1
|
Farahani MK, Gharibshahian M, Rezvani A, Vaez A. Breast cancer brain metastasis: from etiology to state-of-the-art modeling. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:41. [PMID: 37386445 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, breast carcinoma is the most common form of malignancy and the main cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. The metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to other organs in the body, notably the lungs, bones, brain, and liver, is what causes breast cancer to ultimately be fatal. Brain metastases occur in as many as 30% of patients with advanced breast cancer, and the 1-year survival rate of these patients is around 20%. Many researchers have focused on brain metastasis, but due to its complexities, many aspects of this process are still relatively unclear. To develop and test novel therapies for this fatal condition, pre-clinical models are required that can mimic the biological processes involved in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM). The application of many breakthroughs in the area of tissue engineering has resulted in the development of scaffold or matrix-based culture methods that more accurately imitate the original extracellular matrix (ECM) of metastatic tumors. Furthermore, specific cell lines are now being used to create three-dimensional (3D) cultures that can be used to model metastasis. These 3D cultures satisfy the requirement for in vitro methodologies that allow for a more accurate investigation of the molecular pathways as well as a more in-depth examination of the effects of the medication being tested. In this review, we talk about the latest advances in modeling BCBM using cell lines, animals, and tissue engineering methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Novel Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Model for Preclinical Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020444. [PMID: 32074948 PMCID: PMC7072242 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of mortality in breast cancer results from distant metastasis. Brain metastases occur in as many as 30% of patients with advanced breast cancer, and the 1-year survival rate of these patients is around 20%. Pre-clinical animal models that reliably reflect the biology of breast cancer brain metastasis are needed to develop and test new treatments for this deadly condition. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model maintains many features of a donor tumor, such as intra-tumor heterogeneity, and permits the testing of individualized treatments. However, the establishment of orthotopic PDXs of brain metastasis is procedurally difficult. We have developed a method for generating such PDXs with high tumor engraftment and growth rates. Here, we describe this method and identify variables that affect its outcomes. We also compare the brain-orthotopic PDXs with ectopic PDXs grown in mammary pads of mice, and show that the responsiveness of PDXs to chemotherapeutic reagents can be dramatically affected by the site that they are in.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gisselsson D, Lichtenzstejn D, Kachko P, Karlsson J, Manor E, Mai S. Clonal evolution through genetic bottlenecks and telomere attrition: Potential threats to in vitro data reproducibility. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 58:452-461. [PMID: 30255964 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue cultures of immortalized human cells, also known as established cell lines, are broadly accessible and cost-efficient tools for biomedical research. We here review potential genetic sources of systematic error in cell line experiments due to clonal evolution in vitro. In particular, the authors highlight alterations in telomere function over prolonged culture and population bottlenecks, respectively, as two commonly overlooked phenomena that can result in significant alterations in cell line genotypes over just one or a few passages in vitro. These alterations may include changes in mutation status of oncogenes and large scale chromosomal imbalances. We introduce a simple list of factors to be avoided in order to reduce the risk of data misinterpretation due to clonal evolution, including unacknowledged in vitro selection pressures, prolonged culture per se, harsh population size reductions, experiments at early phases after establishment, and the employment of cell lines not sufficiently analyzed by high resolution genetic techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gisselsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Oncology-Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lichtenzstejn
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, The Genomic Centre for Cancer Research and Diagnosis, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Polina Kachko
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Esther Manor
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sabine Mai
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, The Genomic Centre for Cancer Research and Diagnosis, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Holmquist Mengelbier L, Lindell-Munther S, Yasui H, Jansson C, Esfandyari J, Karlsson J, Lau K, Hui CC, Bexell D, Hopyan S, Gisselsson D. The Iroquois homeobox proteins IRX3 and IRX5 have distinct roles in Wilms tumour development and human nephrogenesis. J Pathol 2018; 247:86-98. [PMID: 30246301 PMCID: PMC6588170 DOI: 10.1002/path.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wilms tumour is a paediatric malignancy with features of halted kidney development. Here, we demonstrate that the Iroquois homeobox genes IRX3 and IRX5 are essential for mammalian nephrogenesis and govern the differentiation of Wilms tumour. Knock‐out Irx3−/Irx5− mice showed a strongly reduced embryonic nephron formation. In human foetal kidney and Wilms tumour, IRX5 expression was already activated in early proliferative blastema, whereas IRX3 protein levels peaked at tubular differentiation. Accordingly, an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of Wilms tumour showed that IRX3−/− cells formed bulky renal tumours dominated by immature mesenchyme and active canonical WNT/β‐catenin‐signalling. In contrast, IRX5−/− cells displayed activation of Hippo and non‐canonical WNT‐signalling and generated small tumours with abundant tubulogenesis. Our findings suggest that promotion of IRX3 signalling or inhibition of IRX5 signalling could be a route towards differentiation therapy for Wilms tumour, in which WNT5A is a candidate molecule for enforced tubular maturation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Lindell-Munther
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hiroaki Yasui
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Caroline Jansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Javanshir Esfandyari
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Bexell
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Gisselsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Braekeveldt N, von Stedingk K, Fransson S, Martinez-Monleon A, Lindgren D, Axelson H, Levander F, Willforss J, Hansson K, Øra I, Backman T, Börjesson A, Beckman S, Esfandyari J, Berbegall AP, Noguera R, Karlsson J, Koster J, Martinsson T, Gisselsson D, Påhlman S, Bexell D. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Reveal Intratumor Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5958-5969. [PMID: 30154149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and the Avatar, a single PDX mirroring an individual patient, are emerging tools in preclinical cancer research. However, the consequences of intratumor heterogeneity for PDX modeling of biomarkers, target identification, and treatment decisions remain underexplored. In this study, we undertook serial passaging and comprehensive molecular analysis of neuroblastoma orthotopic PDXs, which revealed strong intrinsic genetic, transcriptional, and phenotypic stability for more than 2 years. The PDXs showed preserved neuroblastoma-associated gene signatures that correlated with poor clinical outcome in a large cohort of patients with neuroblastoma. Furthermore, we captured spatial intratumor heterogeneity using ten PDXs from a single high-risk patient tumor. We observed diverse growth rates, transcriptional, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic profiles. PDX-derived transcriptional profiles were associated with diverse clinical characteristics in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. These data suggest that high-risk neuroblastoma contains elements of both temporal stability and spatial intratumor heterogeneity, the latter of which complicates clinical translation of personalized PDX-Avatar studies into preclinical cancer research.Significance: These findings underpin the complexity of PDX modeling as a means to advance translational applications against neuroblastoma. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5958-69. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Braekeveldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer von Stedingk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Lund University, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Fransson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - David Lindgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Axelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jakob Willforss
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Hansson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Øra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Lund University, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Backman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Börjesson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Siv Beckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Javanshir Esfandyari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana P Berbegall
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia/INCLIVA/CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Noguera
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia/INCLIVA/CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tommy Martinsson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Gisselsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Påhlman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Bexell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Klinghoffer RA, Bahrami SB, Hatton BA, Frazier JP, Moreno-Gonzalez A, Strand AD, Kerwin WS, Casalini JR, Thirstrup DJ, You S, Morris SM, Watts KL, Veiseh M, Grenley MO, Tretyak I, Dey J, Carleton M, Beirne E, Pedro KD, Ditzler SH, Girard EJ, Deckwerth TL, Bertout JA, Meleo KA, Filvaroff EH, Chopra R, Press OW, Olson JM. A technology platform to assess multiple cancer agents simultaneously within a patient's tumor. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:284ra58. [PMID: 25904742 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental problem in cancer drug development is that antitumor efficacy in preclinical cancer models does not translate faithfully to patient outcomes. Much of early cancer drug discovery is performed under in vitro conditions in cell-based models that poorly represent actual malignancies. To address this inconsistency, we have developed a technology platform called CIVO, which enables simultaneous assessment of up to eight drugs or drug combinations within a single solid tumor in vivo. The platform is currently designed for use in animal models of cancer and patients with superficial tumors but can be modified for investigation of deeper-seated malignancies. In xenograft lymphoma models, CIVO microinjection of well-characterized anticancer agents (vincristine, doxorubicin, mafosfamide, and prednisolone) induced spatially defined cellular changes around sites of drug exposure, specific to the known mechanisms of action of each drug. The observed localized responses predicted responses to systemically delivered drugs in animals. In pair-matched lymphoma models, CIVO correctly demonstrated tumor resistance to doxorubicin and vincristine and an unexpected enhanced sensitivity to mafosfamide in multidrug-resistant lymphomas compared with chemotherapy-naïve lymphomas. A CIVO-enabled in vivo screen of 97 approved oncology agents revealed a novel mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway inhibitor that exhibits significantly increased tumor-killing activity in the drug-resistant setting compared with chemotherapy-naïve tumors. Finally, feasibility studies to assess the use of CIVO in human and canine patients demonstrated that microinjection of drugs is toxicity-sparing while inducing robust, easily tracked, drug-specific responses in autochthonous tumors, setting the stage for further application of this technology in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bahram Bahrami
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew D Strand
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sheng You
- Presage Biosciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Mandana Veiseh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Joyoti Dey
- Presage Biosciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle D Pedro
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Karri A Meleo
- Oncology Department, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver W Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li S, Shen D, Shao J, Crowder R, Liu W, Prat A, He X, Liu S, Hoog J, Lu C, Ding L, Griffith OL, Miller C, Larson D, Fulton RS, Harrison M, Mooney T, McMichael JF, Luo J, Tao Y, Goncalves R, Schlosberg C, Hiken JF, Saied L, Sanchez C, Giuntoli T, Bumb C, Cooper C, Kitchens RT, Lin A, Phommaly C, Davies SR, Zhang J, Kavuri MS, McEachern D, Dong YY, Ma C, Pluard T, Naughton M, Bose R, Suresh R, McDowell R, Michel L, Aft R, Gillanders W, DeSchryver K, Wilson RK, Wang S, Mills GB, Gonzalez-Angulo A, Edwards JR, Maher C, Perou CM, Mardis ER, Ellis MJ. Endocrine-therapy-resistant ESR1 variants revealed by genomic characterization of breast-cancer-derived xenografts. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1116-30. [PMID: 24055055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) for functional studies, we made whole-genome comparisons with originating breast cancers representative of the major intrinsic subtypes. Structural and copy number aberrations were found to be retained with high fidelity. However, at the single-nucleotide level, variable numbers of PDX-specific somatic events were documented, although they were only rarely functionally significant. Variant allele frequencies were often preserved in the PDXs, demonstrating that clonal representation can be transplantable. Estrogen-receptor-positive PDXs were associated with ESR1 ligand-binding-domain mutations, gene amplification, or an ESR1/YAP1 translocation. These events produced different endocrine-therapy-response phenotypes in human, cell line, and PDX endocrine-response studies. Hence, deeply sequenced PDX models are an important resource for the search for genome-forward treatment options and capture endocrine-drug-resistance etiologies that are not observed in standard cell lines. The originating tumor genome provides a benchmark for assessing genetic drift and clonal representation after transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunqiang Li
- Section of Breast Oncology, Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center Breast Cancer Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
NIRF/UHRF2 occupies a central position in the cell cycle network and allows coupling with the epigenetic landscape. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1570-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|