found that different HS sulfation enzymes are also presented in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, and that disruption of these different sulfation patterns affects specific HS-protein interactions. Not surprisingly, these sulfated HS chains have also been reported to be required for lens and eye development, with dysregulation of HS chain structure and function leading to pathogenesis and eye-related phenotypes. In the lens, HSPGs undergo significant and specific changes in expression and function that can drive pathology, or in some cases, promote tissue repair. As master signalling regulators, HSPGs may one day serve as valuable biomarkers, and even as putative targets for the development of novel therapeutics, not only for the eye but for many other systemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Takemura M, Lu YS, Nakato E, Nakato H. Endogenous epitope tagging of a JAK/STAT ligand Unpaired1 in Drosophila. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34651105 PMCID: PMC8506834 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Unpaired1 (Upd1) is a ligand of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway in Drosophila. In this study, using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we generate a transgenic fly strain in which a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag sequence is inserted into the endogenous locus of the upd1 gene. Anti-HA antibody staining confirms that the distribution of the epitope-tagged Upd1::HA in various tissues is consistent with upd1 expression patterns revealed by previous studies. This transgenic fly strain will be useful in studying the expression, localization, and association partners of Upd1, and thus will contribute to understanding how activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis USA
| | - Yi-Si Lu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis USA
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis USA
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5
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Rodrigues D, Renaud Y, VijayRaghavan K, Waltzer L, Inamdar MS. Differential activation of JAK-STAT signaling reveals functional compartmentalization in Drosophila blood progenitors. eLife 2021; 10:61409. [PMID: 33594977 PMCID: PMC7920551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cells arise from diverse pools of stem and progenitor cells. Understanding progenitor heterogeneity is a major challenge. The Drosophila larval lymph gland is a well-studied model to understand blood progenitor maintenance and recapitulates several aspects of vertebrate hematopoiesis. However in-depth analysis has focused on the anterior lobe progenitors (AP), ignoring the posterior progenitors (PP) from the posterior lobes. Using in situ expression mapping and developmental and transcriptome analysis, we reveal PP heterogeneity and identify molecular-genetic tools to study this abundant progenitor population. Functional analysis shows that PP resist differentiation upon immune challenge, in a JAK-STAT-dependent manner. Upon wasp parasitism, AP downregulate JAK-STAT signaling and form lamellocytes. In contrast, we show that PP activate STAT92E and remain undifferentiated, promoting survival. Stat92E knockdown or genetically reducing JAK-STAT signaling permits PP lamellocyte differentiation. We discuss how heterogeneity and compartmentalization allow functional segregation in response to systemic cues and could be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yoan Renaud
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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6
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Weigelt CM, Sehgal R, Tain LS, Cheng J, Eßer J, Pahl A, Dieterich C, Grönke S, Partridge L. An Insulin-Sensitive Circular RNA that Regulates Lifespan in Drosophila. Mol Cell 2020; 79:268-279.e5. [PMID: 32592682 PMCID: PMC7318944 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundant and accumulate with age in neurons of diverse species. However, only few circRNAs have been functionally characterized, and their role during aging has not been addressed. Here, we use transcriptome profiling during aging and find that accumulation of circRNAs is slowed down in long-lived insulin mutant flies. Next, we characterize the in vivo function of a circRNA generated by the sulfateless gene (circSfl), which is consistently upregulated, particularly in the brain and muscle, of diverse long-lived insulin mutants. Strikingly, lifespan extension of insulin mutants is dependent on circSfl, and overexpression of circSfl alone is sufficient to extend the lifespan. Moreover, circSfl is translated into a protein that shares the N terminus and potentially some functions with the full-length Sfl protein encoded by the host gene. Our study demonstrates that insulin signaling affects global circRNA accumulation and reveals an important role of circSfl during aging in vivo. Accumulation of circRNAs with age is slowed down in long-lived insulin mutant flies A circRNA encoded by the sulfateless gene is induced in long-lived insulin mutants Overexpression of circSfl extends the lifespan of fruit flies CircSfl is translated, and the resulting peptide is sufficient to extend lifespan
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Marianne Weigelt
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rohan Sehgal
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Luke Stephen Tain
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jun Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Eßer
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - André Pahl
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grönke
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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7
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Brann CL, Moulton JK, Ganter GK. Glypicans Dally and Dally-like control injury-induced allodynia in Drosophila. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919856777. [PMID: 31132919 PMCID: PMC6572878 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919856777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 million people are challenged by the effects of chronic pain in the United States alone. This burden also impacts the U.S. economy; 600 billion dollars annually is spent on medical care, medications, and lost productivity in the workplace. Current opioid treatments cause adverse effects including nausea, constipation, tolerance, and addiction liability. Nociceptive sensitization is thought to perpetuate chronic pain, but too little is known about its mechanisms. Components of the pathways that sensitize the nociceptors after injury are likely to be valuable targets for novel medications for the relief or prevention of chronic pain. Utilizing the Drosophila melanogaster cell targeting and RNA interference toolkit, we are investigating the bone morphogenetic protein pathway and its role in ultraviolet light injury-induced nociceptive sensitization. Bone morphogenetic proteins are well known as secreted developmental morphogens that control development, but other functions are known. We have previously identified bone morphogenetic protein signaling components used in nociceptors to modulate injury-induced allodynia, including Decapentaplegic (Dpp, orthologous to mammalian bone morphogenetic protein 2/4), and its downstream signaling components. The morphogen Hedgehog has also been shown to be necessary for allodynia following injury. Here, we show that two membrane-embedded regulators of the Dpp and Hedgehog pathways, Dally and Dally-like, are necessary for injury-induced thermal allodynia, as the formation of sensitization was reduced when either component was suppressed. These bone morphogenetic protein components are highly conserved and, because dysregulation of nociceptor sensitization underlies chronic pain, the homologs of Dally and Dally-like may represent novel therapeutic targets in humans challenged by chronic pain. Furthermore, because of their extracellular location, Dally and Dally-like represent attractive therapeutic drug targets because such drugs would not need to cross the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Brann
- 1 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Julie K Moulton
- 1 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Geoffrey K Ganter
- 1 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
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8
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Zhao S, Wu C, Gao Z, Li X, Guo Z, Wang Z. Notch signaling governs the expression of glypican Dally to define the stem cell niche. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio.047696. [PMID: 31826854 PMCID: PMC6994927 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular glypicans play pivotal roles in organogenesis, stem cell maintenance and cancer development. However, the growth phenotypes associated with different levels of glypican are not consistent in development or tumorigenesis. This requires clarification on how the spatial patterns of glypican relate to the distribution of signaling molecules in different cellular contexts, and how glypican expression is regulated. We have previously reported that Dally, one of the glypican members in Drosophila, is required in the niche for the maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) via short-range BMP signaling in ovary. However, the regulatory mechanism of glypican pattern in the ovarian stem cell niche remains elusive. Our current data demonstrate that the Notch pathway is genetically upstream of Dally and its function to maintain GSCs relies on Dally expression. Combining yeast and fruit fly genetics, we illustrate that Dally is under the transcriptional control of Notch signaling via the transcription factor Su(H). Further, we assayed human glypicans and disease-associated variants in Drosophila ovary, which can serve as an effective system to evaluate the structure–function relationship of human homologs. Summary: Spatial regulation of a cell surface glycoprotein defines the territory of germline stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chan Wu
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China .,The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Wei M, Shi L, Kong R, Zhao H, Li Z. Heparan sulfate maintains adult midgut homeostasis in Drosophila. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:905-917. [PMID: 31868274 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by the differentiated progeny of residential progenitors (stem cells). Adult stem cells constantly adjust their proliferation/differentiation rates to respond to tissue damage and stresses. However, how differentiated cells maintain tissue homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we find that heparan sulfate (HS), a class of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, protects differentiated cells from loss to maintain intestinal homeostasis. HS depletion in enterocytes (ECs) leads to intestinal homeostasis disruption, with accumulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC)-like cells and mis-differentiated progeny. HS-deficient ECs are prone to cell death/stress and induced cytokine and epidermal growth factor (EGF) expression, which, in turn, promote ISC proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, HS depletion in ECs results in the inactivation of decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling. Moreover, ectopic Dpp signaling completely rescued the defects caused by HS depletion. Together, our data demonstrate that HS is required for Dpp signal activation in ECs, thereby protecting ECs from ablation to maintain midgut homeostasis. Our data shed light into the regulatory mechanisms of how differentiated cells contribute to tissue homeostasis maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ruiyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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10
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Functional analysis of glycosylation using Drosophila melanogaster. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Yi F, Zheng X, Fang F, Zhang J, Zhou B, Chen X. ALA‐PDT alleviates the psoriasis by inhibiting JAK signalling pathway. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1227-1236. [PMID: 31386778 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Jiaan Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Bingrong Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Xiangsheng Chen
- Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital Nanjing China
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12
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Ma H, Zhao H, Liu F, Zhao H, Kong R, Shi L, Wei M, Li Z. Heparan sulfate negatively regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation in Drosophila adult midgut. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio047126. [PMID: 31628141 PMCID: PMC6826283 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is maintained by differentiated progeny of residential stem cells. Both extrinsic signals and intrinsic factors play critical roles in the proliferation and differentiation of adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs). However, how extrinsic signals are transduced into ISCs still remains unclear. Here, we find that heparan sulfate (HS), a class of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, negatively regulates progenitor proliferation and differentiation to maintain midgut homeostasis under physiological conditions. Interestingly, HS depletion in progenitors results in inactivation of Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling. Dpp signal inactivation in progenitors resembles HS-deficient intestines. Ectopic Dpp signaling completely rescued the defects caused by HS depletion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HS is required for Dpp signaling to maintain midgut homeostasis. Our results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of how extrinsic signals are transduced into stem cells to regulate their proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubing Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huiqing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fuli Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruiyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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13
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Abstract
The nuclear lamina is involved in numerous cellular functions, such as gene expression, nuclear organization, nuclear stability, and cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying the involvement of lamina is often not clear, especially in physiological or developmental contexts. Here we investigate the role and activity of farnesylated lamina proteins Lamin (Lam) and Kugelkern (Kuk) in proliferation control of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in adult Drosophila flies. We found that ISCs mutant for Lam or kuk proliferate, whereas overexpression of Lam or Kuk strongly suppressed proliferation. The anti-proliferative activity is, at least in part, due to suppression of Jak/Stat but not Delta/Notch signaling. Lam expression suppresses Jak/Stat signaling by normalization of about 50% of the Stat target genes in ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Petrovsky
- a Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen , Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- a Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen , Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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14
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Levings DC, Nakato H. Loss of heparan sulfate in the niche leads to tumor-like germ cell growth in the Drosophila testis. Glycobiology 2018; 28:32-41. [PMID: 29069438 PMCID: PMC5993100 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell niche normally prevents aberrant stem cell behaviors that lead to cancer formation. Recent studies suggest that some cancers are derived from endogenous populations of adult stem cells that have somehow escaped from normal control by the niche. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the niche retains stem cells locally and tightly controls their divisions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of heparan sulfate (HS), a class glygosaminoglycan chains, in the Drosophila germline stem cell niche prevents tumor formation in the testis. Loss of HS in the niche, called the hub, led to gross changes in the morphology of testes as well as the formation of both somatic and germline tumors. This loss of hub HS resulted in ectopic signaling events in the Jak/Stat pathway outside the niche. This ectopic Jak/Stat signaling disrupted normal somatic cell differentiation, leading to the formation of tumors. Our finding indicates a novel non-autonomous role for niche HS in ensuring the integrity of the niche and preventing tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Levings
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, The University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, The University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Xu R, Li J, Zhao H, Kong R, Wei M, Shi L, Bai G, Li Z. Self-restrained regulation of stem cell niche activity by niche components in the Drosophila testis. Dev Biol 2018; 439:42-51. [PMID: 29679558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most, if not all, stem cells reside in a defined microenvironment, called the niche. Short-ranged niche signal must be tightly controlled to be active only inside the niche to maintain the proper balance of stem cell self-renewal verse differentiation. However, how niche components restrict localized niche signal activation remains largely unknown. Here, we find that Thickveins (Tkv, a type I receptor of the Dpp signaling pathway) in cyst stem cells (CySCs) of the testis niche prevents Dpp signaling activation outside of the niche. We show that Tkv functions as Dpp trap/sink to spatially restrain Dpp signaling inside the niche. This self-restrained regulation of niche activity by Tkv in CySCs is independent of the canonical Dpp signaling pathway. Our data demonstrate the critical roles of niche components (CySCs) in the self-restrained regulation of niche activity, which could be shed light on niche activity regulation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruiyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guang Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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16
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Vollmer J, Fried P, Aguilar-Hidalgo D, Sánchez-Aragón M, Iannini A, Casares F, Iber D. Growth control in the Drosophila eye disc by the cytokine Unpaired. Development 2017; 144:837-843. [PMID: 28246213 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how organ size is controlled. We have previously shown that the area growth rate in the Drosophila eye primordium declines inversely proportionally to the increase in its area. How the observed reduction in the growth rate is achieved is unknown. Here, we explore the dilution of the cytokine Unpaired (Upd) as a possible candidate mechanism. In the developing eye, upd expression is transient, ceasing at the time when the morphogenetic furrow first emerges. We confirm experimentally that the diffusion and stability of the JAK/STAT ligand Upd are sufficient to control eye disc growth via a dilution mechanism. We further show that sequestration of Upd by ectopic expression of an inactive form of the receptor Domeless (Dome) results in a substantially lower growth rate, but the area growth rate still declines inversely proportionally to the area increase. This growth rate-to-area relationship is no longer observed when Upd dilution is prevented by the continuous, ectopic expression of Upd. We conclude that a mechanism based on the dilution of the growth modulator Upd can explain how growth termination is controlled in the eye disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Vollmer
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fried
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Aguilar-Hidalgo
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Máximo Sánchez-Aragón
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Antonella Iannini
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Fernando Casares
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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17
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Feedback amplification loop drives malignant growth in epithelial tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7291-E7300. [PMID: 28808034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701791114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cells bearing oncogenic mutations and the surrounding microenvironment, and cooperation between clonally distinct cell populations, can contribute to the growth and malignancy of epithelial tumors. The genetic techniques available in Drosophila have contributed to identify important roles of the TNF-α ligand Eiger and mitogenic molecules in mediating these interactions during the early steps of tumor formation. Here we unravel the existence of a tumor-intrinsic-and microenvironment-independent-self-reinforcement mechanism that drives tumor initiation and growth in an Eiger-independent manner. This mechanism relies on cell interactions between two functionally distinct cell populations, and we present evidence that these cell populations are not necessarily genetically different. Tumor-specific and cell-autonomous activation of the tumorigenic JNK stress-activated pathway drives the expression of secreted signaling molecules and growth factors to delaminating cells, which nonautonomously promote proliferative growth of the partially transformed epithelial tissue. We present evidence that cross-feeding interactions between delaminating and nondelaminating cells increase each other's sizes and that these interactions can explain the unlimited growth potential of these tumors. Our results will open avenues toward our molecular understanding of those social cell interactions with a relevant function in tumor initiation in humans.
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18
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Urdy S, Goudemand N, Pantalacci S. Looking Beyond the Genes: The Interplay Between Signaling Pathways and Mechanics in the Shaping and Diversification of Epithelial Tissues. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 119:227-90. [PMID: 27282028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The core of Evo-Devo lies in the intuition that the way tissues grow during embryonic development, the way they sustain their structure and function throughout lifetime, and the way they evolve are closely linked. Epithelial tissues are ubiquitous in metazoans, covering the gut and internal branched organs, as well as the skin and its derivatives (ie, teeth). Here, we discuss in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies on epithelial tissues to illustrate the conserved, dynamical, and complex aspects of their development. We then explore the implications of the dynamical and nonlinear nature of development on the evolution of their size and shape at the phenotypic and genetic levels. In rare cases, when the interplay between signaling and mechanics is well understood at the cell level, it is becoming clear that the structure of development leads to covariation of characters, an integration which in turn provides some predictable structure to evolutionary changes. We suggest that such nonlinear systems are prone to genetic drift, cryptic genetic variation, and context-dependent mutational effects. We argue that experimental and theoretical studies at the cell level are critical to our understanding of the phenotypic and genetic evolution of epithelial tissues, including carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urdy
- University of Zürich, Institute of Physics, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - N Goudemand
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - S Pantalacci
- Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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19
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Levings DC, Arashiro T, Nakato H. Heparan sulfate regulates the number and centrosome positioning of Drosophila male germline stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:888-96. [PMID: 26792837 PMCID: PMC4791133 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates the number and asymmetric division of germline stem cells (GSCs) in Drosophila testes. Hub-specific HS controls both stem cell number and functioning of the centrosome-anchoring machinery. The results suggest that HS-mediated niche signaling acts upstream of GSC division orientation control. Stem cell division is tightly controlled via secreted signaling factors and cell adhesion molecules provided from local niche structures. Molecular mechanisms by which each niche component regulates stem cell behaviors remain to be elucidated. Here we show that heparan sulfate (HS), a class of glycosaminoglycan chains, regulates the number and asymmetric division of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila testis. We found that GSC number is sensitive to the levels of 6-O sulfate groups on HS. Loss of 6-O sulfation also disrupted normal positioning of centrosomes, a process required for asymmetric division of GSCs. Blocking HS sulfation specifically in the niche, termed the hub, led to increased GSC numbers and mispositioning of centrosomes. The same treatment also perturbed the enrichment of Apc2, a component of the centrosome-anchoring machinery, at the hub–GSC interface. This perturbation of the centrosome-anchoring process ultimately led to an increase in the rate of spindle misorientation and symmetric GSC division. This study shows that specific HS modifications provide a novel regulatory mechanism for stem cell asymmetric division. The results also suggest that HS-mediated niche signaling acts upstream of GSC division orientation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Levings
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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20
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Lv X, Pan C, Zhang Z, Xia Y, Chen H, Zhang S, Guo T, Han H, Song H, Zhang L, Zhao Y. SUMO regulates somatic cyst stem cells maintenance and directly targets hedgehog pathway in adult Drosophila testis. Development 2016; 143:1655-62. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.130773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SUMO (Small ubiquitin-related modifier) modification (SUMOylation) is a highly dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) playing important roles in tissue development and disease progression. However, its function in adult stem cell maintenance is largely unknown. Here we report the function of SUMOylation in somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs) self-renewal in adult Drosophila testis. The SUMO pathway cell-autonomously regulates CySCs maintenance. Reduction of SUMOylation promotes premature differentiation of CySCs and impedes the proliferation of CySCs, which finally reduce the number of CySCs. Consistently, CySC clones carrying mutation of the SUMO conjugating enzyme are rapidly lost. Furthermore, inhibition of SUMO pathway phenocopies the disruption of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, and can block the promoted proliferation of CySCs by Hh activation. Importantly, SUMO pathway directly regulates the SUMOylation of Hh pathway transcriptional factor, Cubitus interruptus (Ci), which is required for promoting CySCs proliferation. Thus, we conclude that SUMO directly targets Hh pathway and regulates CySCs maintenance in adult Drosophila testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Chenyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Tong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Haiyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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21
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Nagarajan U, Pakkiriswami S, Pillai AB. Sugar tags and tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:69. [PMID: 26583080 PMCID: PMC4631993 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Nagarajan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Agieshkumar B Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Puducherry, India
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22
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Takemura M, Nakato H. Genetic approaches in the study of heparan sulfate functions in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1229:497-505. [PMID: 25325975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) core proteins and all HS biosynthetic/modifying enzymes are evolutionarily conserved from human to Drosophila melanogaster. This genetically tractable model offers highly sophisticated techniques to manipulate gene function in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. Thus, Drosophila has been a powerful system to explore the functions of HSPGs in vivo. In this chapter, we will introduce two genetic techniques available in Drosophila: TARGET (temporal and regional gene expression targeting) and MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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23
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Fernandes VM, Pradhan-Sundd T, Blaquiere JA, Verheyen EM. Ras/MEK/MAPK-mediated regulation of heparin sulphate proteoglycans promotes retinal fate in the Drosophila eye-antennal disc. Dev Biol 2015; 402:109-18. [PMID: 25848695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Generating cellular heterogeneity is crucial to the development of complex organs. Organ-fate selector genes and signalling pathways generate cellular diversity by subdividing and patterning naïve tissues to assign them regional identities. The Drosophila eye-antennal imaginal disc is a well-characterised system in which to study regional specification; it is first divided into antennal and eye fates and subsequently retinal differentiation occurs within only the eye field. During development, signalling pathways and selector genes compete with and mutually antagonise each other to subdivide the tissue. Wingless (Wg) signalling is the main inhibitor of retinal differentiation; it does so by promoting antennal/head-fate via selector factors and by antagonising Hedgehog (Hh), the principal differentiation-initiating signal. Wg signalling must be suppressed by JAK/STAT at the disc posterior in order to initiate retinal differentiation. Ras/MEK/MAPK signalling has also been implicated in initiating retinal differentiation but its mode of action is not known. We find that compromising Ras/MEK/MAPK signalling in the early larval disc results in expanded antennal/head cuticle at the expense of the compound eye. These phenotypes correspond both to perturbations in selector factor expression, and to de-repressed wg. Indeed, STAT activity is reduced due to decreased mobility of the ligand Unpaired (Upd) along with a corresponding loss in Dally-like protein (Dlp), a heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) that aids Upd diffusion. Strikingly, blocking HSPG biogenesis phenocopies compromised Ras/MEK/MAPK, while restoring HSPG expression rescues the adult phenotype significantly. This study identifies a novel mode by which the Ras/MEK/MAPK pathway regulates regional-fate specification via HSPGs during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilaiwan M Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Jessica A Blaquiere
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
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24
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Wang X, Page-McCaw A. A matrix metalloproteinase mediates long-distance attenuation of stem cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:923-36. [PMID: 25267296 PMCID: PMC4178971 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201403084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-range signaling by Wingless in the Drosophila ovary requires the glypican Dally-like and is antagonized by Dally-like cleavage by the extracellular metalloproteinase Mmp2. Ligand-based signaling can potentiate communication between neighboring cells and between cells separated by large distances. In the Drosophila melanogaster ovary, Wingless (Wg) promotes proliferation of follicle stem cells located ∼50 µm or five cell diameters away from the Wg source. How Wg traverses this distance is unclear. We find that this long-range signaling requires Division abnormally delayed (Dally)-like (Dlp), a glypican known to extend the range of Wg ligand in the wing disc by binding Wg. Dlp-mediated spreading of Wg to follicle stem cells is opposed by the extracellular protease Mmp2, which cleaved Dlp in cell culture, triggering its relocalization such that Dlp no longer contacted Wg protein. Mmp2-deficient ovaries displayed increased Wg distribution, activity, and stem cell proliferation. Mmp2 protein is expressed in the same cells that produce Wg; thus, niche cells produce both a long-range stem cell proliferation factor and a negative regulator of its spreading. This system could allow for spatial control of Wg signaling to targets at different distances from the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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25
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Chen Q, Giedt M, Tang L, Harrison DA. Tools and methods for studying the Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway. Methods 2014; 68:160-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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26
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Drosophila perlecan regulates intestinal stem cell activity via cell-matrix attachment. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:761-9. [PMID: 24936464 PMCID: PMC4050351 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells require specialized local microenvironments, termed niches, for normal retention, proliferation, and multipotency. Niches are composed of cells together with their associated extracellular matrix (ECM). Currently, the roles of ECM in regulating niche functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Perlecan (Pcan), a highly conserved ECM component, controls intestinal stem cell (ISC) activities and ISC-ECM attachment in Drosophila adult posterior midgut. Loss of Pcan from ISCs, but not other surrounding cells, causes ISCs to detach from underlying ECM, lose their identity, and fail to proliferate. These defects are not a result of a loss of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling activity but partially depend on integrin signaling activity. We propose that Pcan secreted by ISCs confers niche properties to the adjacent ECM that is required for ISC maintenance of stem cell identity, activity, and anchorage to the niche.
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