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Coelho-Rato LS, Parvanian S, Modi MK, Eriksson JE. Vimentin at the core of wound healing. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:239-254. [PMID: 37748934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the large family of intermediate filaments (IFs), vimentin has emerged as a highly dynamic and versatile cytoskeletal protein involved in many key processes of wound healing. It is well established that vimentin is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during wound healing and metastasis, during which epithelial cells acquire more dynamic and motile characteristics. Moreover, vimentin participates in multiple cellular activities supporting growth, proliferation, migration, cell survival, and stress resilience. Here, we explore the role of vimentin at each phase of wound healing, with focus on how it integrates different signaling pathways and protects cells in the fluctuating and challenging environments that characterize a healing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila S Coelho-Rato
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sepideh Parvanian
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mayank Kumar Modi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Euro-Bioimaging ERIC, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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2
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Su Z, Zong Z, Deng J, Huang J, Liu G, Wei B, Cui L, Li G, Zhong H, Lin S. Lipid Metabolism in Cartilage Development, Degeneration, and Regeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193984. [PMID: 36235637 PMCID: PMC9570753 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids affect cartilage growth, injury, and regeneration in diverse ways. Diet and metabolism have become increasingly important as the prevalence of obesity has risen. Proper lipid supplementation in the diet contributes to the preservation of cartilage function, whereas excessive lipid buildup is detrimental to cartilage. Lipid metabolic pathways can generate proinflammatory substances that are crucial to the development and management of osteoarthritis (OA). Lipid metabolism is a complicated metabolic process involving several regulatory systems, and lipid metabolites influence different features of cartilage. In this review, we examine the current knowledge about cartilage growth, degeneration, and regeneration processes, as well as the most recent research on the significance of lipids and their metabolism in cartilage, including the extracellular matrix and chondrocytes. An in-depth examination of the involvement of lipid metabolism in cartilage metabolism will provide insight into cartilage metabolism and lead to the development of new treatment techniques for metabolic cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Su
- Orthopaedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China
| | - Zhixian Zong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinxia Deng
- Orthopaedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Guihua Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Orthopaedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical Unversity, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Gang Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Orthopaedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (S.L.); Tel.: +852-3763-6153 (S.L.)
| | - Sien Lin
- Orthopaedic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (S.L.); Tel.: +852-3763-6153 (S.L.)
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3
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Madenspacher JH, Morrell ED, Gowdy KM, McDonald JG, Thompson BM, Muse G, Martinez J, Thomas S, Mikacenic C, Nick JA, Abraham E, Garantziotis S, Stapleton RD, Meacham JM, Thomassen MJ, Janssen WJ, Cook DN, Wurfel MM, Fessler MB. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase promotes efferocytosis and resolution of lung inflammation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137189. [PMID: 32343675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a central role in initiation and resolution of lung inflammation, but the integration of these opposing core functions is poorly understood. AM expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the primary biosynthetic enzyme for 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), far exceeds the expression of macrophages in other tissues, but no role for CH25H has been defined in lung biology. As 25HC is an agonist for the antiinflammatory nuclear receptor, liver X receptor (LXR), we speculated that CH25H might regulate inflammatory homeostasis in the lung. Here, we show that, of natural oxysterols or sterols, 25HC is induced in the inflamed lung of mice and humans. Ch25h-/- mice fail to induce 25HC and LXR target genes in the lung after LPS inhalation and exhibit delayed resolution of airway neutrophilia, which can be rescued by systemic treatment with either 25HC or synthetic LXR agonists. LXR-null mice also display delayed resolution, suggesting that native oxysterols promote resolution. During resolution, Ch25h is induced in macrophages upon their encounter with apoptotic cells and is required for LXR-dependent prevention of AM lipid overload, induction of Mertk, efferocytic resolution of airway neutrophilia, and induction of TGF-β. CH25H/25HC/LXR is, thus, an inducible metabolic axis that programs AMs for efferocytic resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric D Morrell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seddon Thomas
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee D Stapleton
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Julie M Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Jane Thomassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Targosz-Korecka M, Wnętrzak A, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Gonet-Surówka A, Kubisiak A, Filiczkowska A, Szymoński M, Dynarowicz-Latka P. Effect of selected B-ring-substituted oxysterols on artificial model erythrocyte membrane and isolated red blood cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183067. [PMID: 31634445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, systematic studies concerning the influence of selected oxysterols on the structure and fluidity of human erythrocyte membrane modeled as Langmuir monolayers have been performed. Three oxidized cholesterol derivatives, namely 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OH) 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OH) and 7-ketocholesterol (7-K) have been incorporated in two different proportions (10 and 50%) into artificial erythrocyte membrane, modeled as two-component (cholesterol:POPC) Langmuir monolayer. All the studied oxysterols were found to alter membrane fluidity and the effect was more pronounced for higher oxysterol content. 7α-OH increased membrane fluidity while opposite effect was observed for 7β-OH and 7-K. Experiments performed on model systems have been verified in biological studies on red blood cells (RBC). Consistent results have been found, i.e. under the influence of 7α-OH, the elasticity of erythrocytes increased, and in the presence of other investigated oxysterols - decreased. The strongest effect was noticed for 7-K. Change of membrane elasticity was associated with the change of erythrocytes shape, being most noticeable under the influence of 7-K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agata Kubisiak
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Filiczkowska
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Szymoński
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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5
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Pariente A, Peláez R, Pérez-Sala Á, Larráyoz IM. Inflammatory and cell death mechanisms induced by 7-ketocholesterol in the retina. Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Cataractogenic load – A concept to study the contribution of ionizing radiation to accelerated aging in the eye lens. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 779:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Maddala R, Chauhan BK, Walker C, Zheng Y, Robinson ML, Lang RA, Rao PV. Rac1 GTPase-deficient mouse lens exhibits defects in shape, suture formation, fiber cell migration and survival. Dev Biol 2011; 360:30-43. [PMID: 21945075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis and shape of the ocular lens depend on epithelial cell elongation and differentiation into fiber cells, followed by the symmetric and compact organization of fiber cells within an enclosed extracellular matrix-enriched elastic capsule. The cellular mechanisms orchestrating these different events however, remain obscure. We investigated the role of the Rac1 GTPase in these processes by targeted deletion of expression using the conditional gene knockout (cKO) approach. Rac1 cKO mice were derived from two different Cre (Le-Cre and MLR-10) transgenic mice in which lens-specific Cre expression starts at embryonic day 8.75 and 10.5, respectively, in both the lens epithelium and fiber cells. The Le-Cre/Rac1 cKO mice exhibited an early-onset (E12.5) and severe lens phenotype compared to the MLR-10/Rac1 cKO (E15.5) mice. While the Le-Cre/Rac1 cKO lenses displayed delayed primary fiber cell elongation, lenses from both Rac1 cKO strains were characterized by abnormal shape, impaired secondary fiber cell migration, sutural defects and thinning of the posterior capsule which often led to rupture. Lens fiber cell N-cadherin/β-catenin/Rap1/Nectin-based cell-cell junction formation and WAVE-2/Abi-2/Nap1-regulated actin polymerization were impaired in the Rac1 deficient mice. Additionally, the Rac1 cKO lenses were characterized by a shortened epithelial sheet, reduced levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and increased apoptosis. Taken together, these data uncover the essential role of Rac1 GTPase activity in establishment and maintenance of lens shape, suture formation and capsule integrity, and in fiber cell migration, adhesion and survival, via regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, cell adhesive interactions and ECM turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Zhang J, Xue R, Ong WY, Chen P. Roles of cholesterol in vesicle fusion and motion. Biophys J 2009; 97:1371-80. [PMID: 19720025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones is highly regulated by numerous secretory proteins, such as SNARE proteins, there is an increasing appreciation of the importance of the chemophysical properties and organization of membrane lipids to various aspects of the exocytotic program. Based on amperometric recordings by carbon fiber microelectrodes, we show that deprivation of membrane cholesterol by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin not only inhibited the extent of membrane depolarization-induced exocytosis, it also adversely affected the kinetics and quantal size of vesicle fusion in neuroendocrine PC12 cells. In addition, total internal fluorescence microscopy studies revealed that cholesterol depletion impaired vesicle docking and trafficking, which are believed to correlate with the dynamics of exocytosis. Furthermore, we found that free cholesterol is able to directly trigger vesicle fusion, albeit with less potency and slower kinetics as compared to membrane depolarization stimulation. These results underscore the versatile roles of cholesterol in facilitating exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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9
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Iliev AI, Djannatian JR, Opazo F, Gerber J, Nau R, Mitchell TJ, Wouters FS. Rapid microtubule bundling and stabilization by the Streptococcus pneumoniae neurotoxin pneumolysin in a cholesterol-dependent, non-lytic and Src-kinase dependent manner inhibits intracellular trafficking. Mol Microbiol 2008; 71:461-77. [PMID: 19040644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of bacterial meningitis, leading to permanent neurological damage in 30% and lethal outcome in 25% of patients. The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin is a major virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. It produces rapid cell lysis at higher concentrations or apoptosis at lower concentrations. Here, we show that sublytic amounts of pneumolysin produce rapid bundling and increased acetylation of microtubules (signs of excessive microtubule stabilization) in various types of cells--neuroblastoma cells, fibroblasts and primary astrocytes. The bundling started perinuclearly and extended peripherally towards the membrane. The effect was not connected to pneumolysin's capacity to mediate calcium influx, macropore formation, apoptosis, or RhoA and Rac1 activation. Cellular cholesterol depletion and neutralization of the toxin by pre-incubation with cholesterol completely inhibited the microtubule phenotype. Pharmacological inhibition of Src-family kinases diminished microtubule bundling, suggesting their involvement in the process. The relevance of microtubule stabilization to meningitis was confirmed in an experimental pneumococcal meningitis animal model, where increased acetylation was observed. Live imaging experiments demonstrated a decrease in organelle motility after toxin challenge in a manner comparable to the microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol, thus proposing a possible pathogenic mechanism that might contribute to the CNS damage in pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asparouh I Iliev
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Systems, Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Instutute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medicine Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Chen Y, Stump R, Lovicu FJ, McAvoy JW. A role for Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling during lens fiber cell differentiation? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006; 17:712-25. [PMID: 17210263 PMCID: PMC1847341 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling through frizzled (Fz) receptors plays key roles in just about every developmental system that has been studied. Several Wnt-Fz signaling pathways have been identified including the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. PCP signaling is crucial for many developmental processes that require major cytoskeletal rearrangements. Downstream of Fz, PCP signaling is thought to involve the GTPases, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 and regulation of the JNK cascade. Here we report on the localization of these GTPases and JNK in the lens and assess their involvement in the cytoskeletal reorganisation that is a key element of FGF-induced lens fiber cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
| | - R.J.W. Stump
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
- The Vision CRC, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - F. J. Lovicu
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
- The Vision CRC, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - J. W. McAvoy
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, The University of Sydney, NSW. Australia
- The Vision CRC, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
- *Author for correspondence: JW McAvoy Ph.D. (), Tel: +61-2-9382 7369, Fax: +61-2-9382 7318
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11
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Rao PV, Maddala R. The role of the lens actin cytoskeleton in fiber cell elongation and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006; 17:698-711. [PMID: 17145190 PMCID: PMC1803076 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate ocular lens is a fascinating and unique transparent tissue that grows continuously throughout life. During the process of differentiation into fiber cells, lens epithelial cells undergo dramatic morphological changes, membrane remodeling, polarization, transcriptional activation and elimination of cellular organelles including nuclei, concomitant with migration towards the lens interior. Most of these events are presumed to be influenced in large part, by dynamic reorganization of the cellular actin cytoskeleton and by intercellular and cell: extracellular matrix interactions. In light of recent and unprecedented advancement in our understanding of the mechanistic bases underlying regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics and the role of the actin cytoskeleton in cell function, this review attempts to summarize current knowledge regarding the role of the cellular actin cytoskeleton, in lens fiber cell elongation and differentiation, and regulation of actin cytoskeletal organization in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vasantha Rao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Jiang Q, Zhou C, Bi Z, Wan Y. EGF-induced cell migration is mediated by ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in cultured human lens epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22:93-102. [PMID: 16722795 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.22.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is considered as the most common cause of blindness, which is curable only by surgery. Postsurgery, however, many patients gradually develop the complication of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) or secondary cataract, arising from stimulated cell proliferation and cell migration within the lens capsule. The migration of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) plays crucial roles in the remodeling of lens capsule and cataract formation, but less is known about the cell-signaling mechanism of migration. We observed that epithelial growth factor (EGF) induced cell migration in cultured human lens epithelial cells through the ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. EGF induced cell migration in a dose-dependent manner; EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation and downstream activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), p38 MAP kinase (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and AKT, were inhibited by PD153035 (EGFR inhibitor), JNKi (JNK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), U0126 (MEK/ERK inhibitor), and LY294002 (PI3K/AKT inhibitor), respectively. Furthermore, we found that EGF induced activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in cultured HLECs. EGF-induced MMP-2 activity was significantly inhibited by treatment of PD153035, U0126, and LY294002, but not SB203580 and JNK inhibitor, suggesting that ERK and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways selectively mediate EGF-stimulated MMP-2 activity and cell migration in cultured HLECs in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that the cell-signaling pathways involved in EGF-stimulated cell migration may constitute potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Calleros L, Lasa M, Rodríguez-Alvarez FJ, Toro MJ, Chiloeches A. RhoA and p38 MAPK mediate apoptosis induced by cellular cholesterol depletion. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1161-73. [PMID: 16699960 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-6980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for cell viability, and homeostasis of cellular cholesterol is crucial to various cell functions. Here we examined the effect of cholesterol depletion on apoptosis and the mechanisms underlying this effect in NIH3T3 cells. We show that chronic cholesterol depletion achieved with lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) treatment resulted in a significant increase in cellular apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. This effect is not due to a deficiency of nonsterol isoprenoids, intermediate metabolites of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, but rather to low cholesterol levels, since addition of cholesterol together with LPDS and 25-HC nearly abolished apoptosis, whereas addition of farnesyl pyrophosphate or geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate did not reverse the cell viability loss induced by LPDS plus 25-HC treatment. These effects were accompanied by an increase in ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK activity. However, only the inhibition of p38 MAPK with the specific inhibitor SB203580 or the overexpression of a kinase defective MKK6 resulted in a significant decrease in apoptosis and caspase-3 cleavage induced by cholesterol depletion. Furthermore, LPDS plus 25-HC increased RhoA activity, and this effect was reversed by addition of exogenous cholesterol. Finally, overexpression of the dominant negative N19RhoA inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation and apoptosis induced by low cholesterol levels. Together, our results demonstrate that cholesterol depletion induces apoptosis through a RhoA- and p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calleros
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33, 6, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Girão H, Catarino S, Pereira P. 7-Ketocholesterol modulates intercellular communication through gap-junction in bovine lens epithelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 2004; 2:2. [PMID: 15171789 PMCID: PMC421750 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Connexin43 (Cx43) is an integral membrane protein that forms intercellular channels called gap junctions. Intercellular communication in the eye lens relies on an extensive network of gap junctions essential for the maintenance of lens transparency. The association of Cx43 with cholesterol enriched lipid raft domains was recently demonstrated. The objective of this study is to assess if products of cholesterol oxidation (oxysterols) affect gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). Results Primary cultures of lens epithelial cells (LEC) were incubated with 7-ketocholesterol (7-Keto), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) or cholesterol and the subcellular distribution of Cx43 was evaluated by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The levels of Cx43 present in gap junction plaques were assessed by its insolubility in Triton X-100 and quantified by western blotting. The stability of Cx43 at the plasma membrane following incubation with oxysterols was evaluated by biotinylation of cell surface proteins. Gap junction intercellular communication was evaluated by transfer of the dye Lucifer yellow. The results obtained showed that 7-keto induces an accumulation of Cx43 at the plasma membrane and an increase in intercellular communication through gap junction. However, incubation with cholesterol or 25-OH did not lead to significant alterations on subcellular distribution of Cx43 nor in intercellular communication. Data further suggests that increased intercellular communication results from increased stability of Cx43 at the plasma membrane, presumably forming functional gap-junctions, as suggested by decreased solubility of Cx43 in 1% Triton X-100. The increased stability of Cx43 at the plasma membrane seems to be specific and not related to disruption of endocytic pathway, as demonstrated by dextran uptake. Conclusions Results demonstrate, for the first time, that 7-keto induces an increase in gap junction intercellular communication, that is most likely due to an increased stability of protein at the plasma membrane and to increased abundance of Cx43 assembled in gap junction plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Girão
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Institute for Research in Light and Image (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Steve Catarino
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Institute for Research in Light and Image (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Institute for Research in Light and Image (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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