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Mlynarczyk C, Teater M, Pae J, Chin CR, Wang L, Arulraj T, Barisic D, Papin A, Hoehn KB, Kots E, Ersching J, Bandyopadhyay A, Barin E, Poh HX, Evans CM, Chadburn A, Chen Z, Shen H, Isles HM, Pelzer B, Tsialta I, Doane AS, Geng H, Rehman MH, Melnick J, Morgan W, Nguyen DTT, Elemento O, Kharas MG, Jaffrey SR, Scott DW, Khelashvili G, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD, Melnick A. BTG1 mutation yields supercompetitive B cells primed for malignant transformation. Science 2023; 379:eabj7412. [PMID: 36656933 PMCID: PMC10515739 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj7412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular life requires altruistic cooperation between cells. The adaptive immune system is a notable exception, wherein germinal center B cells compete vigorously for limiting positive selection signals. Studying primary human lymphomas and developing new mouse models, we found that mutations affecting BTG1 disrupt a critical immune gatekeeper mechanism that strictly limits B cell fitness during antibody affinity maturation. This mechanism converted germinal center B cells into supercompetitors that rapidly outstrip their normal counterparts. This effect was conferred by a small shift in MYC protein induction kinetics but resulted in aggressive invasive lymphomas, which in humans are linked to dire clinical outcomes. Our findings reveal a delicate evolutionary trade-off between natural selection of B cells to provide immunity and potentially dangerous features that recall the more competitive nature of unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juhee Pae
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher R. Chin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Darko Barisic
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonin Papin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kots
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arnab Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ersilia Barin
- Department of Pharmacology and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Xian Poh
- Department of Pharmacology and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara M. Evans
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, and Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah M. Isles
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benedikt Pelzer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioanna Tsialta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley S. Doane
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Hassan Rehman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonah Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wyatt Morgan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diu T. T. Nguyen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, and Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael G. Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, and Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samie R. Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David W. Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George Khelashvili
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Kots E, Mlynarczyk C, Melnick A, Khelashvili G. Conformational transitions in BTG1 antiproliferative protein and their modulation by disease mutants. Biophys J 2022; 121:3753-3764. [PMID: 35459639 PMCID: PMC9617077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) protein belongs to the BTG/transducer of ERBB2 (TOB) family of antiproliferative proteins whose members regulate various key cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and differentiation. Somatic missense mutations in BTG1 are found in ∼70% of a particularly malignant and disseminated subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Antiproliferative activity of BTG1 has been linked to its ability to associate with transcriptional cofactors and various enzymes. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these functional interactions and how the disease-linked mutations in BTG1 affect these mechanisms are currently unknown. To start filling these knowledge gaps, here, using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we explored structural, dynamic, and kinetic characteristics of BTG1 protein, and studied how various DLBCL mutations affect these characteristics. We focused on the protein region formed by α2 and α4 helices, as this interface has been reported not only to serve as a binding hotspot for several cellular partners but also to harbor sites for the majority of known DLBCL mutations. Markov state modeling analysis of extensive MD simulations revealed that the α2-α4 interface in the wild-type (WT) BTG1 undergoes conformational transitions between closed and open metastable states. Importantly, we show that some of the mutations in this region that are observed in DLBCL, such as Q36H, F40C, Q45P, E50K (in α2), and A83T and A84E (in α4), either overstabilize one of these two metastable states or give rise to new conformations in which these helices are distorted (i.e., kinked or unfolded). Based on these results, we conclude that the rapid interconversion between the closed and open conformations of the α2-α4 interface is an essential component of the BTG1 functional dynamics that can prime the protein for functional associations with its binding partners. Disruption of the native dynamic equilibrium by DLBCL mutants leads to the ensemble of conformations in BTG1 that are unlikely structurally and/or kinetically to enable productive functional interactions with the binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kots
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - George Khelashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - In Ryeong Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Soo Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Chronic Intractable Disease Systems Medicine Research Center, Institute of Genetic Science, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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4
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Amine H, Ripin N, Sharma S, Stoecklin G, Allain FH, Séraphin B, Mauxion F. A conserved motif in human BTG1 and BTG2 proteins mediates interaction with the poly(A) binding protein PABPC1 to stimulate mRNA deadenylation. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2450-2465. [PMID: 34060423 PMCID: PMC8632095 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1925476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiproliferative BTG/Tob proteins interact directly with the CAF1 deadenylase subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex. This binding requires the presence of two conserved motifs, boxA and boxB, characteristic of the BTG/Tob APRO domain. Consistently, these proteins were shown to stimulate mRNA deadenylation and decay in several instances. Two members of the family, BTG1 and BTG2, were reported further to associate with the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 through a motif, boxC, conserved only in this subset of proteins. We recently demonstrated that BTG1 and BTG2 also contact the first RRM domain of the cytoplasmic poly(A) binding protein PABPC1. To decipher the mode of interaction of BTG1 and BTG2 with partners, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance experiments as well as mutational and biochemical analyses. Our data demonstrate that, in the context of an APRO domain, the boxC motif is necessary and sufficient to allow interaction with PABPC1 but, unexpectedly, that it is not required for BTG2 association with PRMT1. We show further that the presence of a boxC motif in an APRO domain endows it with the ability to stimulate deadenylation in cellulo and in vitro. Overall, our results identify the molecular interface allowing BTG1 and BTG2 to activate deadenylation, a process recently shown to be necessary for maintaining T-cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Amine
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nina Ripin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-ZMBH Alliance, Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-ZMBH Alliance, Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frédéric H Allain
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Séraphin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fabienne Mauxion
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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5
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Zhang ZZ, Qin XH, Zhang J. MicroRNA-183 inhibition exerts suppressive effects on diabetic retinopathy by inactivating BTG1-mediated PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E1050-E1060. [PMID: 30835506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00444.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious diabetic complication caused by both environmental and genetic factors. Molecular mechanisms of DR may lead to the discovery of reliable prognostic indicators. The current study aimed to clarify the mechanism of microRNA-183 (miR-183) in DR in relation to the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway. Microarray-based gene expression profiling of DR was used to identify the differentially expressed genes. Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the establishment of DR models, and then miR-183 was altered by mimic or inhibitor or BTG1 was downregulated by siRNA to explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-183 in DR. Furthermore, the expression of miR-183, CD34, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), BTG1 and the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway-related genes as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined, and the relationship between miR-183 and BTG1 was also verified. Cell growth, cell apoptosis, and angiogenesis were determined. Microarray analysis revealed the involvement of miR-183 in DR via the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway by targeting BTG1. Upregulated miR-183 and downregulated BTG1 were observed in retinal tissues of DR rats. miR-183 overexpression activated the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway, upregulated CD34, eNOS, and ROS, and inhibited BTG1. BTG1 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-183. miR-183 overexpression or BTG1 knockdown promoted cell growth and tube formation while it suppressed cell apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in DR rats. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-183 silencing inhibiting cell growth and tube formation in vascular endothelial cells of DR rats via the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway by upregulating BTG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Hong Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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6
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Wu GS, Bassing CH. Flip the switch: BTG2-PRMT1 protein complexes antagonize pre-B-cell proliferation to promote B-cell development. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:808-811. [PMID: 29429994 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glendon S Wu
- Immunology Graduate Group, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.,Divsion of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Immunology Graduate Group, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Divsion of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
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7
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Dolezal E, Infantino S, Drepper F, Börsig T, Singh A, Wossning T, Fiala GJ, Minguet S, Warscheid B, Tarlinton DM, Jumaa H, Medgyesi D, Reth M. The BTG2-PRMT1 module limits pre-B cell expansion by regulating the CDK4-Cyclin-D3 complex. Nat Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28628091 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing pre-B cells in the bone marrow alternate between proliferation and differentiation phases. We found that protein arginine methyl transferase 1 (PRMT1) and B cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) are critical components of the pre-B cell differentiation program. The BTG2-PRMT1 module induced a cell-cycle arrest of pre-B cells that was accompanied by re-expression of Rag1 and Rag2 and the onset of immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangements. We found that PRMT1 methylated cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), thereby preventing the formation of a CDK4-Cyclin-D3 complex and cell cycle progression. Moreover, BTG2 in concert with PRMT1 efficiently blocked the proliferation of BCR-ABL1-transformed pre-B cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results identify a key molecular mechanism by which the BTG2-PRMT1 module regulates pre-B cell differentiation and inhibits pre-B cell leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Dolezal
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simona Infantino
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Friedel Drepper
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Börsig
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aparajita Singh
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wossning
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gina J Fiala
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Medgyesi
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Liu R, Cheng Q, Wang X, Chen H, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang L, Song L. The B-cell translocation gene 1 (CgBTG1) identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas exhibit multiple functions in immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:68-78. [PMID: 27940367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a member of the anti-proliferative gene family, which plays important roles in regulation of cell cycle. In the present study, a B-cell translocation gene 1 molecule homologue (designed CgBTG1) are identified and characterized in oyster Crassostrea gigas. CgBTG1 contains a conserved BTG domain with Box A and Box B motifs, and it shares high similarities with both BTG1 and BTG2 proteins in vertebrates. CgBTG1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in hemocytes, and its expression level in hemocytes is significantly up-regulated at 6 h (5.40-fold, p < 0.01) post Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The apoptosis rate of oyster hemocytes is significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after CgBTG1 interfered by dsRNA (dsCgBTG1). This is indicated that CgBTG1 participated in the regulation of oyster hemocytes apoptosis. Furthermore, CgBTG1 could also induce the apoptosis of cancer cells (HeLa, A549 and BEL7402) in vitro. Compared with normal oysters, both vessel-like structures and muscle fibers in CgBTG1 interfered oysters are severely damaged after V. splendidus challenge in paraffin section, considering that CgBTG1 possessed an analogous feature of angiogenesis for maintenance of vessel-like structures in adductor muscle of oyster. The results suggests that CgBTG1 is a multi-functional molecule involved in the immune response of C. gigas against pathogen infection, which provides more clues for intensive studies of BTG family proteins in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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9
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Zheng HC, Li J, Shen DF, Yang XF, Zhao S, Wu YZ, Takano Y, Sun HZ, Su RJ, Luo JS, Gou WF. BTG1 expression correlates with pathogenesis, aggressive behaviors and prognosis of gastric cancer: a potential target for gene therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19685-705. [PMID: 26050197 PMCID: PMC4637314 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we found that BTG1 overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion, induced G2/M arrest, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis in BGC-823 and MKN28 cells (p < 0.05). BTG1 transfectants showed a higher mRNA expression of Cyclin D1 and Bax, but a lower mRNA expression of cdc2, p21, mTOR and MMP-9 than the control and mock (p < 0.05). After treated with cisplatin, MG132, paclitaxel and SAHA, both BTG1 transfectants showed lower mRNA viability and higher apoptosis than the control in both time- and dose-dependent manners (p < 0.05) with the hypoexpression of chemoresistance-related genes (slug, CD147, GRP78, GRP94, FBXW7 TOP1, TOP2 and GST-π). BTG1 expression was restored after 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment in gastric cancer cells. BTG1 expression was statistically lower in gastric cancer than non-neoplastic mucosa and metastatic cancer in lymph node (p < 0.05). BTG1 expression was positively correlated with depth of invasion, lymphatic and venous invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging and worse prognosis (p < 0.05). The diffuse-type carcinoma showed less BTG1 expression than intestinal- and mixed-type ones (p < 0.05). BTG1 overexpression suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting proliferation, enhancing autophagy and apoptosis in xenograft models. It was suggested that down-regulated BTG1 expression might promote gastric carcinogenesis partially due to its promoter methylation. BTG1 overexpression might reverse the aggressive phenotypes and be employed as a potential target for gene therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-chuan Zheng
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dao-fu Shen
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xue-feng Yang
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ya-zhou Wu
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yasuo Takano
- School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong-zhi Sun
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Rong-jian Su
- Experimental Center, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jun-sheng Luo
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wen-feng Gou
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Hata K, Yanase N, Sudo K, Kiyonari H, Mukumoto Y, Mizuguchi J, Yokosuka T. Differential regulation of T-cell dependent and T-cell independent antibody responses through arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 in vivo. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1200-10. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kikumi Hata
- Department of Immunology; Tokyo Medical University; Japan
| | - Noriko Yanase
- Department of Immunology; Tokyo Medical University; Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Animal Research Center; Tokyo Medical University; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies; Kobe Japan
- Genetic Engineering Team; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mukumoto
- Genetic Engineering Team; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies; Kobe Japan
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11
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Lee JC, Chung LC, Chen YJ, Feng TH, Chen WT, Juang HH. Upregulation of B-cell translocation gene 2 by epigallocatechin-3-gallate via p38 and ERK signaling blocks cell proliferation in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Peng K, Wang CY, Wang JH, Sheng JQ, Shi JW, Li J, Hong YJ. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and cadmium stress-rated expression changes of BTG1 in freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis schlegelii). DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 35:389-97. [PMID: 25297078 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.5.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The B cells translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a member of the BTG/TOB family of anti-proliferative genes, which have recently emerged as important regulators of cell growth and differentiation among verteates. Here, for the first time we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of Hyriopsis schlegelii (Hs-BTG1), an economically important freshwater shellfish and potential indicator of environmental heavy metal pollution, for the first time. Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) together with splicing the EST sequence from a haemocyte cDNA liary, we found that Hs-BTG1 contains a 525 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 174 amino-acid polypeptide, a 306 bp 5' untranslated region (5' UTR), and a 571 bp 3' UTR with a Poly(A) tail as well as a transcription termination signal (AATAAA). Homologue searching against GenBank revealed that Hs-BTG1 was closest to Crassostrea gigas BTG1, sharing 50.57% of protein identities. Hs-BTG1 also shares some typical features of the BTG/TOB family, possessing two well-conserved A and B boxes. Clustering analysis of Hs-BTG1 and other known BTGs showed that Hs-BTG1 was also closely related to BTG1 of C. gigas from the inverteate BTG1 clade. Function prediction via homology modeling showed that both Hs-BTG1 and C. gigas BTG1 share a similar three-dimensional structure with Homo sapiens BTG1. Tissue-specific expression analysis of the Hs-BTG1 via real-time PCR showed that the transcripts were constitutively expressed, with the highest levels in the hepatopancreas and gills, and the lowest in both haemocyte and muscle tissue. Expression levels of Hs-BTG1 in hepatopancreas (2.03-fold), mantle (2.07-fold), kidney (2.2-fold) and haemocyte (2.5-fold) were enhanced by cadmium (Cd²⁺) stress, suggesting that Hs-BTG1 may have played a significant role in H. schlegelii adaptation to adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Peng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jun-Hua Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jun-Qing Sheng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jian-Wu Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yi-Jiang Hong
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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13
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Wu X, Ding N, Hu W, He J, Xu S, Pei H, Hua J, Zhou G, Wang J. Down-regulation of BTG1 by miR-454-3p enhances cellular radiosensitivity in renal carcinoma cells. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:179. [PMID: 25115181 PMCID: PMC4252025 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) has long been recognized as a tumor suppressor gene. Recent reports demonstrated that BTG1 plays an important role in progression of cell cycle and is involved in cellular response to stressors. However, the microRNAs mediated regulatory mechanism of BTG1 expression has not been reported so far. MicroRNAs can effectively influence tumor radiosensitivity by preventing cell cycle progression, resulting in enhancement of the cytotoxicity of radiotherapy efficacy. This study aimed to demonstrating the effects of microRNAs on the BTG1 expression and cellular radiosensitivity. METHODS The human renal carcinoma 786-O cells were treated with 5 Gy of X-rays. Expressions of BTG1 gene and miR-454-3p, which was predicted to target BTG1 by software algorithm, were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Protein expressions were assessed by Western blot. Luciferase assays were used to quantify the interaction between BTG1 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) and miR-454-3p. The radiosensitivity was quantified by the assay of cell viability, colony formation and caspase-3 activity. RESULTS The expression of the BTG1 gene in 786-O cells was significantly elevated after treatments with X-ray irradiation, DMSO, or serum starvation. The up-regulation of BTG1 after irradiation reduced cellular radiosensitivity as demonstrated by the enhanced cell viability and colony formation, as well as the repressed caspase-3 activity. In comparison, knock down of BTG1 by siRNA led to significantly enhanced cellular radiosensitivity. It was found that miR-454-3p can regulate the expression of BTG1 through a direct interaction with the 3'-UTR of BTG1 mRNA. Decreasing of its expression level correlates well with BTG1 up-regulation during X-ray irradiation. Particularly, we observed that over-expression of miR-454-3p by transfection inhibited the BTG1 expression and enhanced the radiosensitivity. In addition, cell cycle analysis showed that over-expression of miR-454-3p shifted the cell cycle arrest from G2/M phase to S phase. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that BTG1 is a direct target of miR-454-3p. Down-regulation of BTG1 by miR-454-3p renders tumor cells sensitive to radiation. These results may shed light on the potential application in tumor radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jufang Wang
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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14
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B-cell translocation 1 gene inhibits cellular metastasis-associated behavior in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2374-80. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
The last one and half a decade witnessed an outstanding re-emergence of attention and remarkable progress in the field of protein methylation. In the present article, we describe the early discoveries in research and review the role protein methylation played in the biological function of the antiproliferative gene, BTG2/TIS21/PC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Ki Paik
- Professor Emeritus, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sangduk Kim
- Professor Emeritus, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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16
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Zhao Y, Gou WF, Chen S, Takano Y, Xiu YL, Zheng HC. BTG1 expression correlates with the pathogenesis and progression of ovarian carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19670-80. [PMID: 24084718 PMCID: PMC3821579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BTG (B-cell translocation gene) can inhibit cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis and regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation in a variety of cell types. We aimed to clarify the role of BTG1 in ovarian carcinogenesis and progression. A BTG1-expressing plasmid was transfected into ovarian carcinoma cells and their phenotypes and related proteins were examined. BTG1 mRNA expression was detected in ovarian normal tissue (n = 17), ovarian benign tumors (n = 12), and ovarian carcinoma (n = 64) using real-time RT-PCR. Ectopic BTG1 expression resulted in lower growth rate, high cisplatin sensitivity, G1 arrest, apoptosis, and decreased migration and invasion. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, Bcl-xL, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA and protein expression was reduced in transfectants as compared to control cells. There was higher expression of BTG1 mRNA in normal tissue than in carcinoma tissue (p = 0.001) and in benign tumors than in carcinoma tissue (p = 0.027). BTG1 mRNA expression in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I/II ovarian carcinomas was higher than that in FIGO stage III/IV ovarian carcinomas (p = 0.038). Altered BTG1 expression might play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of ovarian carcinoma by modulating proliferation, migration, invasion, the cell cycle, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.-L.X.)
| | - Wen-Feng Gou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.-L.X.)
| | - Yasuo Takano
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-0815, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Yin-Ling Xiu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (Y.-L.X.)
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-187-0406-7718
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17
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Adenosine dialdehyde suppresses MMP-9-mediated invasion of cancer cells by blocking the Ras/Raf-1/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1285-300. [PMID: 23994169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx) inhibits transmethylation by the accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a negative feedback inhibitor of methylation, through the suppression of SAH hydrolase (SAHH). In this study, we aimed to determine the regulatory effect of AdOx on cancer invasion by using three different cell lines: MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and U87. The invasive capacity of these cells in the presence (MCF-7) or absence (MDA-MB-231 and U87) of phorbal 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was strongly decreased by AdOx treatment. Furthermore, the expression, secretion, and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, a critical enzyme regulating cell invasion, in these cells were diminished by AdOx treatment. AdOx strongly suppressed AP-1-mediated luciferase activity and, in parallel, reduced the translocation of c-Fos and c-Jun into the nucleus. AdOx was shown to block a series of upstream AP-1 activation signaling complexes composed of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein ERK kinase (MEK)1/2, Raf-1, and Ras, as assessed by measuring the levels of the phosphorylated and membrane-translocated forms. Furthermore, we found that suppression of SAHH by siRNA and 3-deazaadenosine, knock down of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), and treatment with SAH showed inhibitory patterns similar to those of AdOx. Therefore, our data suggest that AdOx is capable of targeting the methylation reaction regulated by SAHH and ICMT and subsequently downregulating MMP-9 expression and decreasing invasion of cancer cells through inhibition of the Ras/Raf-1/ERK/AP-1 pathway.
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18
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Zhu R, Zou ST, Wan JM, Li W, Li XL, Zhu W. BTG1 inhibits breast cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2137-44. [PMID: 23982470 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BTG1, which belongs to the BTG/Tob family, regulates cell cycle progression in a variety of cell types and appears to play roles in inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis and stimulating cellular differentiation in multiple cell types. However, it remains unclear whether BTG1 is a breast cancer suppressor gene, and the role of BTG1 in breast cancer cell growth has not yet been determined. In the present study, we observed that BTG1 was weakly expressed in human breast tumors and in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In addition, we investigated the potential effects of BTG1 on breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis after stable transfection with the BTG1 expression vector. We found that overexpression of BTG1 inhibited cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that overexpression of BTG1 was involved in the inhibition of the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, cyclin B1 and cyclin D1, and pro-apoptotic factors, Bax and caspase-3, and was also involved in the promotion of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. In vivo, animal experiments showed that tumors overexpressing BTG1 displayed a slower growth rate than the control xenografts. TUNEL end staining assay revealed that BTG1 induced tumor necrosis and apoptosis. Taken together, our data revealed that, in breast cancer cells, BTG1 inhibits cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These results indicate that BTG1 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for human breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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19
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Hata K, Mizuguchi J. Arginine methylation regulates antibody responses through modulating cell division and isotype switching in B cells. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:185-92. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kikumi Hata
- Department of Immunology; Tokyo Medical University; 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo; 160-8402; Japan
| | - Junichiro Mizuguchi
- Department of Immunology; Tokyo Medical University; 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo; 160-8402; Japan
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20
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Tao YF, Pang L, Du XJ, Sun LC, Hu SY, Lu J, Cao L, Zhao WL, Feng X, Wang J, Wu D, Wang N, Ni J, Pan J. Differential mRNA expression levels of human histone-modifying enzymes in normal karyotype B cell pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3376-94. [PMID: 23389039 PMCID: PMC3588049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification enzymes regulate gene expression by altering the accessibility of promoters to transcription factors. We sought to determine whether the genes encoding histone modification enzymes are dysregulated in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A real-time PCR array was designed, tested and used to profile the expression of 85 genes encoding histone modification enzymes in bone marrow mononuclear cells from 30 pediatric ALL patients and 20 normal controls. The expression profile of histone-modifying genes was significantly different between normal karyotype B cell pediatric ALL and normal controls. Eleven genes were upregulated in pediatric ALL, including the histone deacetylases HDAC2 and PAK1, and seven genes were downregulated, including PRMT2 and the putative tumor suppressor EP300. Future studies will seek to determine whether these genes serve as biomarkers of pediatric ALL. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that Gene Expression and Organ Morphology was the highest rated network, with 13 focus molecules (significance score = 35). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis also indicated that curcumin and miR-34 are upstream regulators of histone-modifying enzymes; future studies will seek to validate these results and examine the role of curcumin and miR-34 in leukemia. This study provides new clues into the molecular mechanisms of pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Tao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Li Pang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Xiao-Juan Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, the 5th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Chao Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shao-Yan Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Lan Cao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Xing Feng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Jian Ni
- Translational Research Center, The Second Clinical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (Y.-F.T.); (L.P.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (W.-L.Z.); (X.F.); (J.W.); (D.W.); (N.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-512-6778-8216
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21
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Doidge R, Mittal S, Aslam A, Winkler GS. The anti-proliferative activity of BTG/TOB proteins is mediated via the Caf1a (CNOT7) and Caf1b (CNOT8) deadenylase subunits of the Ccr4-not complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51331. [PMID: 23236473 PMCID: PMC3517456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human BTG/TOB protein family comprises six members (BTG1, BTG2/PC3/Tis21, BTG3/Ana, BTG4/PC3B, TOB1/Tob, and TOB2) that are characterised by a conserved BTG domain. This domain mediates interactions with the highly similar Caf1a (CNOT7) and Caf1b (CNOT8) catalytic subunits of the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex. BTG/TOB proteins have anti-proliferative activity: knockdown of BTG/TOB can result in increased cell proliferation, whereas over-expression of BTG/TOB leads to inhibition of cell cycle progression. It was unclear whether the interaction between BTG/TOB proteins and the Caf1a/Caf1b deadenylases is necessary for the anti-proliferative activity of BTG/TOB. To address this question, we further characterised surface-exposed amino acid residues of BTG2 and TOB1 that mediate the interaction with the Caf1a and Caf1b deadenylase enzymes. We then analysed the role of BTG2 and TOB1 in the regulation of cell proliferation, translation and mRNA abundance using a mutant that is no longer able to interact with the Caf1a/Caf1b deadenylases. We conclude that the anti-proliferative activity of BTG/TOB proteins is mediated through interactions with the Caf1a and Caf1b deadenylase enzymes. Furthermore, we show that the activity of BTG/TOB proteins in the regulation of mRNA abundance and translation is dependent on Caf1a/Caf1b, and does not appear to require other Ccr4-Not components, including the Ccr4a (CNOT6)/Ccr4b (CNOT6L) deadenylases, or the non-catalytic subunits CNOT1 or CNOT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Doidge
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saloni Mittal
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Akhmed Aslam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - G. Sebastiaan Winkler
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hu X, Xing L, Jiao Y, Xu J, Wang X, Han A, Yu J. BTG2 Overexpression Increases the Radiosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Oncol Res 2012; 20:457-65. [PMID: 24308156 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13685487925211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Malik AI, Williams A, Lemieux CL, White PA, Yauk CL. Hepatic mRNA, microRNA, and miR-34a-target responses in mice after 28 days exposure to doses of benzo(a)pyrene that elicit DNA damage and mutation. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:10-21. [PMID: 21964900 PMCID: PMC3525943 DOI: 10.1002/em.20668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a mutagenic carcinogen that is ubiquitous in our environment. To better understand the toxic effects of BaP and to explore the relationship between toxicity and toxicogenomics profiles, we assessed global mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression in Muta™Mouse. Adult male mice were exposed by oral gavage to 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day BaP for 28 days. Liver tissue was collected 3 days following the last treatment. Initially, we established that exposure to BaP led to the formation of hepatic DNA adducts and mutations in the lacZ transgene of the Muta™Mouse. We then analyzed hepatic gene expression profiles. Microarray analysis of liver samples revealed 134 differentially expressed transcripts (adjusted P < 0.05; fold changes > 1.5). The mRNAs most affected were involved in xenobiotic metabolism, immune response, and the downstream targets of p53. In this study, we found a significant 2.0 and 3.6-fold increase following exposure to 50 and 75 mg/kg/day BaP, respectively, relative to controls for miR-34a. This miRNA is involved in p53 response. No other significant changes in miRNAs were observed. The protein levels of five experimentally confirmed miR-34a targets were examined, and no major down-regulation was present. The results suggest that liver miRNAs are largely unresponsive to BaP doses that cause both DNA adducts and mutations. In summary, the validated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles following 28 day BaP exposure reflect a DNA damage response and effects on the cell cycle, consistent with the observed increases in DNA adducts and mutations.
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Cao Y, Takada E, Hata K, Sudo K, Furuhata M, Mizuguchi J. Enhanced T cell-independent antibody responses in c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2)-deficient B cells following stimulation with CpG-1826 and anti-IgM. Immunol Lett 2010; 132:38-44. [PMID: 20665951 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and JNK2 have been demonstrated to modulate T cell activation, role of JNKs in B cell activation remains largely unclear. Phosphorylation of JNK2 was increased in murine B cells following stimulation with either anti-IgM or CpG-1826 oligonucleotide (ODN) alone, with a further increase by a combined stimulation with anti-IgM and CpG-1826 ODN. In this study, we examined whether antibody production induced by CpG ODN and/or anti-IgM is affected in B cells from JNK2-deficient (JNK2-/-) mice. After stimulation with CpG ODN or both CpG ODN and anti-IgM, JNK2-/- B cells displayed an enhanced antibody production of IgG1 and IgG2a, with less pronounced in IgG2b production, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). However, IgM production in JNK2-/- B cells by CpG ODN was comparable to that in WT B cells. TLR9 expression was increased in JNK2-/- B cells after stimulation with anti-IgM or both CpG ODN and anti-IgM, suggesting that the anti-IgM/CpG ODN-induced enhancement of antibody production is partly due to the increased expression of TLR9. The enhanced antibody production in JNK2-/- B cells by the combined stimulation does not appear to involve either increased class switch recombination or cell proliferation. Our results provide useful information on the role of JNK2 in antibody responses mediated by T cell-independent antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Cao
- Department of Immunology and Intractable Immunology Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Lang SH, Anderson E, Fordham R, Collins AT. Modeling the prostate stem cell niche: an evaluation of stem cell survival and expansion in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:537-46. [PMID: 20102283 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to engineer a clinically relevant in vitro model of human prostate stem cells (PSCs) that could be used to interrogate the mechanisms of stem cell control. We, therefore, compared the growth potential of stem cells in 3D culture (where the conditions would favor a quiescent state) with monolayer culture that has previously been demonstrated to induce PSC division. We found a fundamental difference between cultures of primary, adult PSCs grown as monolayers compared to those grown as spheres. The first supported the expansion and maintenance of PSCs from single cells while the latter did not. In an attempt to determine the mechanisms governing stem cell control, several known stem cell activators (including IFNalpha, FGF2, anti-TGFbeta, and dihydrotestosterone) were studied. However, cell division was not observed. CD133+ cells derived from a prostate cell line did not grow as spheres from single cells but did grow from aggregates. We conclude that PSCs can be expanded and maintained in monolayer culture from single cells, but that PSCs are growth quiescent when grown as spheres. It is likely that the physical arrangement of cells in monolayer provides an injury-type response, which can activate stem cells into cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona H Lang
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Resistance to glucocorticoids (GCs) is a major clinical problem in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Although mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene can give rise to therapy resistance in vitro, acquired somatic mutations in the GR are rarely encountered in patients. Here we report that the protein encoded by the BTG1 gene, which is frequently deleted in (pediatric) ALL, is a key determinant of GC responsiveness. Using RNA interference, we show that loss of BTG1 expression causes GC resistance both by decimating GR expression and by controlling GR-mediated transcription. Conversely, reexpression of BTG1 restores GC sensitivity by potentiating GC-induced GR expression, a phenomenon known as GR autoinduction. In addition, the arginine methyltransferase PRMT1, a BTG1-binding partner and transcriptional coactivator, is recruited to the GR gene promoter in a BTG1-dependent manner. These results implicate the BTG1/PRMT1 complex in GR-mediated gene expression and reveal that deregulation of a nuclear receptor coactivator complex can give rise to GC resistance. Further characterization of this complex as part of the GR regulatory circuitry could offer novel opportunities for improving the efficacy of GC-based therapies in ALL and other hematologic malignancies.
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Mrugala D, Dossat N, Ringe J, Delorme B, Coffy A, Bony C, Charbord P, Häupl T, Daures JP, Noël D, Jorgensen C. Gene expression profile of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: Identification of pathways common to TGFbeta3/BMP2-induced chondrogenesis. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:61-76. [PMID: 19196040 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) display a high potential for the development of novel treatment strategies for cartilage repair. However, the pathways involved in their differentiation to functional non hypertrophic chondrocytes remain largely unknown, despite the work on embryologic development and the identification of key growth factors including TGFbeta, Hh, Wnt and FGF. In this study, we asked if we could identify specific biological networks common to the growth factors used (TGFbeta3 or BMP-2). To address this question, we used DNA microarrays and performed large-scale expression profiling of MSC at different time points during their chondrogenic differentiation. By comparing these data with those obtained during the differentiation of MSC into osteoblasts and adipocytes, we identified 318 genes specific for chondrogenesis and developed a new algorithm to classify the genes according to their kinetic profile. We distributed the selected genes in five classes according to their kinetic of expression. We could reconstruct three phases characterized by functional pathways. The first phase corresponds to cell attachment and apoptosis induction; the second phase is characterized by a proliferation/differentiation step, and the third phase is characterized by a differentiation/hypertrophy pathway. Indeed, these data propose new pathways to understand the complexity of MSC differentiation to chondrocytes.
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Takada E, Hata K, Mizuguchi J. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin on WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1927-36. [PMID: 18384124 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells have been employed for analysis of antigen-induced B cell unresponsiveness because these cells undergo cell cycle arrest in G1, accompanied by induction of apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the requirement for toxic small molecules apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c, and subsequent caspase activation in apoptotic cell death in WEHI-231 and CH31 B lymphoma cells following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg). Pan-caspase inhibitor BD-fmk blocked mIg-mediated increase in cells with sub-G1 DNA content, whereas it did not affect mIg-mediated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and phosphatidylserine exposure on B cell membrane. Dominant-negative form of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase1 (JNK1) blocked the translocation of AIF into the nuclei and cytosol from the mitochondria in the WEHI-231 and CH31 cells following mIg engagement, whereas constitutively active form of JNK1 enhanced it. This AIF translocation was also blocked by Bcl-xL, but not by BD-fmk. Moreover, AIF-deficient clones via small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated method showed small increase in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. After mIg engagement, the AIF-deficient clones displayed an enhanced sensitivity to mIg-mediated apoptosis, concomitant with translocation of a residual AIF into the nuclei, compared with control clone. Our findings are compatible with the notion that AIF has dual role, with a proapoptotic function in the nuclei and a distinct anti-apoptotic function in the mitochondria. These observations would be valuable for analysis of B cell unresponsiveness and hopefully for treatment of diseases involving B cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Takada
- Department of Immunology, Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Miyata S, Mori Y, Tohyama M. PRMT1 and Btg2 regulates neurite outgrowth of Neuro2a cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 445:162-5. [PMID: 18773938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is one of the crucial events in the formation of neural circuits. The majority of studies on neurite outgrowth have focused on signal transduction processes based on phosphorylation and acetylation; a few studies have suggested the involvement of other molecular mechanisms. Recent progress in understanding the nature of protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) raises the possibility of the involvement of protein methylation accompanied by cell shape changes during neuronal differentiation. Here, we show that PRMT1 play a pivotal role in the neurite outgrowth of Neuro2a cells. Our results revealed that PRMT1 depletion specifically affected neurite outgrowth but not the physiological processes involved in cell growth and differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Btg2, one of the PRMT1 binding partner, depletion down-regulated arginine methylation in the nucleus and inhibited neurite outgrowth. These results indicate that protein arginine methylation by PRMT1 in the nucleus is an important step in neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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