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Salami H, Mowal SJ, Moukhah R, Hajebrahimi Z, Hosseini SA, Edalat H. Evaluating the Differential Effects of Valproic Acid on Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:497-504. [PMID: 31592436 PMCID: PMC6773934 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), is a common
antiepileptic drug and is attractive for its broad range of therapeutic effects on many diseases. It
has been employed as an inducer of pluripotency in some cultured cells. Conversely, VPA has
also been employed as an inducer of in vitro differentiation in many other cells. Therefore, we
employed WJMSCs as a cellular target to evaluate the differential effects of of VPA on potency
state and differentiation level of Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) in various
concentrations and different culture mediums.
Methods: The isolated WJMSCs were cultured in DMEM (MSC medium). According to previous
protocols, WJMSCs were treated with 0, 0.5 and 1 mM VPA in MSC or embryonic stem cell (ESC)
medium and 2 mM VPA in neural differentiation medium. Real-time polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) and western blot analysis were performed for evaluating the expression of pluripotency
markers. MTT and caspase assays were also performed on VPA-treated cells.
Results: The expression of pluripotency markers and the viability of the WJMSCs – determined
by MTT assay – were significantly increased after 0.5 mM VPA treatment in ESC medium. A 2
mM VPA treatment in neural differentiation medium significantly diminished the expression of
pluripotency markers and the viability of WJMSCs.
Conclusion: According to our results, both VPA concentration and the medium context can
influence VPA effects on WJMSCs. The differential effects of VPA on WJMSCs can reflect its wide
range of effects in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Salami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Moukhah
- Quality assurance Department, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajebrahimi
- Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Houri Edalat
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Al-Sowayan B, Keogh RJ, Abumaree M, Georgiou HM, Kalionis B. Valproic acid stimulates in vitro migration of the placenta-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell line CMSC29. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:3. [PMID: 30976600 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The placenta is an abundant source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), but our understanding of their functional properties remains limited. We previously created a placental-derived chorionic MSC (CMSC) cell line to overcome the difficulties associated with conducting extensive ex vivo optimization and experimental work on primary cells. The aim of this study was to characterize the migratory behavior of the CMSC29 cell line in vitro. Methods Stimulators of MSC migration, including two cytokines, stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and a pharmacological agent, valproic acid (VPA), were tested for their ability to stimulate CMSC29 cell migration. Assessment of cell migration was performed using the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA). Results There was no significant increase in CMSC29 cell migration towards serum free medium with increasing concentration gradients of SDF-1α or HGF. In contrast, treating CMSC29 cells with VPA alone significantly increased their migration towards serum free medium. Conclusions Immortalized CMSC29 cells retain important properties of primary CMSC, but their migratory properties are altered. CMSC29 cells do not migrate in response to factors that reportedly stimulate primary MSC/CMSC migration. However, CMSC29 increase their migration in response to VPA treatment alone. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism by which VPA acts alone to stimulate CMSC29 migration. Still, this study provides evidence that VPA pre-treatment may improve the benefits of cell-based therapies that employ certain MSC sub-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balta Al-Sowayan
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosemary J Keogh
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mohammed Abumaree
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harry M Georgiou
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Modulation of Donor-Specific Antibody Production After Organ Transplantation by Valproic Acid: A Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor. Transplantation 2017; 100:2342-2351. [PMID: 27140514 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection, mediated by donor-specific antibodies, is emerging as a leading cause for allograft dysfunction in organ transplantation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have potential immunosuppressive action, but their effects on antibody-mediated rejection and B cell function in organ transplantation have not been fully explored. METHODS The impacts of valproic acid (VPA), an HDACi, on isolated murine B cell proliferation, apoptosis, class switch recombination (CSR), differentiation, and secretion of immunoglobulin were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Molecular mechanisms were also explored by analyzing the expression of the activation-induced cytidinedeaminase, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1/Pridm1), X-box-binding protein 1 and interferon-regulatory factor 4. Mouse cardiac transplant model was used to evaluate the regulatory effects of VPA on B cell response in vivo. RESULTS Valproic acid significantly inhibited B cell CSR, plasma cell differentiation, thereby reduced antibody generation in a dose-dependent manner without altering B cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Activation-induced cytidinedeaminase, Blimp-1/Pridm1 and X-box-binding protein 1 expression were repressed by VPA treatment in a dose-dependent manner, whereas no obvious changes were observed on interferon-regulatory factor 4 expression. Although VPA alone did not prolong the graft medium survival time after murine heart transplantation, the low levels of donor-specific antibody, especially IgG in serum and the less numbers of plasma cells in the spleen were observed in VPA-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Valproic acid inhibited B cell CSR and plasma cell differentiation in vitro and in nitrophenyl-chicken gamma globulin-immunized and heart transplant recipient mice. HDACi might be a therapeutic agent targeting B cell response after organ transplantation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetic regulatory networks determine the fate of dividing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Prior attempts at the ex-vivo expansion of transplantable human HSCs have led to the depletion or at best maintenance of the numbers of HSCs because of the epigenetic events that silence the HSC gene-expression pattern. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent efforts to use small molecules to reprogram cultured CD34 cells so as to expand their numbers. RECENT FINDINGS Chromatin-modifying agents (CMAs) reactivate the gene-expression patterns of HSCs that have been silenced as they divide ex vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that CMAs act not only by promoting HSC symmetrical self-renewal divisions, but also by reprogramming progenitor cells, resulting in greater numbers of HSCs. The use of such CMAs for these purposes has not resulted in malignant transformation of the ex-vivo treated cell product. SUMMARY The silencing of the gene-expression program that determines HSC function after ex-vivo culture can be reversed by reprogramming the progeny of dividing HSCs with transient exposure to CMAs. The successful implementation of this approach provides a strategy which might lead to the development of a clinically relevant means of manufacturing increased numbers of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Iancu-Rubin
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Zhai Y, Chen X, Yu D, Li T, Cui J, Wang G, Hu JF, Li W. Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid promotes the induction of pluripotency in mouse fibroblasts by suppressing reprogramming-induced senescence stress. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:61-7. [PMID: 26112217 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) has been used to increase the reprogramming efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) from somatic cells, yet the specific molecular mechanisms underlying this effect is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that reprogramming with lentiviruses carrying the iPSC-inducing factors (Oct4-Sox2-Klf4-cMyc, OSKM) caused senescence in mouse fibroblasts, establishing a stress barrier for cell reprogramming. Administration of VPA protected cells from reprogramming-induced senescent stress. Using an in vitro pre-mature senescence model, we found that VPA treatment increased cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis through the suppression of the p16/p21 pathway. In addition, VPA also inhibited the G2/M phase blockage derived from the senescence stress. These findings highlight the role of VPA in breaking the cell senescence barrier required for the induction of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhai
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China; Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China; Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dehai Yu
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China; Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China; Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, PR China.
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Milazzo L, Vulcano F, Barca A, Macioce G, Paldino E, Rossi S, Ciccarelli C, Hassan HJ, Giampaolo A. Cord blood CD34+ cells expanded on Wharton's jelly multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells improve the hematopoietic engraftment in NOD/SCID mice. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:384-91. [PMID: 24797266 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the capability of Wharton's jelly multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSC) to support the in vitro expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) derived from cord blood (CB) in the absence of exogenous cytokines, and the effect on engraftment of the expanded cells in a mouse model. METHODS CB-CD34+ cells were seeded on WJ-MSC layer and cultured in HP01 serum-free medium. Day-7 and day-13 expanded cells were transplanted in NOD/SCID mice. After 8 wk, engraftment was evaluated in mouse bone marrow as percentage of human CD45+ cells. RESULTS CD34+ population was expanded without increasing the differentiation rate. Co-culture increased the expansion of the CD34+ cells by 2.0 and 7.3 times after 7 and 13 d, respectively, and maintained the CD34+ cells up to day 20. In particular, earlier CD34+/CD90+ and CD34+/CD33- subtypes were increased. An advantage of the day-7 co-cultured HSPC in respect of HSPC at day 0 in the engraftment of NOD/SCID mice was obtained both as percentage of mice engrafted (100% vs. 75%) and as percentage of chimerism. CONCLUSIONS Although the increase in hematopoietic progenitors is not dramatic as in the presence of added cytokines, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the WJ-MSC not only to preserve the CD34+ population but also to improve the repopulating efficacy of the amplified HSPC, also in the absence of added cytokines and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Milazzo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Walasek MA, Bystrykh LV, Olthof S, de Haan G, van Os R. Sca-1 is an early-response target of histone deacetylase inhibitors and marks hematopoietic cells with enhanced function. Exp Hematol 2012; 41:113-23.e2. [PMID: 22989761 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have been shown to enhance hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity and improve stem cell outcomes after ex vivo culture. Identification of gene targets of HDIs is required to understand the full potential of these compounds and can allow for improved stem cell culturing protocols. The molecular process that underlies the biological effects of valproic acid (VPA), a widely used HDI, on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells was investigated by studying the early-response genes of VPA. These genes were linked to VPA-induced enhancement of cell function as measured by in vitro assays. Genome-wide gene expression studies revealed over-representation of genes involved in glutathione metabolism, receptor and signal transducer activity, and changes in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells surface profile after short, 24-hour VPA treatment. Sca-1, a well-known and widely used stem cell surface marker, was identified as a prominent VPA target. We showed that multiple HDIs induce Sca-1 expression on hematopoietic cells. VPA strongly preserved Sca-1 expression on Lin(-)Sca1(+)ckit(+) cells, but also reactivated Sca-1 on committed progenitor cells that were Sca-1(neg), thereby reverting them to the Lin(-)Sca1(+)ckit(+) phenotype. We demonstrated that reacquired Sca-1 expression coincided with induced self-renewal capacity as measured by in vitro replating assays, while Sca-1 itself was not required for the biological effects of VPA as demonstrated using Sca-1-deficient progenitor cells. In conclusion, our results show that VPA modulates several genes involved in multiple signal transduction pathways, of which Sca-1 was shown to mark cells with increased self-renewal capacity in response to HDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Walasek
- Department of Biology of Aging, Section Stem Cell Biology, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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