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Belmonte-Fernández A, Herrero-Ruíz J, Galindo-Moreno M, Limón-Mortés MC, Mora-Santos M, Sáez C, Japón MÁ, Tortolero M, Romero F. Cisplatin-induced cell death increases the degradation of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex through the autophagy/lysosomal pathway. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:488-499. [PMID: 36477079 PMCID: PMC9950126 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and other platinum-based anticancer agents are among the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of different types of cancer. However, it is common to find patients who respond well to treatment at first but later relapse due to the appearance of resistance to cisplatin. Among the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon is the increase in DNA damage repair. Here, we elucidate the effect of cisplatin on the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) DNA damage sensor complex. We found that the tumor suppressor FBXW7 is a key factor in controlling the turnover of the MRN complex by inducing its degradation through lysosomes. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes allowed the detection of the association of FBXW7-dependent ubiquitylated MRN with LC3 and the autophagy adaptor p62/SQSTM1 and the localization of MRN in lysosomes. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced cell death increased MRN degradation, suggesting that this complex is one of the targets that favor cell death. These findings open the possibility of using the induction of the degradation of the MRN complex after genotoxic damage as a potential therapeutic strategy to eliminate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquín Herrero-Ruíz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - María Galindo-Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - M Cristina Limón-Mortés
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - Mar Mora-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, E-41013, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, E-41013, Spain
| | - Maria Tortolero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, E-41012, Spain.
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2
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Wang Y, Liu B, Lu H, Liu J, Romanienko PJ, Montelione GT, Shen Z. SETD4-mediated KU70 methylation suppresses apoptosis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110794. [PMID: 35545041 PMCID: PMC9201767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian KU70 is a pleiotropic protein functioning in DNA repair and cytoplasmic suppression of apoptosis. We report a regulatory mechanism by which KU70’s cytoplasmic function is enabled due to a methylation at K570 of KU70 by SET-domain-containing protein 4 (SETD4). While SETD4 silencing reduces the level of methylated KU70, over-expression of SETD4 enhances methylation of KU70. Mutations of Y272 and Y284 of SETD4 abrogate methylation of KU70. Although SETD4 is predominantly a nuclear protein, the methylated KU70 is enriched in the cytoplasm. SETD4 knockdown enhances staurosporine (STS)-induced apoptosis and cell killing. Over-expression of the wild-type (WT) SETD4, but not the SETD4-Y272/Y284F mutant, suppresses STS-induced apoptosis. The KU70-K570R (mouse Ku70-K568R) mutation dampens the anti-apoptosis activity of KU70. Our study identifies KU70 as a non-histone substrate of SETD4, discovers a post-translational modification of KU70, and uncovers a role for SETD4 and KU70-K570 methylation in the suppression of apoptosis. Wang et al. identify the methylation of mammalian KU70 by SETD4. This post-translational modification is critical for KU70 localization to the cytoplasm and subsequent suppression of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bochao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Huimei Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Peter J Romanienko
- Genome Editing Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Gaetano T Montelione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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3
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Chandra A, Wang L, Young T, Zhong L, Tseng WJ, Levine MA, Cengel K, Liu XS, Zhang Y, Pignolo RJ, Qin L. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a novel therapeutic agent for focal radiation-induced osteoporosis. FASEB J 2017; 32:52-62. [PMID: 28860152 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700375r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone atrophy and its related fragility fractures are frequent, late side effects of radiotherapy in cancer survivors and have a detrimental impact on their quality of life. In another study, we showed that parathyroid hormone 1-34 and anti-sclerostin antibody attenuates radiation-induced bone damage by accelerating DNA repair in osteoblasts. DNA damage responses are partially regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. In the current study, we examined whether proteasome inhibitors have similar bone-protective effects against radiation damage. MG132 treatment greatly reduced radiation-induced apoptosis in cultured osteoblastic cells. This survival effect was owing to accelerated DNA repair as revealed by γH2AX foci and comet assays and to the up-regulation of Ku70 and DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit, essential DNA repair proteins in the nonhomologous end-joining pathway. Administration of bortezomib (Bzb) reversed the loss of trabecular bone structure and strength in mice at 4 wk after focal radiation. Histomorphometry revealed that Bzb significantly increased the number of osteoblasts and activity in the irradiated area and suppressed the number and activity of osteoclasts, regardless of irradiation. Two weeks of Bzb treatment accelerated DNA repair in bone-lining osteoblasts and thus promoted their survival. Meanwhile, it also inhibited bone marrow adiposity. Taken together, we demonstrate a novel role of proteasome inhibitors in treating radiation-induced osteoporosis.-Chandra, A., Wang, L., Young, T., Zhong, L., Tseng, W.-J., Levine, M. A., Cengel, K., Liu, X. S., Zhang, Y., Pignolo, R. J., Qin, L. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a novel therapeutic agent for focal radiation-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tiffany Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leilei Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Bone Health, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keith Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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4
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De Chiara G, Racaniello M, Mollinari C, Marcocci ME, Aversa G, Cardinale A, Giovanetti A, Garaci E, Palamara AT, Merlo D. Herpes Simplex Virus-Type1 (HSV-1) Impairs DNA Repair in Cortical Neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:242. [PMID: 27803664 PMCID: PMC5067485 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several findings suggest that Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection plays a role in the neurodegenerative processes that characterize Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we show that HSV-1 productive infection in cortical neurons causes the accumulation of DNA lesions that include both single (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs), which are reported to be implicated in the neuronal loss observed in neurodegenerative diseases. We demonstrate that HSV-1 downregulates the expression level of Ku80, one of the main components of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a major pathway for the repair of DSBs. We also provide data suggesting that HSV-1 drives Ku80 for proteasomal degradation and impairs NHEJ activity, leading to DSB accumulation. Since HSV-1 usually causes life-long recurrent infections, it is possible to speculate that cumulating damages, including those occurring on DNA, may contribute to virus induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration, further suggesting HSV-1 as a risk factor for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Chiara
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Mauro Racaniello
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Aversa
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Technologies, Department of Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems, ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Cardinale
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giovanetti
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Technologies, Department of Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems, ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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5
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Ngo J, Matsuyama M, Kim C, Poventud-Fuentes I, Bates A, Siedlak SL, Lee HG, Doughman YQ, Watanabe M, Liner A, Hoit B, Voelkel N, Gerson S, Hasty P, Matsuyama S. Bax deficiency extends the survival of Ku70 knockout mice that develop lung and heart diseases. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1706. [PMID: 25811803 PMCID: PMC4385910 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ku70 (Lupus Ku autoantigen p70) is essential in nonhomologous end joining DNA double-strand break repair, and ku70−/− mice age prematurely because of increased genomic instability and DNA damage responses. Previously, we found that Ku70 also inhibits Bax, a key mediator of apoptosis. We hypothesized that Bax-mediated apoptosis would be enhanced in the absence of Ku70 and contribute to premature death observed in ku70−/− mice. Here, we show that ku70−/−bax+/− and ku70−/−bax−/− mice have better survival, especially in females, than ku70−/− mice, even though Bax deficiency did not decrease the incidence of lymphoma observed in a Ku70-null background. Moreover, we found that ku70−/− mice develop lung diseases, like emphysema and pulmonary arterial (PA) occlusion, by 3 months of age. These lung abnormalities can trigger secondary health problems such as heart failure that may account for the poor survival of ku70−/− mice. Importantly, Bax deficiency appeared to delay the development of emphysema. This study suggests that enhanced Bax activity exacerbates the negative impact of Ku70 deletion. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of emphysema and pulmonary hypertension due to PA occlusion are not well understood, and therefore ku70−/− and Bax-deficient ku70−/− mice may be useful models to study these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ngo
- 1] Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M Matsuyama
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - I Poventud-Fuentes
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Bates
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H-G Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Y Q Doughman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M Watanabe
- 1] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Liner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - B Hoit
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Voelkel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division and Victoria Johnson Center for Pulmonary Obstructive Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S Gerson
- 1] Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S Matsuyama
- 1] Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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6
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Liu J, Li J, Yang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion area following electrical stimulation of fastigial nucleus. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:727-34. [PMID: 25206880 PMCID: PMC4146268 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that electrical stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus in rats may reduce brain infarct size, increase the expression of Ku70 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion area, and decrease the number of apoptotic neurons. However, the anti-apoptotic mechanism of Ku70 remains unclear. In this study, fastigial nucleus stimulation was given to rats 24, 48, and 72 hours before cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Results from the electrical stimulation group revealed that rats exhibited a reduction in brain infarct size, a significant increase in the expression of Ku70 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion regions, and a decreased number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed no co-localization of Ku70 with TUNEL-positive cells. However, Ku70 partly co-localized with Bax protein in the cytoplasm of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. These findings suggest an involvement of Ku70 with Bax in the cytoplasm of rats exposed to electrical stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, and may thus provide an understanding into the anti-apoptotic activity of Ku70 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jingpin Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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7
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Proteomic analysis by SILAC and 2D-DIGE reveals radiation-induced endothelial response: Four key pathways. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2319-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Kassmeier MD, Mondal K, Palmer VL, Raval P, Kumar S, Perry GA, Anderson DK, Ciborowski P, Jackson S, Xiong Y, Swanson PC. VprBP binds full-length RAG1 and is required for B-cell development and V(D)J recombination fidelity. EMBO J 2011; 31:945-58. [PMID: 22157821 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminus of full-length RAG1, though dispensable for RAG1/2 cleavage activity, is required for efficient V(D)J recombination. This region supports RING E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro, but whether full-length RAG1 functions as a single subunit or a multi-subunit E3 ligase in vivo is unclear. We show the multi-subunit cullin RING E3 ligase complex VprBP/DDB1/Cul4A/Roc1 associates with full-length RAG1 through VprBP. This complex is assembled into RAG protein-DNA complexes, and supports in-vitro ubiquitylation activity that is insensitive to RAG1 RING domain mutations. Conditional B lineage-specific VprBP disruption arrests B-cell development at the pro-B-to-pre-B cell transition, but this block is bypassed by expressing rearranged immunoglobulin transgenes. Mice with a conditional VprBP disruption show modest reduction of D-J(H) rearrangement, whereas V(H)-DJ(H) and V(κ)-J(κ) rearrangements are severely impaired. D-J(H) coding joints from VprBP-insufficent mice show longer junctional nucleotide insertions and a higher mutation frequency in D and J segments than normal. These data suggest full-length RAG1 recruits a cullin RING E3 ligase complex to ubiquitylate an unknown protein(s) to limit error-prone repair during V(D)J recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Kassmeier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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9
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Accumulation of Ku70 at DNA double-strand breaks in living epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2429-37. [PMID: 21820429 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ku70 and Ku80 play an essential role in the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway, i.e., nonhomologous DNA-end-joining (NHEJ). No accumulation mechanisms of Ku70 at DSBs have been clarified in detail, although the accumulation mechanism of Ku70 at DSBs plays key roles in regulating the NHEJ activity. Here, we show the essential domains for the accumulation and function of Ku70 at DSBs in living lung epithelial cells. Our results showed that EGFP-Ku70 accumulation at DSBs began immediately after irradiation. Our findings demonstrate that three domains of Ku70, i.e., the α/β, DNA-binding, and Ku80-binding domains, but not the SAP domain, are necessary for the accumulation at or recognition of DSBs in the early stage after irradiation. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that the leucine at amino acid 385 of Ku70 in the Ku80-binding domain, but not the three target amino acids for acetylation in the DNA-binding domain, is involved in the localization and accumulation of Ku70 at DSBs. Furthermore, accumulations of XRCC4 and XLF, but not that of Artemis, at DSBs are dependent on the presence of Ku70. These findings suggest that Artemis can work in not only the Ku-dependent repair process, but also the Ku-independent process at DSBs in living epithelial cells.
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10
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Ferenczi K, Ohtola J, Aubert P, Kessler M, Sugiyama H, Somani AK, Gilliam AC, Chen JZ, Yeh I, Matsuyama S, McCormick TS, Cooper KD. Malignant T cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma lesions contain decreased levels of the antiapoptotic protein Ku70. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:564-71. [PMID: 20408834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant T cells in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) are genetically unstable and exhibit prolonged lifespans potentially explained by dysregulation of apoptosis, yet are responsive to apoptosis-inducing therapies. The heterodimeric protein Ku70/80 is known to play a role in DNA repair (Ku70 and Ku80) and inhibition of apoptosis (Ku70 only). OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of Ku70/80 in CD3+ T cells derived from skin and blood in patients with CTCL and normal samples, as well as benign dermatoses. METHODS Normal (n=10), CTCL (n=9) and benign dermatoses (n=13) skin samples were stained for confocal imaging of Ku70/80 and CD3 and analysed using imaging software. Circulating CD4+ T cells in normal and CTCL peripheral blood were analysed by flow cytometry and Western blot for Ku70/80 expression (n=6). RESULTS Ku70 and Ku80 were significantly diminished in T cells of CTCL lesions relative to T cells of control skin. Decreased T-cell Ku70 expression was not a feature of the benign dermatoses psoriasis and contact dermatitis, suggesting that loss of Ku70/80 in CTCL is not simply the result of cutaneous inflammation. Reduced Ku70 was also noted in circulating CD4+ T cells in patients with CTCL with peripheral blood involvement. CONCLUSIONS Deficient expression or lack of Ku70/80 may result in genomic instability and play a role in tumorigenesis, as well as account for the increased susceptibility of malignant T cells to apoptosis-inducing treatment modalities in the setting of intrinsic resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ferenczi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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11
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Cellular responses to etoposide: cell death despite cell cycle arrest and repair of DNA damage. Apoptosis 2009; 15:162-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Vlachostergios PJ, Patrikidou A, Daliani DD, Papandreou CN. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cancer, a major player in DNA repair. Part 1: post-translational regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3006-18. [PMID: 19522845 PMCID: PMC4516461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is a fundamental cellular function, indispensable for cell survival, especially in conditions of exposure to environmental or pharmacological effectors of DNA damage. The regulation of this function requires a flexible machinery to orchestrate the reversal of harmful DNA lesions by making use of existing proteins as well as inducible gene products. The accumulation of evidence for the involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in DNA repair pathways, that is reviewed here, has expanded its role from a cellular waste disposal basket to a multi-dimensional regulatory system. This review is the first of two that attempt to illustrate the nature and interactions of all different DNA repair pathways where UPS is demonstrated to be involved, with special focus on cancer- and chemotherapy-related DNA-damage repair. In this first review, we will be presenting the proteolytic and non-proteolytic roles of UPS in the post-translational regulation of DNA repair proteins, while the second review will focus on the UPS-dependent transcriptional response of DNA repair after DNA damage and stress.
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13
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Gama V, Gomez JA, Mayo LD, Jackson MW, Danielpour D, Song K, Haas AL, Laughlin MJ, Matsuyama S. Hdm2 is a ubiquitin ligase of Ku70-Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting Hdm2-dependent Ku70 destabilization. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:758-69. [PMID: 19247369 PMCID: PMC2669846 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we have reported that 70 kDa subunit of Ku protein heterodimer (Ku70) binds and inhibits Bax activity in the cytosol and that ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolysis of cytosolic Ku70 facilitates Bax-mediated apoptosis. We found that Hdm2 (human homolog of murine double minute) has an ability to ubiquitinate Ku70 and that Hdm2 overexpression in cultured cells causes a decrease in Ku70 expression levels. An interaction between Ku70 and Hdm2 was shown by means of immunoprecipitation, whereas none could be shown between 80 kDa subunit of Ku protein heterodimer and Hdm2. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to inhibit endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis through an Akt-mediated survival kinase signal; however, the mechanism underlying this inhibition of apoptosis has not been fully elucidated. We found that VEGF inhibited cytosolic Ku70 degradation induced by apoptotic stress. It is known that Akt-dependent phosphorylation of Hdm2 causes nuclear translocation of Hdm2 followed by Hdm2-mediated inactivation of p53. We found that VEGF stimulated nuclear translocation of Hdm2 in EC and efficiently inhibited Ku70 degradation. We also found that constitutively active Akt, but not kinase-dead Akt, inhibited Ku70 degradation in the cytosol. Furthermore, Ku70 knockdown diminished antiapoptotic activity of Akt. Taken together, we propose that Hdm2 is a Ku70 Ub ligase and that Akt inhibits Bax-mediated apoptosis, at least in part, by maintaining Ku70 levels through the promotion of Hdm2 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Gama
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jose A. Gomez
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lindsey D. Mayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark W. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Division of General Medical Science-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - David Danielpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Division of General Medical Science-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kyung Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Division of General Medical Science-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Arthur L. Haas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Mary J. Laughlin
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Division of General Medical Science-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Division of General Medical Science-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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14
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Kavitha C, Nambiar M, Ananda Kumar C, Choudhary B, Muniyappa K, Rangappa KS, Raghavan SC. Novel derivatives of spirohydantoin induce growth inhibition followed by apoptosis in leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:348-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Chiruvella KK, Kari V, Choudhary B, Nambiar M, Ghanta RG, Raghavan SC. Methyl angolensate, a natural tetranortriterpenoid induces intrinsic apoptotic pathway in leukemic cells. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:4066-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Mieyal JJ, Gallogly MM, Qanungo S, Sabens EA, Shelton MD. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1941-88. [PMID: 18774901 PMCID: PMC2774718 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfhydryl chemistry plays a vital role in normal biology and in defense of cells against oxidants, free radicals, and electrophiles. Modification of critical cysteine residues is an important mechanism of signal transduction, and perturbation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis is an important consequence of many diseases. A prevalent form of cysteine modification is reversible formation of protein mixed disulfides (protein-SSG) with glutathione (GSH). The abundance of GSH in cells and the ready conversion of sulfenic acids and S-nitroso derivatives to S-glutathione mixed disulfides suggests that reversible S-glutathionylation may be a common feature of redox signal transduction and regulation of the activities of redox sensitive thiol-proteins. The glutaredoxin enzyme has served as a focal point and important tool for evolution of this regulatory mechanism, because it is a specific and efficient catalyst of protein-SSG deglutathionylation. However, mechanisms of control of intracellular Grx activity in response to various stimuli are not well understood, and delineation of specific mechanisms and enzyme(s) involved in formation of protein-SSG intermediates requires further attention. A large number of proteins have been identified as potentially regulated by reversible S-glutathionylation, but only a few studies have documented glutathionylation-dependent changes in activity of specific proteins in a physiological context. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of many diseases which may interrupt or divert normal redox signaling and perturb protein-thiol homeostasis. Examples involving changes in S-glutathionylation of specific proteins are discussed in the context of diabetes, cardiovascular and lung diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA.
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17
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Postow L, Ghenoiu C, Woo EM, Krutchinsky AN, Chait BT, Funabiki H. Ku80 removal from DNA through double strand break-induced ubiquitylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:467-79. [PMID: 18678709 PMCID: PMC2500133 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200802146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer, or Ku, is the central component of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of double strand break (DSB) repair. Because Ku forms a ring through which the DSB threads, it likely becomes topologically attached to DNA during repair. The mechanism for its removal was unknown. Using a method to identify proteins recruited to DSBs in Xenopus laevis egg extract, we show that DSB-containing DNAs accumulate members of the Skp1–Cul1–F-box complex and K48-linked polyubiquitylated proteins in addition to known repair proteins. We demonstrate that Ku80 is degraded in response to DSBs in a ubiquitin-mediated manner. Strikingly, K48-linked polyubiquitylation, but not proteasomal degradation, is required for the efficient removal of Ku80 from DNA. This removal is DNA length dependent, as Ku80 is retained on duplex oligonucleotides. Finally, NHEJ completion and removal of Ku80 from DNA are independent from one another. We propose that DSB-induced ubiquitylation of Ku80 provides a mechanism to efficiently eliminate Ku from DNA for pre- and postrepair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Postow
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Renal cell apoptosis induced by nephrotoxic drugs: cellular and molecular mechanisms and potential approaches to modulation. Apoptosis 2008; 13:11-32. [PMID: 17968659 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a central role not only in the physiological processes of kidney growth and remodeling, but also in various human renal diseases and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. We present in a synthetic fashion the main molecular and cellular pathways leading to drug-induced apoptosis in kidney and the mechanisms regulating it. We illustrate them using three main nephrotoxic drugs (cisplatin, gentamicin, and cyclosporine A). We discuss the main regulators and effectors that have emerged as key targets for the design of therapeutic strategies. Novel approaches using gene therapy, antisense strategies, recombinant proteins, or compounds obtained from both classical organic and combinatorial chemistry are examined. Finally, key issues that need to be addressed for the success of apoptosis-based therapies are underlined.
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19
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Yurchenko V, Xue Z, Gama V, Matsuyama S, Sadofsky MJ. Ku70 is stabilized by increased cellular SUMO. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:263-8. [PMID: 18062920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ku70 is a protein that finds itself at the heart of several important cellular processes. It is essential to the non-homologous end joining pathway as a part of the DNA-end binding complex, required for proper maintenance of telomeres and contributes to DNA damage recognition and regulation of apoptosis. Forces that regulate Ku70 are therefore likely to have large consequences on the physiologic state of the cell. We report here that transient expression of the small protein SUMO resulted in a dramatic increase in the abundance of Ku70. Surprisingly, the direct SUMOylation of Ku70 does not appear to be required for this effect. Rather, Ku70 appears to be stabilized through indirect effects on the rate of degradation. The same outcome was obtained by raising the expression of enzymes that promote SUMOylation. It is likely that many other proteins will be similarly regulated, providing a general control of cellular state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Gomez JA, Gama V, Yoshida T, Sun W, Hayes P, Leskov K, Boothman D, Matsuyama S. Bax-inhibiting peptides derived from Ku70 and cell-penetrating pentapeptides. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:797-801. [PMID: 17635151 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We found that Ku70, a known DNA repair factor, has a novel function to bind and inhibit Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein), a key mediator of apoptosis. Pentapeptides derived from the Bax-binding domain of Ku70 were cell-permeable and protected cells from Bax-mediated apoptosis. These pentapeptides were called BIPs (Bax-inhibiting peptides). BIPs may become a useful therapeutic tool to reduce cellular damage. We also generated BIP mutant pentapeptides that do not inhibit Bax, but retain their cell-penetrating activity. Since both BIPs and BIP mutants are cell-permeable, these peptides were designated CPP5s (cell-penetrating pentapeptides). Among the CPP5s discovered, VPTLK (BIP) and KLPVM (BIP mutant) were confirmed to possess protein transduction activity by examination of the delivery of GFP (green fluorescent protein) into cells by these peptides. The mechanism of cell penetration by CPP5s is not known. CPP5s enter the cell at 0 and 4 degrees C. In preliminary studies, various inhibitors of endocytosis and pinocytosis did not show any significant suppression of CPP5 cell entry. CPP5s have very low toxicity in vitro and in vivo and so may be useful tools in order to develop non-toxic drug-delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gomez
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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21
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Li Y, Yokota T, Gama V, Yoshida T, Gomez JA, Ishikawa K, Sasaguri H, Cohen HY, Sinclair DA, Mizusawa H, Matsuyama S. Bax-inhibiting peptide protects cells from polyglutamine toxicity caused by Ku70 acetylation. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:2058-67. [PMID: 17885668 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, such as Huntington's disease and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), are caused by gain of toxic function of abnormally expanded polyQ tracts. Here, we show that expanded polyQ of ataxin-3 (Q79C), a gene that causes MJD, stimulates Ku70 acetylation, which in turn dissociates the proapoptotic protein Bax from Ku70, thereby promoting Bax activation and subsequent cell death. The Q79C-induced cell death was significantly blocked by Ku70 or Bax-inhibiting peptides (BIPs) designed from Ku70. Furthermore, expression of SIRT1 deacetylase and the addition of a SIRT1 agonist, resveratrol, reduced Q79C toxicity. In contrast, mimicking acetylation of Ku70 abolished the ability of Ku70 to suppress Q79C toxicity. These results indicate that Bax and Ku70 acetylation play important roles in Q79C-induced cell death, and that BIP may be useful in the development of therapeutics for polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Kim H. DNA repair Ku proteins in gastric cancer cells and pancreatic acinar cells. Amino Acids 2006; 34:195-202. [PMID: 17031478 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The DNA repair protein Ku acts as a heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80 that binds to the DNA ends, nicks, or single-to-double-strand transition. It has a crucial role for DNA double-strand-break repair. Either Ku70 or Ku80 itself may have a unique function that is independent of the other Ku subunit. In this review, the role of Ku on cell proliferation and apoptosis will be discussed. Ku acts as a regulator of transcription by interacting with the recombination signal binding protein Jkappa and the NF-kappaB p50 homodimer to up-regulate p50 expression, which may regulate the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Both Ku70 and Ku80 expressions are mediated by constitutively activated NF-kappaB and constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric cancer cells, which may be related to gastric cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. In addition, nuclear loss of Ku may underlie the mechanism of apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells after oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Human Ecology and Biomolecule Secretion Research Center, Institute of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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