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Guo M, Wang J, Xiong Z, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Tang C, Zhang J, Guan Y, Chen F, Yao K, Teng P, Zhou J, Zhai F, Boison D, Luan G, Li T. Ectopic expression of neuronal adenosine kinase, a biomarker in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12926. [PMID: 37483117 PMCID: PMC11000230 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis (no-HS MTLE) refers to those MTLE patients who have neither magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions nor definite pathological evidence of hippocampal sclerosis. They usually have resistance to antiepileptic drugs, difficulties in precise seizure location and poor surgical outcomes. Adenosine is a neuroprotective neuromodulator that acts as a seizure terminator in the brain. The role of adenosine in no-HS MTLE is still unclear. Further research to explore the aetiology and pathogenesis of no-HS MTLE may help to find new therapeutic targets. METHODS In surgically resected hippocampal specimens, we examined the maladaptive changes of the adenosine system of patients with no-HS MTLE. In order to better understand the dysregulation of the adenosine pathway in no-HS MTLE, we developed a rat model based on the induction of focal cortical lesions through a prenatal freeze injury. RESULTS We first examined the adenosine system in no-HS MTLE patients who lack hippocampal neuronal loss and found ectopic expression of the astrocytic adenosine metabolising enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, as well as downregulation of neuronal A1 receptors (A1 Rs) in the hippocampus. In the no-HS MTLE model rats, the transition of ADK from neuronal expression to an adult pattern of glial expression in the hippocampus was significantly delayed. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic expression of neuronal ADK might be a pathological hallmark of no-HS MTLE. Maladaptive changes in adenosine metabolism might be a novel target for therapeutic intervention in no-HS MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Guo
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhonghua Xiong
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chongyang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Pengfei Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson & New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Department of Brain Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Research, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
- Department of Neurology, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
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Pant S, Nain S. Recent Advances in the Development of Pyrimidine-based CNS Agents. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2023; 20:14-28. [PMID: 36200187 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666221003094402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in CNS drug discovery, and various new CNS agents have been developed. Pyrimidine is an important scaffold in the area of medicinal chemistry. Recently, pyrimidine-containing compounds have been successfully designed as potent CNS agents. Substantial research has been carried out on pyrimidine-bearing compounds to treat different disorders of CNS in various animal models. METHODS Utilizing various databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science, the literature review was conducted. The specifics of significant articles were discussed with an emphasis on the potency of pyrimidines derivatives possessing CNS activity. RESULTS Recent papers indicating pyrimidine derivatives with CNS activity were incorporated into the manuscript. (46) to (50) papers included different pyrimidine derivatives as 5-HT agonist/antagonists, (62) to (67) as adenosine agonist/antagonist, (70) to (75) as anticonvulsant agents, (80) to (83) as cannabinoid receptor agonists, (102) to (103) as nicotinic and (110) as muscarinic receptor agonists. The remaining papers (113) to (114) represented pyrimidine-based molecular imaging agents. CONCLUSION Pyrimidine and its derivatives have been studied in detail to evaluate their efficacy in overcoming multiple central nervous system disorders. The article covers the current updates on pyrimidine-based compounds as potent CNS and molecular imaging agents and will definitely provide a better platform for the development of potent pyrimidine-based CNS drugs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pant
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sumitra Nain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
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Pejčić A, Janković SM, Đešević M, Gojak R, Lukić S, Marković N, Milosavljević M. Novel and emerging therapeutics for genetic epilepsies. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1283-1301. [PMID: 34633254 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1992275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disease-specific treatments are available only for a minority of patients with genetic epilepsies, while the rest are treated with anticonvulsants, which are ineffective in almost one-third of patients. AREAS COVERED Recently approved and the most effective emerging therapeutics under development for the treatment of genetic epilepsies are overviewed after systematic search and analysis of relevant literature. EXPERT OPINION New and emerging drugs for genetic epilepsies exploit one of the two approaches: inhibiting hyperactive brain foci through blocking excitatory or augmenting inhibitory neurotransmission, or correcting the underlying genetic defect. The first is limited by insufficient selectivity of available compounds, and the second by imperfection of currently used vectors of genetic material, unselective and transient transgene expression. Besides, the treatment may come too late, after structural abnormalities and epilepsy deterioration takes place. However, with recent improvements, we can expect to see soon gradual decline in the number of patients with therapy-resistant genetic epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pejčić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Miralem Đešević
- Private Policlinic Center Eurofar Sarajevo, Cardiology Department, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Refet Gojak
- Infectious diseases Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Snežana Lukić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
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