1
|
Kato Y, Yoshida S, Kato T. New insights into the role and origin of pituitary S100β-positive cells. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:227-237. [PMID: 34550453 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the anterior pituitary, S100β protein (S100β) has been assumed to be a marker of folliculo-stellate cells, which are one of the non-hormone-producing cells existing in the parenchyma of the adult anterior lobe and are composed of subpopulations with various functions. However, recent accumulating studies on S100β-positive cells, including non-folliculo-stellate cells lining the marginal cell layer (MCL), have shown the novel aspect that most S100β-positive cells in the MCL and parenchyma of the adult anterior lobe are positive for sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), a marker of pituitary stem/progenitor cells. From the viewpoint of SOX2-positive cells, the majority of these cells in the MCL and in the parenchyma are positive for S100β, suggesting that S100β plays a role in the large population of stem/progenitor cells in the anterior lobe of the adult pituitary. Reportedly, S100β/SOX2-double positive cells are able to differentiate into hormone-producing cells and various types of non-hormone-producing cells. Intriguingly, it has been demonstrated that extra-pituitary lineage cells invade the pituitary gland during prenatal pituitary organogenesis. Among them, two S100β-positive populations have been identified: one is SOX2-positive population which invades at the late embryonic period through the pituitary stalk and another is a SOX2-negative population that invades at the middle embryonic period through Atwell's recess. These two populations are likely the substantive origin of S100β-positive cells in the postnatal anterior pituitary, while S100β-positive cells emerging from oral ectoderm-derived cells remain unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kato
- Institute for Endocrinology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Saishu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takako Kato
- Institute for Endocrinology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is derived from Rathke's pouch precursors, which differentiate into specific hormone-secreting cell lineages. Sustained low postnatal and adult pituitary cell turnover is governed by stem/progenitor cells that undergo slow mitotic activity and give rise to hormone-secreting cells in response to physiological demands and feedback loops. Pituitary cell populations exhibit stem cell properties, which include stem cell marker expression, non-hormone expression, and the ability to self-renew and to potentially differentiate into any of five hormone-secreting cell lineages. Specific signaling pathways underlie differentiated pituitary cell development and regulation. Several validated pituitary stem cell models have been reported and have the potential for functional regeneration of pituitary hormone-secreting cell functions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Clump formation in mouse pituitary-derived non-endocrine cell line Tpit/F1 promotes differentiation into growth-hormone-producing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:353-368. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
4
|
Manoranjan B, Mahendram S, Almenawer SA, Venugopal C, McFarlane N, Hallett R, Vijayakumar T, Algird A, Murty NK, Sommer DD, Provias JP, Reddy K, Singh SK. The identification of human pituitary adenoma-initiating cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:125. [PMID: 27894339 PMCID: PMC5127041 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Classified as benign central nervous system (CNS) tumors, pituitary adenomas account for 10% of diagnosed intracranial neoplasms. Although surgery is often curative, patients with invasive macroadenomas continue to experience significant morbidity and are prone to tumor recurrence. Given the identification of human brain tumor-initiating cells (TICs) that initiate and maintain tumor growth while promoting disease progression and relapse in multiple CNS tumors, we investigated whether TICs also drive the growth of human pituitary adenomas. Using a nanoString-based 80-gene custom codeset specific for developmental pathways, we identified a differential stem cell gene expression profile within human pituitary adenomas. Prospective functional characterization of stem cell properties in patient-derived adenomas representing all hormonal subtypes yielded a subtype-dependent self-renewal profile, which was enriched within the CD15+ cell fraction. The tumor-initiating capacity of CD15high adenoma cells was assayed in comparison to CD15low adenomas using in vivo limiting dilutions, which maintained the rare frequency of TICs. Repeated analyses using sorted cell populations for CD15+ TICs compared to CD15- adenoma cells provided further evidence of xenograft tumor formation to support CD15+ cells as putative pituitary adenoma-initiating cells (PAICs). The clinical utility of our findings was established through in silico analyses and comparative gene expression profiling of primary and recurrent pituitary adenomas. CD15 was enriched in recurrent adenomas, which was validated using routine clinical immunohistochemistry in a limited number of samples. Our work reports the first prospective identification of human PAICs using CD15. Patients with CD15high adenomas may therefore benefit from more aggressive surgical interventions and chemo/radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
S100β-Positive Cells of Mesenchymal Origin Reside in the Anterior Lobe of the Embryonic Pituitary Gland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163981. [PMID: 27695124 PMCID: PMC5047643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland develop through invagination of the oral ectoderm and as they are endocrine tissues, they participate in the maintenance of vital functions via the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones. We recently observed that several extrapituitary cells invade the anterior lobe of the developing pituitary gland. This raised the question of the origin(s) of these S100β-positive cells, which are not classic endocrine cells but instead comprise a heterogeneous cell population with plural roles, especially as stem/progenitor cells. To better understand the roles of these S100β-positive cells, we performed immunohistochemical analysis using several markers in S100β/GFP-TG rats, which express GFP in S100β-expressing cells under control of the S100β promoter. GFP-positive cells were present as mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing pituitary gland and at Atwell's recess but were not present in the anterior lobe on embryonic day 15.5. These cells were negative for SOX2, a pituitary stem/progenitor marker, and PRRX1, a mesenchyme and pituitary stem/progenitor marker. However, three days later, GFP-positive and PRRX1-positive (but SOX2-negative) cells were observed in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. Furthermore, some GFP-positive cells were positive for vimentin, p75, isolectin B4, DESMIN, and Ki67. These data suggest that S100β-positive cells of extrapituitary origin invade the anterior lobe, undergoing proliferation and diverse transformation during pituitary organogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nishimura N, Ueharu H, Nishihara H, Shibuya S, Yoshida S, Higuchi M, Kanno N, Horiguchi K, Kato T, Kato Y. Search for regulatory factors of the pituitary-specific transcription factor PROP1 gene. J Reprod Dev 2015; 62:93-102. [PMID: 26640231 PMCID: PMC4768783 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary-specific transcription factor PROP1, a factor important for pituitary organogenesis, appears on
rat embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) in SOX2-expressing stem/progenitor cells and always coexists with SOX2
throughout life. PROP1-positive cells at one point occupy all cells in Rathke’s pouch, followed by a rapid
decrease in their number. Their regulatory factors, except for RBP-J, have not yet been clarified. This study
aimed to use the 3 kb upstream region and 1st intron of mouse prop1 to pinpoint a group of
factors selected on the basis of expression in the early pituitary gland for expression of
Prop1. Reporter assays for SOX2 and RBP-J showed that the stem/progenitor marker SOX2 has
cell type-dependent inhibitory and activating functions through the proximal and distal upstream regions of
Prop1, respectively, while RBP-J had small regulatory activity in some cell lines. Reporter
assays for another 39 factors using the 3 kb upstream regions in CHO cells ultimately revealed that 8 factors,
MSX2, PAX6, PIT1, PITX1, PITX2, RPF1, SOX8 and SOX11, but not RBP-J, regulate Prop1
expression. Furthermore, a synergy effect with SOX2 was observed for an additional 10 factors, FOXJ1, HES1,
HEY1, HEY2, KLF6, MSX1, RUNX1, TEAD2, YBX2 and ZFP36Ll, which did not show substantial independent action.
Thus, we demonstrated 19 candidates, including SOX2, to be regulatory factors of Prop1
expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Nishimura
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoshida S, Higuchi M, Ueharu H, Nishimura N, Tsuda M, Yako H, Chen M, Mitsuishi H, Sano Y, Kato T, Kato Y. Characterization of murine pituitary-derived cell lines Tpit/F1, Tpit/E and TtT/GF. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:295-303. [PMID: 24881870 PMCID: PMC4139504 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is an important endocrine tissue of the vertebrate that produces and secretes many hormones. Accumulating data
suggest that several types of cells compose the pituitary, and there is growing interest in elucidating the origin of these cell
types and their roles in pituitary organogenesis. Therein, the histogenous cell line is an extremely valuable experimental tool
for investigating the function of derived tissue. In this study, we compared gene expression profiles by microarray analysis and
real-time PCR for murine pituitary tumor-derived non-hormone-producing cell lines TtT/GF, Tpit/F1 and Tpit/E. Several genes are
characteristically expressed in each cell line: Abcg2, Nestin, Prrx1,
Prrx2, CD34, Eng, Cspg4 (Ng2),
S100β and nNos in TtT/GF; Cxcl12, Raldh1,
Msx1 and Twist1 in Tpit/F1; and Cxadr, Sox9,
Cdh1, EpCAM and Krt8 in Tpit/E. Ultimately, we came to the following conclusions: TtT/GF cells
show the most differentiated state, and may have some properties of the pituitary vascular endothelial cell and/or pericyte.
Tpit/F1 cells show the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes with stemness still in a transiting state. Tpit/E cells have a
phenotype of epithelial cells and are the most immature cells in the progression of differentiation or in the initial
endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, these three cell lines must be useful model cell lines for investigating pituitary
stem/progenitor cells as well as organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Regulation, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nassiri F, Cusimano M, Zuccato JA, Mohammed S, Rotondo F, Horvath E, Syro LV, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV. Pituitary stem cells: candidates and implications. Pituitary 2013; 16:413-8. [PMID: 23423660 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-013-0470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary is the master endocrine gland of the body. It undergoes many changes after birth, and these changes may be mediated by the differentiation of pituitary stem cells. Stem cells in any tissue source must display (1) pluripotent capacity, (2) capacity for indefinite self-renewal, and (3) a lack of specialization. Unlike neural stem cells identified in the hippocampus and subventricular zone, pituitary stem cells are not associated with one specific cell type. There are many major candidates that are thought to be potential pituitary stem cell sources. This article reviews the evidence for each of the major cell types and discuss the implications of identifying a definitive pituitary stem cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Nassiri
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Characterization of a pituitary-tumor-derived cell line, TtT/GF, that expresses Hoechst efflux ABC transporter subfamily G2 and stem cell antigen 1. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:563-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10
|
Osuna M, Sonobe Y, Itakura E, Devnath S, Kato T, Kato Y, Inoue K. Differentiation capacity of native pituitary folliculostellate cells and brain astrocytes. J Endocrinol 2012; 213:231-7. [PMID: 22434586 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary folliculostellate (FS) cells are characterized by producing S100B protein, as do brain astrocytes. FS cells have some functions in the pituitary gland, i.e. scavenger functions, sustentacular cell activity through cytokines, and intercellular communication through gap junctions. However, the biological significances of FS cells, especially their differentiation capacities in the anterior pituitary gland, are still under discussion. To understand FS cells with new approaches, we generated a transgenic rat expressing GFP under S100b gene promoter, which regulates tissue-specific expression of S100b gene. Using the transgenic rat, we succeeded in inducing skeletal muscle cells from FS cells by culturing it in serum-free medium containing B-27 supplement, thyroid hormone (tri-iodothyronine), epidermal growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. In this study, we also succeeded in inducing skeletal muscle cells from primary cultured astrocytes and astrocyte cell line, C6 cells. Hence, we concluded that pituitary FS cells have wide differentiation potential and have similar characteristics to astrocytes, which not only support cell activity but also support differentiation capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marumi Osuna
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoshida S, Kato T, Yako H, Susa T, Cai LY, Osuna M, Inoue K, Kato Y. Significant quantitative and qualitative transition in pituitary stem / progenitor cells occurs during the postnatal development of the rat anterior pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:933-43. [PMID: 21815952 PMCID: PMC3258424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We reported recently that a pituitary-specific transcription factor PROP1 is present in SOX2-positive cells and disappears at the early stage of the transition from progenitor cell to committed cell during the embryonic development of the rat pituitary. In the present study, we examined the localisation and identification of SOX2-positive and PROP1/SOX2-positive cells in the neonatal and postnatal rat pituitaries by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cells demonstrated that SOX2-positive pituitary stem/progenitor cells are not only predominantly localised in the marginal cell layer, but also are scattered in the parenchyma of the adult anterior lobe. In the marginal cell layer, the number of PROP1/SOX2-positive cells significantly decreased after postnatal day 15, indicating that a significant quantitative transition is triggered in the marginal cell layer during the first postnatal growth wave of the anterior pituitary. By contrast, other phenotypes of SOX2-positive stem/progenitor cells that express S100β appeared in the postnatal anterior pituitary. These data suggested that quantitative and qualitative transition occurs by acquisition of a novel mechanism in terminal differentiation in the postnatal development of the anterior pituitary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kikuchi M, Yatabe M, Tando Y, Yashiro T. Immunohistochemical localization of anterior pituitary hormones in S-100 protein-positive cells in the rat pituitary gland. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:425-9. [PMID: 21830043 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary gland, non-hormone-producing cells that express S-100 protein coexist with various types of hormone-producing cells and are believed to function as phagocytes, supporting and paracrine-controlling cells of hormone-producing cells and stem cells, among other functions; however, their cytological characteristics are not yet fully understood. Using a transgenic rat that expresses green fluorescent protein under the promoter of the S100β protein gene, we immunohistochemically detected expression of the luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, growth hormone and proopiomelanocortin by S-100 protein-positive cells located between clusters of hormone-producing cells in the intermediate lobe. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that S-100 protein-positive cells are capable of differentiating into hormone-producing cells in the adult rat pituitary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Education, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan H. Sherman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory and Neurosurgical Outcomes Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moro JA, Carretero J, Alonso MI, Martín C, Gato A, Mano ADL. Prenatal expression of interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6 in the rat pituitary gland. Cytokine 2008; 44:315-22. [PMID: 19041259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is known that interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are expressed post-natally in normal and tumoral cells in the anterior pituitary, and that they play a role in both the liberation of different hormones and in the growth, proliferation and tumor formation of the pituitary gland. However, their expression and role during embryonic and fetal development remain unknown. We have performed an immunocytochemistry study of prenatal expression and distribution of IL-1beta and IL-6 in isolated embryonic rat Rathke's pouch prior to birth, more specifically between 13.5 and 19.5 days p.c. Western-blot analysis carried out on 19.5-day p.c. embryos showed positive immunolabelling for IL-1beta and IL-6. These interleukins were initially expressed simultaneously in the rostral and ventral portions of Rathke's pouch in 15.5-day p.c. embryos, and this expression progressed caudodorsally in later developmental stages, extending to most of the hypophysis before birth. The number of cells expressing these interleukins increased throughout this period: 48.22% of anterior pituitary cells expressed IL-6 in 19.5-day embryos, whilst IL-1beta was positive in 39.8% of the cells. Moreover, we have demonstrated that some adenohypophyseal cells co-express both interleukins. Such findings represent the first step towards an understanding of the physiological role of these interleukins in anterior pituitary development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Moro
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/Ramón y Cajal 7-47005-Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Folliculo-stellate cells (FS-cells) are star-shaped and follicle-forming cells in the anterior pituitary gland that were first identified by electron microscopy as non-endocrine agranular cells. Light microscopy has revealed many of their cytophysiological features and the FS-cell is known to be positive for S-100 protein, a marker for FS-cells. So far, functions ascribed to FS-cells include the formation of an extensive and complex tridimentional network, scavenger activity by engulfing degenerated cells, paracrine regulation of endocrine cells by producing various growth factors and cytokines, such as interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, basic fibroblastic growth factor, vascular endothelial cell growth factor and follistatin, and large-scale inter-cellular communication by means of their long cytoplasmic processes and gap junctions. Moreover, their multi-potential characteristics and other cytological features support the possibility of them becoming organ-specific stem cells. This concept is yet to be resolved, however. In this review, we focus on these features of FS-cells along with some futuristic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Devnath
- Department of Regulation Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vankelecom H. Non-hormonal cell types in the pituitary candidating for stem cell. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:559-70. [PMID: 17509912 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hormone balances in the body are primarily governed by the hypothalamus-pituitary system. For its pivotal role, the pituitary gland relies on an assortment of different hormone-producing cell types, the proportions of which dynamically change in response to fluctuating endocrine demands. Mechanisms of pituitary cellular plasticity are at present far from understood, and may include proliferation and transdifferentiation of hormonal cells. Whether new cells also originate by recruitment from stem cells is unsettled, although this idea has frequently been proposed. Here, I will review these data by focusing on the non-hormonal cell types that have been advanced as candidates for the pituitary stem cell position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Cell Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Danièle N, Richard I, Bartoli M. Ins and outs of therapy in limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1608-24. [PMID: 17339125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are hereditary degenerative muscle diseases that cause life-long disability in patients. They comprise the well-known Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) but also the group of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies (LGMD) which account for a third to a fourth of DMD cases. From the clinical point of view, LGMD are characterised by predominant effects on the proximal limb muscles. The LGMD group is still growing today and consists of 19 autosomal dominant and recessive forms (LGMD1A to LGMD1G and LGMD2A to LGMD2M). The proteins involved are very diverse and include sarcomeric, sarcolemmal and enzymatic proteins. With respect to this variability and in line with the intense search for a potent therapeutic approach for DMD, many different strategies have been tested in rodent models. These include replacing the lost function by gene transfer or stem cell transplantation, using a related protein for functional substitution, increasing muscle mass, or blocking the molecular pathological mechanisms by pharmacological means to alleviate the symptoms. The purpose of this review is to summarize current data arising from these preclinical studies and to examine the potential of the tested strategies to lead to clinical applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells are uncovered in a growing number of organs by their molecular expression profile and their potential for self-renewal, multipotent differentiation and tissue regeneration. Whether the pituitary gland also contains a pool of versatile 'master' cells that drive homeostatic, plastic and regenerative cell ontogenesis is at present unknown. Here, I will give an overview of data that may lend support to the existence of stem cells in the postnatal pituitary. During the many decades of pituitary research, various approaches have been used to hunt for the pituitary stem cells. Transplantation and regeneration studies advanced chromophobes as possible source of new hormonal cells. Clonogenicity approaches identified pituitary cells that clonally expand to floating spheres, or to colonies in adherent cell cultures. Behavioural characteristics and changes of marginal, follicular and folliculostellate cells during defined developmental and (patho-)physiological conditions have been interpreted as indicative of a stem cell role. Expression of potential stem cell markers like nestin, as well as topographical localization in the marginal zone around the cleft has also been considered to designate pituitary stem cells. Finally, a 'side population' was recently identified in the postnatal pituitary which in many other tissues represents a stem cell-enriched fraction. Taken together, in the course of the long-standing study of the pituitary, several arguments have been presented to support the existence of stem cells, and multiple cell types have been placed in the spotlight as possible candidates. However, none of these cells has until now unequivocally been shown to meet all quintessential characteristics of stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Cell Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Historically, the study of folliculo-stellate (FS) cells of the anterior pituitary dates back to the onset of electron microscopical observation of the pituitary gland. The morphological and electrophysiological characteristics, topographical distribution and contribution to intercellular junctions of these FS cells have been instrumental to the understanding of their putative function. Moreover, many studies have documented the role of FS cells as a source of newly discovered peptides, growth factors and cytokines. Quantitative immunohistochemical observation of FS cells in situ and functional in vitro studies, using either cultured FS cells or cells from an immortalized FS cell line, forwarded the notion of immunophenotypical and functional heterogeneity of the FS cell group. Double immunolabeling with a classical FS cell marker (S-100 protein) and with major histocompatibility complex class II markers characteristic for dendritic cells (DC) have shown a considerable overlap of FS cells with DC. The latter cells are immunocompetent cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system. In this review, the FS cell heterogeneity is discussed with respect to the question of their embryological origin and developmental fate and with respect to the physiological relevance of functionally heterogeneous subpopulations. Recent findings of a myeloid origin of part of the interstitial cells of the anterior pituitary are confronted by other developmental paradigms of pituitary cell differentiation. The possibility that FS cells represent an adult stem cell population of the pituitary is critically examined. Also the physiological role of FS cells in the interferon-gamma- and nitric oxide-mediated effects on pituitary hormone secretion is discussed. New approaches for the study of this enigmatic cell group using immortalized cell lines and new markers for an hitherto unrecognized pituitary cell population, the so-called 'side population', are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Allaerts
- Biological Publishing, PO Box 104, NL-7440 AC Nijverdal, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ooi GT, Tawadros N, Escalona RM. Pituitary cell lines and their endocrine applications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 228:1-21. [PMID: 15541569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland is an important component of the endocrine system, and together with the hypothalamus, exerts considerable influence over the functions of other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus either positively or negatively regulates hormonal productions in the pituitary through its release of various trophic hormones which act on specific cell types in the pituitary to secrete a variety of pituitary hormones that are important for growth and development, metabolism, reproductive and nervous system functions. The pituitary is divided into three sections-the anterior lobe which constitute the majority of the pituitary mass and is composed primarily of five hormone-producing cell types (thyrotropes, lactotropes, corticotropes, somatotropes and gonadotropes) each secreting thyrotropin, prolactin, ACTH, growth hormone and gonadotropins (FSH and LH) respectively. There is also a sixth cell type in the anterior lobe-the non-endocrine, agranular, folliculostellate cells. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphins, whereas the posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin. Representative cell lines of all the six cell types of the anterior pituitary have been established and have provided valuable information on genealogy of the various cell lineages, endocrine feedback control of hormone synthesis and secretions, intrapituitary interactions between the various cell types, as well as the role of specific transcription factors that determine each differentiated cell phenotype. In this review, we will discuss the morphology and function of the cell types that make up the anterior pituitary, and the characteristics of the various functional anterior pituitary cell systems that have been established to be representative of each anterior pituitary cell lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guck T Ooi
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Block E, Level 4, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ward RD, Raetzman LT, Suh H, Stone BM, Nasonkin IO, Camper SA. Role of PROP1 in pituitary gland growth. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:698-710. [PMID: 15591534 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PROP1 transcription factor gene lead to reduced production of thyrotropin, GH, prolactin, and gonadotropins as well as to pituitary hypoplasia in adult humans and mice. Some PROP1-deficient patients initially exhibit pituitary hyperplasia that resolves to hypoplasia. To understand this feature and to explore the mechanism whereby PROP1 regulates anterior pituitary gland growth, we carried out longitudinal studies in normal and Prop1-deficient dwarf mice from early embryogenesis through adulthood, examining the volume of Rathke's pouch and its derivatives, the position and number of dividing cells, the rate of apoptosis, and cell migration by pulse labeling. The results suggest that anterior pituitary progenitors normally leave the perilumenal region of Rathke's pouch and migrate to form the anterior lobe as they differentiate. Some of the cells that seed the anterior lobe during organogenesis have proliferative potential, supporting the expansion of the anterior lobe after birth. Prop1-deficient fetal pituitaries are dysmorphic because mutant cells are retained in the perilumenal area and fail to differentiate. After birth, mutant pituitaries exhibit enhanced apoptosis and reduced proliferation, apparently because the mutant anterior lobe is not seeded with progenitors. These studies suggest a mechanism for Prop1 action and an explanation for some of the clinical findings in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Ward
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0638, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|