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Live cell imaging of cell movement and transdifferentiation during regeneration of an amputated multicellular body of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol 2019; 457:140-149. [PMID: 31563450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of lost body parts is a fascinating phenomenon exhibited by some multicellular organisms. In social amoebae, such as Dictyostelium discoideum, the pseudoplasmodium is a temporary migratory multicellular structure with high regeneration ability. It consists of future stalk cells (prestalk cells) at the anterior end and future spore cells (prespore cells) at the posterior end, and if amputated, the remaining cells can rapidly regenerate the lost portion within several hours. Details of this regeneration event have been extensively documented; however, little is known about the behavior of individual cells involved in this process. In this study, we performed live cell imaging of cell behavior during regeneration of the excised anterior prestalk region. We used cells that specifically express GFP in the prestalk cell lineage to examine how the prestalk region is regenerated after this region is excised. The current model of prestalk regeneration suggests that the progenitors of prestalk cells, known as anterior-like cells (ALCs), which are sparsely distributed in the prespore region, are redistributed to form the new prestalk region. However, we found that the regenerated prestalk region was formed mainly by the transdifferentiation of prespore cells surrounding the excised anterior end, with little clustering of pre-existing ALCs. Furthermore, the movement of randomly distributed labeled cells during regeneration revealed that although the posterior end was deformed and rounded in shape, the relative position of cells along the anterior-posterior axis remained largely unchanged. These results suggest that the original anterior-posterior axis is maintained in posterior bodies and that prespore cells at the anterior side transdifferentiate and regenerate the prestalk region.
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Dragoš A, Kiesewalter H, Martin M, Hsu CY, Hartmann R, Wechsler T, Eriksen C, Brix S, Drescher K, Stanley-Wall N, Kümmerli R, Kovács ÁT. Division of Labor during Biofilm Matrix Production. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1903-1913.e5. [PMID: 29887307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Organisms as simple as bacteria can engage in complex collective actions, such as group motility and fruiting body formation. Some of these actions involve a division of labor, where phenotypically specialized clonal subpopulations or genetically distinct lineages cooperate with each other by performing complementary tasks. Here, we combine experimental and computational approaches to investigate potential benefits arising from division of labor during biofilm matrix production. We show that both phenotypic and genetic strategies for a division of labor can promote collective biofilm formation in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. In this species, biofilm matrix consists of two major components, exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and TasA. We observed that clonal groups of B. subtilis phenotypically segregate into three subpopulations composed of matrix non-producers, EPS producers, and generalists, which produce both EPSs and TasA. This incomplete phenotypic specialization was outperformed by a genetic division of labor, where two mutants, engineered as specialists, complemented each other by exchanging EPSs and TasA. The relative fitness of the two mutants displayed a negative frequency dependence both in vitro and on plant roots, with strain frequency reaching a stable equilibrium at 30% TasA producers, corresponding exactly to the population composition where group productivity is maximized. Using individual-based modeling, we show that asymmetries in strain ratio can arise due to differences in the relative benefits that matrix compounds generate for the collective and that genetic division of labor can be favored when it breaks metabolic constraints associated with the simultaneous production of two matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dragoš
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Heiko Kiesewalter
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Marivic Martin
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Chih-Yu Hsu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Tobias Wechsler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Eriksen
- Disease Systems Immunology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Disease Systems Immunology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany; Department of Physics, Philipps University, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Kümmerli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany.
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Du Q, Kawabe Y, Schilde C, Chen ZH, Schaap P. The Evolution of Aggregative Multicellularity and Cell-Cell Communication in the Dictyostelia. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3722-33. [PMID: 26284972 PMCID: PMC5055082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Aggregative multicellularity, resulting in formation of a spore-bearing fruiting body, evolved at least six times independently amongst both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Amongst eukaryotes, this form of multicellularity is mainly studied in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. In this review, we summarise trends in the evolution of cell-type specialisation and behavioural complexity in the four major groups of Dictyostelia. We describe the cell-cell communication systems that control the developmental programme of D. discoideum, highlighting the central role of cAMP in the regulation of cell movement and cell differentiation. Comparative genomic studies showed that the proteins involved in cAMP signalling are deeply conserved across Dictyostelia and their unicellular amoebozoan ancestors. Comparative functional analysis revealed that cAMP signalling in D. discoideum originated from a second messenger role in amoebozoan encystation. We highlight some molecular changes in cAMP signalling genes that were responsible for the novel roles of cAMP in multicellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyou Du
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.
| | - Yoshinori Kawabe
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.
| | - Christina Schilde
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.
| | - Pauline Schaap
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.
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Urushihara H, Kuwayama H, Fukuhara K, Itoh T, Kagoshima H, Shin-I T, Toyoda A, Ohishi K, Taniguchi T, Noguchi H, Kuroki Y, Hata T, Uchi K, Mohri K, King JS, Insall RH, Kohara Y, Fujiyama A. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses of the social amoeba Acytostelium subglobosum that accomplishes multicellular development without germ-soma differentiation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:80. [PMID: 25758444 PMCID: PMC4334915 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social amoebae are lower eukaryotes that inhabit the soil. They are characterized by the construction of a starvation-induced multicellular fruiting body with a spore ball and supportive stalk. In most species, the stalk is filled with motile stalk cells, as represented by the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum, whose developmental mechanisms have been well characterized. However, in the genus Acytostelium, the stalk is acellular and all aggregated cells become spores. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that it is not an ancestral genus but has lost the ability to undergo cell differentiation. RESULTS We performed genome and transcriptome analyses of Acytostelium subglobosum and compared our findings to other available dictyostelid genome data. Although A. subglobosum adopts a qualitatively different developmental program from other dictyostelids, its gene repertoire was largely conserved. Yet, families of polyketide synthase and extracellular matrix proteins have not expanded and a serine protease and ABC transporter B family gene, tagA, and a few other developmental genes are missing in the A. subglobosum lineage. Temporal gene expression patterns are astonishingly dissimilar from those of D. discoideum, and only a limited fraction of the ortholog pairs shared the same expression patterns, so that some signaling cascades for development seem to be disabled in A. subglobosum. CONCLUSIONS The absence of the ability to undergo cell differentiation in Acytostelium is accompanied by a small change in coding potential and extensive alterations in gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Urushihara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Fukuhara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoko Kuroki
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Uchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kurato Mohri
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Jason S King
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Yuji Kohara
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan.
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Evolutionary reconstruction of pattern formation in 98 Dictyostelium species reveals that cell-type specialization by lateral inhibition is a derived trait. EvoDevo 2014; 5:34. [PMID: 25904998 PMCID: PMC4406040 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multicellularity provides organisms with opportunities for cell-type specialization, but requires novel mechanisms to position correct proportions of different cell types throughout the organism. Dictyostelid social amoebas display an early form of multicellularity, where amoebas aggregate to form fruiting bodies, which contain only spores or up to four additional cell-types. These cell types will form the stalk and support structures for the stalk and spore head. Phylogenetic inference subdivides Dictyostelia into four major groups, with the model organism D. discoideum residing in group 4. In D. discoideum differentiation of its five cell types is dominated by lateral inhibition-type mechanisms that trigger scattered cell differentiation, with tissue patterns being formed by cell sorting. Results To reconstruct the evolution of pattern formation in Dictyostelia, we used cell-type specific antibodies and promoter-reporter fusion constructs to investigate pattern formation in 98 species that represent all groupings. Our results indicate that in all early diverging Dictyostelia and most members of groups 1–3, cells differentiate into maximally two cell types, prestalk and prespore cells, with pattern formation being dominated by position-dependent transdifferentiation of prespore cells into prestalk cells. In clade 2A, prestalk and stalk cell differentiation are lost and the prespore cells construct an acellular stalk. Group 4 species set aside correct proportions of prestalk and prespore cells early in development, and differentiate into up to three more supporting cell types. Conclusions Our experiments show that positional transdifferentiation is the ancestral mode of pattern formation in Dictyostelia. The early specification of a prestalk population equal to the number of stalk cells is a derived trait that emerged in group 4 and a few late diverging species in the other groups. Group 4 spore masses are larger than those of other groups and the differentiation of supporting cell types by lateral inhibition may have facilitated this increase in size. The signal DIF-1, which is secreted by prespore cells, triggers differentiation of supporting cell types. The synthesis and degradation of DIF-1 were shown to be restricted to group 4. This suggests that the emergence of DIF-1 signalling caused increased cell-type specialization in this group. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2041-9139-5-34) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kuwayama H, Tohyama T, Urushihara H. Cross-species functional complementation of cellulose synthase during the development of cellular slime molds. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:526-33. [PMID: 25208883 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is a major and important component of the extracellular matrix during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Upon starvation, solitary amoebae of D. discoideum gather and form fruiting bodies in which cells differentiate into stalk cells and spores. The stalk tubes and walls of spores and stalk cells are made of cellulose. In the genus Acytostelium, however, all cells are destined to become spores and the stalks comprise only a cellulose tube, suggesting species-specific regulation of cellulose synthesis. In this study, we cloned a putative cellulose synthase gene (cesA) of Acytostelium subglobosum and performed comparative analyses with the D. discoideum cellulose synthase gene (dcsA). Although the deduced amino acid sequences were highly conserved between cesA and dcsA, the numbers of transmembrane spans preceding the catalytic domain were dissimilar; 2 and 3, respectively. Since ectopic expression of cesA in dcsA(-) null cells failed to restore the developmental defects of the mutant, we constructed a series of chimerical genes for complementation analyses and found that the catalytic domain of cesA was functional in D. discoideum cells if the preceding transmembrane region was swapped with dcsA. The non-functional products that contained the cesA-derived transmembrane region were localized to lysosomes. These results indicate that the transmembrane region of cellulose synthase is essential for proper accumulation of cellulose during the development of D. discoideum and that its differential localization in A. subglobosum may be related to the characteristic morphogenesis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Mohri K, Hata T, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Urushihara H. Defects in the synthetic pathway prevent DIF-1 mediated stalk lineage specification cascade in the non-differentiating social amoeba, Acytostelium subglobosum. Biol Open 2014; 3:553-60. [PMID: 24876391 PMCID: PMC4058090 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation of somatic cells from germ-line cells is a crucial event for multicellular organisms, but how this step was achieved during evolution remains elusive. In Dictyostelium discoideum and many other dictyostelid species, solitary amoebae gather and form a multicellular fruiting body in which germ-line spores and somatic stalk cells differentiate, whereas in Acytostelium subglobosum, acellular stalks form and all aggregated amoebae become spores. In this study, because most D. discoideum genes known to be required for stalk cell differentiation have homologs in A. subglobosum, we inferred functional variations in these genes and examined conservation of the stalk cell specification cascade of D. discoideum mediated by the polyketide differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) in A. subglobosum. Through heterologous expression of A. subglobosum orthologs of DIF-1 biosynthesis genes in D. discoideum, we confirmed that two of the three genes were functional equivalents, while DIF-methyltransferase (As-dmtA) involved at the final step of DIF-1 synthesis was not. In fact, DIF-1 activity was undetectable in A. subglobosum lysates and amoebae of this species were not responsive to DIF-1, suggesting a lack of DIF-1 production in this species. On the other hand, the molecular function of an A. subglobosum ortholog of DIF-1 responsive transcription factor was equivalent with that of D. discoideum and inhibition of polyketide synthesis caused developmental arrest in A. subglobosum, which could not be rescued by DIF-1 addition. These results suggest that non-DIF-1 polyketide cascades involving downstream transcription factors are required for fruiting body development of A. subglobosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurato Mohri
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takashi Hata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hideko Urushihara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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