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Colombo E, Messina S, Verde F, Locatelli M, Poletti B, Silani V, Ticozzi N. Epileptic Capgras-Like Delusions in a Patient with Right Frontal Meningioma: Case Report. Case Rep Neurol 2021; 13:284-288. [PMID: 34177534 PMCID: PMC8215999 DOI: 10.1159/000513675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Capgras syndrome is a condition characterized by the belief that a relative has been replaced by an almost identical imposter. The disorder has been reported in several neurological diseases. We describe the uncommon case of a transient Capgras syndrome manifesting as focal temporal seizures in a woman with a right frontal meningioma. Our patient represents an exceptional case of Capgras syndrome for several reasons, namely, the association with meningioma, very rarely reported before, the transient manifestation of symptoms, and, most importantly, the epileptic etiology of reduplicative paramnesias. Lastly, our report also confirms the importance of frontal and right hemisphere dysfunction in generating Capgras syndrome-like delusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Colombo
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Messina
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Karakasi MV, Markopoulou M, Alexandri M, Douzenis A, Pavlidis P. In fear of the most loved ones. A comprehensive review on Capgras misidentification phenomenon and case report involving attempted murder under Capgras syndrome in a relapse of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 66:8-24. [PMID: 31176280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present paper aims to describe a case of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder relapse leading to attempted murder, review literature, and investigate the epidemiological data and expression of violent behavior among Capgras-related incidents. 109 case reports deriving from various scientific areas dating from 1971 to 2017 were evaluated and juxtaposed with an equivalent comparison group of random psychiatry inpatients, who were examined for the same variables. Quantitative and qualitative differences were observed between samples. High level of interpersonal violence was disclosed among Capgras-related incidents, especially towards the main care-givers, with higher propensity among male patients. Homicidal behavior was also expressed in higher levels among male patients experiencing the Capgras delusion. A multidisciplinary approach is vital for the optimal management of these incidents. Further research on the pathophysiology of Capgras delusion with the utilization of functional imaging techniques is of exceptional significance for the understanding of issues of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Karakasi
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, GR 68100, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Department, George Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, GR 57010, Exochi, Asvestochorion, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Markopoulou
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki, GR 56429, Stavroupolis, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Alexandri
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, GR 68100, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Athanasios Douzenis
- Second Psychiatry Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 12462, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Pavlos Pavlidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, GR 68100, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Pandis C, Agrawal N, Poole N. Capgras' Delusion: A Systematic Review of 255 Published Cases. Psychopathology 2019; 52:161-173. [PMID: 31326968 DOI: 10.1159/000500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capgras' delusion has captured psychiatrists' imaginations, but the clinical features of the delusion have rarely been studied and presented systematically. AIMS The present study systematically reviews all case reports on Capgras' delusion in the English language in order to better understand differences between organic and functional aetiologies. METHODS All medical and psychiatric databases were searched, as were the bibliographies of published case reports, narrative reviews, and book chapters. RESULTS A total of 258 cases were identified from 175 papers. Functional Capgras' delusion was more associated with a wider variety of imposters; multiple imposters; other misidentification syndromes; auditory hallucinations; other delusions; and formal thought disorder. Organic cases were associated with age; inanimate objects; memory and visual-spatial impairments; right hemispheric dysfunction; and visual hallucinations. Executive dysfunction and aggression were associated with both types. CONCLUSIONS Specific features of the -Capgras' delusional content and associated signs point to either organic or functional aetiology. The delusion is more amorphous than many theorists have supposed, which challenges their explanatory models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niruj Agrawal
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Poole
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom,
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Sevincok D, Sevincok L, Memis CO, Dogan B. A misidentification ritual in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and pharmacotherapeutic implications. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1360830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Doga Sevincok
- Department of Child and Adolesence Psychiatry, Dr Behcet Uz Child Diseases and Surgery Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Levent Sevincok
- Department of Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Cagdas O. Memis
- Department of Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Bilge Dogan
- Department of Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
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Bell V, Marshall C, Kanji Z, Wilkinson S, Halligan P, Deeley Q. Uncovering Capgras delusion using a large-scale medical records database. BJPsych Open 2017; 3:179-185. [PMID: 28794897 PMCID: PMC5541249 DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.117.005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capgras delusion is scientifically important but most commonly reported as single case studies. Studies analysing large clinical records databases focus on common disorders but none have investigated rare syndromes. AIMS Identify cases of Capgras delusion and associated psychopathology, demographics, cognitive function and neuropathology in light of existing models. METHOD Combined computational data extraction and qualitative classification using 250 000 case records from South London and Maudsley Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) database. RESULTS We identified 84 individuals and extracted diagnosis-matched comparison groups. Capgras was not 'monothematic' in the majority of cases. Most cases involved misidentified family members or close partners but others were misidentified in 25% of cases, contrary to dual-route face recognition models. Neuroimaging provided no evidence for predominantly right hemisphere damage. Individuals were ethnically diverse with a range of psychosis spectrum diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Capgras is more diverse than current models assume. Identification of rare syndromes complements existing 'big data' approaches in psychiatry. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS V.B. is supported by a Wellcome Trust Seed Award in Science (200589/Z/16/Z) and the UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. S.W. is supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (WT098455MA). Q.D. has received a grant from King's Health Partners. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughan Bell
- , PhD DClinPsy, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caryl Marshall
- , MBBS MRCPsych, Lewisham Mental Health Learning Disabilities Team, Behavioural & Developmental, Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Zara Kanji
- , MSc, Psychological Interventions Clinic for Outpatients with Psychosis, Maudsley Psychology Centre, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sam Wilkinson
- , PhD, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Halligan
- , PhD DSc, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Quinton Deeley
- , PhD, MRCPsych, Cultural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Bobes MA, Góngora D, Valdes A, Santos Y, Acosta Y, Fernandez Garcia Y, Lage A, Valdés-Sosa M. Testing the connections within face processing circuitry in Capgras delusion with diffusion imaging tractography. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 11:30-40. [PMID: 26909325 PMCID: PMC4732187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although Capgras delusion (CD) patients are capable of recognizing familiar faces, they present a delusional belief that some relatives have been replaced by impostors. CD has been explained as a selective disruption of a pathway processing affective values of familiar faces. To test the integrity of connections within face processing circuitry, diffusion tensor imaging was performed in a CD patient and 10 age-matched controls. Voxel-based morphometry indicated gray matter damage in right frontal areas. Tractography was used to examine two important tracts of the face processing circuitry: the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) and the inferior longitudinal (ILF). The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and commissural tracts were also assessed. CD patient did not differ from controls in the commissural fibers, or the SLF. Right and left ILF, and right IFOF were also equivalent to those of controls. However, the left IFOF was significantly reduced respect to controls, also showing a significant dissociation with the ILF, which represents a selective impairment in the fiber-tract connecting occipital and frontal areas. This suggests a possible involvement of the IFOF in affective processing of faces in typical observers and in covert recognition in some cases with prosopagnosia.
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An Unusual Case of Erotomania and Delusional Misidentification Syndrome. J Psychiatr Pract 2015; 21:306-12. [PMID: 26164056 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Delusional misidentification syndromes and erotomania are rare entities, each with several distinct manifestations and no clearly defined treatment regimen. Here we expand upon an earlier literature review and describe the case of a 40-year-old woman with a history of bipolar I disorder who presented after an extended period of medication nonadherence with symptoms consistent with both of these conditions; she believed that the staff on the unit were in fact disguised celebrities and fictional characters, and she claimed to be married to a famous singer. The exact relationship of these symptoms (and indeed, even their basic etiologies) remains unclear; however, both delusional syndromes resolved with a combination of risperidone and lithium therapy. Although earlier literature has suggested pimozide as the most effective agent for treating delusional syndromes, given the more favorable side-effect profile of atypical versus typical antipsychotics, this case suggests a role for risperidone as a first-line treatment in such situations.
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Orientation and disorientation: lessons from patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:149-57. [PMID: 25461208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orientation in time, space, and person is a fundamental cognitive faculty and the bedrock of neurological and psychiatric mental status examination. Nevertheless, research in orientation and disorientation is neglected in both cognitive science and neuropsychiatry. Specifically, it is still unclear whether disorientations in time, space, and person represent a failure of the same system or merely share a common nomenclature and whether these three domains of orientation depend on different psychological and neural systems. Here, we analyzed descriptions of patients with specific orientation failures associated with circumscribed cortical lesions, with a primary focus on epilepsy. The form of disorientation is analyzed according to its specific domain, the underlying neuropsychiatric disorder, and its anatomical correlate. Disorientations in the different domains are classified as self-referenced (incorrect self-localization) or nonself-referenced (incorrect localization or knowledge of other places, events, and people). Analysis of the cognitive and neural systems disturbed in these patients suggests that disorientation in one or several domains may be related to a failure in a specific brain mechanism localized mostly in the right hemisphere, partially overlapping with the default mode network (mostly the medial and lateral parietal, medial temporal, and lateral prefrontal cortices), which processes essential self-related cognitive faculties such as orientation.
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Oflaz S, Akyuz F, Hamamci A, Firat Z, Keskinkılıç C, Kilickesmez O, Cihangiroglu M. Working memory dysfunction in delusional disorders: an fMRI investigation. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 56:43-9. [PMID: 24841112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delusional disorder (DD) is a rare and understudied psychiatric disorder. There is limited number of studies concerning cognitive characteristics in DD. Using an established working memory paradigm with variable levels of memory load, we investigated alterations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain regions in patients with DD. METHODS This case control study included 9 patients with DD and 9 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and education level. Diagnosis of DD was confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I. The severity of the symptoms was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. All patients were asked to perform 0-back and 2-back tasks during fMRI experiments. Functional imaging was performed using the 3.0 T Philips whole-body scanner using an 8-channel head coil. RESULTS Participants with DD had less neural activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in fMRI scans obtained during performance tasks. On the other hand, neural activation of the left and right superior temporal gyrus, left middle and inferior temporal gyrus, right and left posterior cingulate gyrus, right amygdala, left and right fusiform gyrus was more prominent in patients with DD in comparison with the control group. DISCUSSION Patients with DD had dysfunction in the prefrontal, temporal and limbic regions of the brain in particular, during performance tasks of working memory. Our findings were in line with the findings of the early reports on deficient functioning in temporal or limbic regions of the brain. Further, patients with DD displayed prefrontal dysfunction as seen in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Oflaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Millet Street, Capa 34390 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Akyuz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andac Hamamci
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Firat
- Department of Radiology, Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cahit Keskinkılıç
- Department of Neurology, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kilickesmez
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Cihangiroglu
- Department of Radiology, Medicalpark University, Göztepe Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Thiel CM, Studte S, Hildebrandt H, Huster R, Weerda R. When a loved one feels unfamiliar: A case study on the neural basis of Capgras delusion. Cortex 2014; 52:75-85. [PMID: 24412433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and psychiatric outcome after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 23:272-9. [PMID: 22341961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are only a few studies in which both preoperative psychiatric comorbidity in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and its outcome after epilepsy surgery have been investigated. In this study, 144 patients evaluated for epilepsy surgery received psychiatric examination, 84 proceeding to intervention were reassessed postoperatively. Preoperatively, 60% met criteria for ICD-10- or epilepsy-specific psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty-seven percent, predominantly female, suffered from dysphoric disorder (DD) associated with temporal epileptogenic foci. Prevalence of DD correlated with complex partial seizure frequency and presence of ictal fear suggesting limbic-cortical dysregulation. Psychotic syndromes were linked to a history of febrile convulsions and left-sided temporomesial epileptogenic foci. High seizure frequency and early epilepsy onset predisposed to the development of personality disorders. Postoperative assessment revealed 18% of patients with "de novo" interictal affective disorders after surgery. Symptoms in 48% of patients with preoperative affective syndromes and 60% of patients with DD remitted after surgery. Seizure freedom and improved psychosocial status predicted remission of preoperative psychopathology.
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Mercurio EN. Capgras Syndrome associated with the use of psychoactive substances. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2011; 4:96-100. [PMID: 23446145 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Capgras syndrome has originally been described as psychiatric syndrome. However, in the last few years reports of patients with this syndrome has significantly increased in patients with neurological, metabolic, and infectious diseases and those who consume alcohol. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the neurobiology of this very unusual symptom, such as changes in the dopamine circuit and specific dysfunctions in facial processing. CASE In this work we present a new case of Capgras syndrome, associated with an acute cocaine overdose, which was transient and reversible. DISCUSSION The neurobiological bases of this syndrome are analysed, along with their relationship with the changes induced by cocaine use. Thus, Capgras syndrome could be the expression of functional changes at frontal-temporal level, and the paralimbic region secondary to the consumption of psychoactive substances such as cocaine.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurocognitive accounts of delusion have traditionally highlighted perceptual misrepresentation, as the primary trigger in addition to other cognitive deficits that maintain the delusion. Here, a general neurocognitive model of delusional disorder (DSM-IV) is proposed, not so much based on perceptual or cognitive deficits after right hemisphere damage as on cognitive propensities, specifically excessive inferencing (especially jumping to conclusions) and excessive reference to the self, due to left hemisphere overactivity. METHOD The functional imaging, topographic EEG, and experimental imaging literatures on delusional disorder are reviewed, and 37 previously published cases of postunilateral lesion delusion (DSM-IV type, grandeur, persecution, jealousy, erotomania, or somatic), are reviewed and analysed multivariately. RESULTS Functional imaging and EEG topography data were slightly more indicative of left hemisphere overactivity in delusional disorder. In addition, 73% of the postunilateral lesion cases (χ(2)=7.8, p=.005) of delusional disorder (DSM-IV type) had a right hemisphere lesion, whereas only 27% had a left hemisphere lesion. CONCLUSION Left hemisphere release appears to be a more primary cause of delusional disorder than right hemisphere impairment, the latter merely entailing loss of inhibition of delusional beliefs. We propose that most patients with DSM-IV diagnoses of delusional disorder could be afflicted by excessive left hemisphere activity, but further research is necessary.
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Thomas Antérion C, Convers P, Desmales S, Borg C, Laurent B. An odd manifestation of the Capgras syndrome: loss of familiarity even with the sexual partner. Neurophysiol Clin 2008; 38:177-82. [PMID: 18539251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a patient who presented visual hallucinations and identification disorders associated with a Capgras syndrome. During the Capgras periods, there was not only a misidentification of his wife's face, but also a more global perceptive and emotional sexual identification disorder. Thus, he had sexual intercourse with his wife's "double" without having the slightest recollection feeling of familiarity towards his "wife" and even changed his sexual habits. To the best of our knowledge, he is the only neurological patient who made his wife a mistress. Starting from this global familiarity loss, we discuss the mechanism of Capgras delusion with reference to the role of the implicit system of face recognition. Such behavior of familiarity loss not only with face but also with all intimacy aspects argues for a specific disconnection between the ventral visual pathway of face identification and the limbic system involved in emotional and episodic memory contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thomas Antérion
- Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Department, Bellevue Hospital, CHU de Bellevue, 25, boulevard Pasteur, Saint-Etienne, France.
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