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Kerivan EM, Amari VN, Weeks WB, Hardin LH, Tobin L, Azzam OYA, Reinemann DN. Deciphering Mechanochemical Influences of Emergent Actomyosin Crosstalk using QCM-D. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582155. [PMID: 38464072 PMCID: PMC10925119 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal protein ensembles exhibit emergent mechanics where behavior exhibited in teams is not necessarily the sum of the components' single molecule properties. In addition, filaments may act as force sensors that distribute feedback and influence motor protein behavior. To understand the design principles of such emergent mechanics, we developed an approach utilizing QCM-D to measure how actomyosin bundles respond mechanically to environmental variables that alter constituent myosin II motor behavior. We demonstrate that QCM-D can detect changes in actomyosin viscoelasticity due to molecular-level alterations, such as motor concentration and nucleotide state, thus providing evidence for actin's role as a mechanical force-feedback sensor and a new approach for deciphering the fundamental mechanisms of emergent cytoskeletal ensemble crosstalk. Justification Cytoskeletal ensembles exhibit mechanics that are not necessarily the sum of the components' single molecule properties, and this emergent behavior is not well understood. Cytoskeletal filaments may also act as force sensors that influence constituent motor protein behavior. To understand the elusive design principles of such emergent mechanics, we innovated an approach using QCM-D to measure how actomyosin bundles sense and respond mechanically to environmental variables. We demonstrate for the first time that QCM-D can detect changes in actomyosin viscoelasticity due to molecular-level alterations, thus providing evidence for actin's role as a mechanical force-feedback sensor and a new approach for deciphering the fundamentals of emergent cytoskeletal ensemble crosstalk.
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Kerivan EM, Tobin L, Basil M, Reinemann DN. Molecular and cellular level characterization of cytoskeletal mechanics using a quartz crystal microbalance. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:100-111. [PMID: 36891731 PMCID: PMC10272097 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an instrument that has the ability to measure nanogram-level changes in mass on a quartz sensor and is traditionally used to probe surface interactions and assembly kinetics of synthetic systems. The addition of dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) facilitates the study of viscoelastic systems, such as those relevant to molecular and cellular mechanics. Due to real-time recording of frequency and dissipation changes and single protein-level precision, the QCM-D is effective in interrogating the viscoelastic properties of cell surfaces and in vitro cellular components. However, few studies focus on the application of this instrument to cytoskeletal systems, whose dynamic parts create interesting emergent mechanics as ensembles that drive essential tasks, such as division and motility. Here, we review the ability of the QCM-D to characterize key kinetic and mechanical features of the cytoskeleton through in vitro reconstitution and cellular assays and outline how QCM-D studies can yield insightful mechanical data alone and in tandem with other biophysical characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Kerivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Lyle Tobin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Mihir Basil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Dana N. Reinemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Zambarda C, Pérez González C, Schoenit A, Veits N, Schimmer C, Jung R, Ollech D, Christian J, Roca-Cusachs P, Trepat X, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Epithelial cell cluster size affects force distribution in response to EGF-induced collective contractility. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151274. [PMID: 36152392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors present in the extracellular environment regulate epithelial cell adhesion and dynamics. Among them, growth factors such as EGF, upon binding to their receptors at the cell surface, get internalized and directly activate the acto-myosin machinery. In this study we present the effects of EGF on the contractility of epithelial cancer cell colonies in confined geometry of different sizes. We show that the extent to which EGF triggers contractility scales with the cluster size and thus the number of cells. Moreover, the collective contractility results in a radial distribution of traction forces, which are dependent on integrin β1 peripheral adhesions and transmitted to neighboring cells through adherens junctions. Taken together, EGF-induced contractility acts on the mechanical crosstalk and linkage between the cell-cell and cell-matrix compartments, regulating collective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zambarda
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Pérez González
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Schoenit
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nisha Veits
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Schimmer
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raimund Jung
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Ollech
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Christian
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Esfahani AM, Zhao W, Chen JY, Huang C, Xi N, Xi J, Yang R. On the Measurement of Energy Dissipation of Adhered Cells with the Quartz Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10340-10349. [PMID: 30088414 PMCID: PMC6669898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the finding of a linear correlation between the change of energy dissipation (Δ D) of adhered cells measured with the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and the level of focal adhesions of the cells. To account for this correlation, we have developed a theoretical framework for assessing the Δ D-response of adhered cells. We rationalized that the mechanical energy of an oscillating QCM-D sensor coupled with a cell monolayer is dissipated through three main processes: the interfacial friction through the dynamic restructuring (formation and rupture) of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) bonds, the interfacial viscous damping by the liquid trapped between the QCM-D sensor and the basal membrane of the cell layer, and the intracellular viscous damping through the viscous slip between the cytoplasm and stress fibers as well as among stress fibers themselves. Our modeling study shows that the interfacial viscous damping by the trapped liquid is the primary process for energy dissipation during the early stage of the cell adhesion, whereas the dynamic restructuring of cell-ECM bonds becomes more prevalent during the later stage of the cell adhesion. Our modeling study also establishes a positive linear correlation between the Δ D-response and the level of cell adhesion quantified with the number of cell-ECM bonds, which corroborates our previous experimental finding. This correlation with a wide well-defined linear dynamic range provides a much needed theoretical validation of the dissipation monitoring function of the QCM-D as a powerful quantitative analytical tool for cell study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Monemian Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Changjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ning Xi
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, HK, China
| | - Jun Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 48824, United States
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Chen JY, Penn LS, Xi J. Quartz crystal microbalance: Sensing cell-substrate adhesion and beyond. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:593-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang X, Cook PC, Zindy E, Williams CJ, Jowitt TA, Streuli CH, MacDonald AS, Redondo-Muñoz J. Integrin α4β1 controls G9a activity that regulates epigenetic changes and nuclear properties required for lymphocyte migration. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:3031-44. [PMID: 26657637 PMCID: PMC4838336 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the cell nucleus change to allow cells to migrate, but how chromatin modifications contribute to nuclear deformability has not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that a major factor in this process involves epigenetic changes that underpin nuclear structure. We investigated the link between cell adhesion and epigenetic changes in T-cells, and demonstrate that T-cell adhesion to VCAM1 via α4β1 integrin drives histone H3 methylation (H3K9me2/3) through the methyltransferase G9a. In this process, active G9a is recruited to the nuclear envelope and interacts with lamin B1 during T-cell adhesion through α4β1 integrin. G9a activity not only reorganises the chromatin structure in T-cells, but also affects the stiffness and viscoelastic properties of the nucleus. Moreover, we further demonstrated that these epigenetic changes were linked to lymphocyte movement, as depletion or inhibition of G9a blocks T-cell migration in both 2D and 3D environments. Thus, our results identify a novel mechanism in T-cells by which α4β1 integrin signaling drives specific chromatin modifications, which alter the physical properties of the nucleus and thereby enable T-cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Peter C Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Egor Zindy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Craig J Williams
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Fang Y, Iu CYY, Lui CNP, Zou Y, Fung CKM, Li HW, Xi N, Yung KKL, Lai KWC. Investigating dynamic structural and mechanical changes of neuroblastoma cells associated with glutamate-mediated neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7074. [PMID: 25399549 PMCID: PMC4233341 DOI: 10.1038/srep07074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated neurodegeneration resulting from excessive activation of glutamate receptors is recognized as one of the major causes of various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms in the neurodegenerative process remain unidentified. Here, we investigate the real-time dynamic structural and mechanical changes associated with the neurodegeneration induced by the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (a subtype of glutamate receptors) at the nanoscale. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed to measure the three-dimensional (3-D) topography and mechanical properties of live SH-SY5Y cells under stimulus of NMDA receptors. A significant increase in surface roughness and stiffness of the cell is observed after NMDA treatment, which indicates the time-dependent neuronal cell behavior under NMDA-mediated neurodegeneration. The present AFM based study further advance our understanding of the neurodegenerative process to elucidate the pathways and mechanisms that govern NMDA induced neurodegeneration, so as to facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Fang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Cathy N. P. Lui
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yukai Zou
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Hung Wing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Xi
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Ken K. L. Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King W. C. Lai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Sun C. Preparation of solid surfaces for native chemical ligation in the quartz crystal microbalance. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Sun
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering; Jiaxing University; Jiaxing Zhejiang 314001 China
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Dewilde AH, Wang G, Zhang J, Marx KA, Therrien JM, Braunhut SJ. Quartz crystal microbalance measurements of mitochondrial depolarization predicting chemically induced toxicity of vascular cells and macrophages. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tymchenko N, Nilebäck E, Voinova MV, Gold J, Kasemo B, Svedhem S. Reversible Changes in Cell Morphology due to Cytoskeletal Rearrangements Measured in Real-Time by QCM-D. Biointerphases 2012; 7:43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Garcia MP, Shahid A, Chen JY, Xi J. Effects of the expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor on the ligand-induced restructuring of focal adhesions: a QCM-D study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Evaluating Inhibition of the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-Induced Response of Mutant MCF10A Cells with an Acoustic Sensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2012; 2:448-64. [PMID: 25586035 PMCID: PMC4263556 DOI: 10.3390/bios2040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer treatments rely on inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cellular responses. Evaluating drug effects on such responses becomes critical to the development of new cancer therapeutics. In this report, we have employed a label-free acoustic sensor, the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), to track the EGF-induced response of mutant MCF10A cells under various inhibitory conditions. We have identified a complex cell de-adhesion process, which can be distinctly altered by inhibitors of signaling pathways and cytoskeleton formation in a dose-dependent manner. The dose dependencies of the inhibitors provide IC50 values which are in strong agreement with the values reported in the literature, demonstrating the sensitivity and reliability of the QCM-D as a screening tool. Using immunofluorescence imaging, we have also verified the quantitative relationship between the ΔD-response (change in energy dissipation factor) and the level of focal adhesions quantified with the areal density of immunostained vinculin under those inhibitory conditions. Such a correlation suggests that the dynamic restructuring of focal adhesions can be assessed based on the time-dependent change in ΔD-response. Overall, this report has shown that the QCM-D has the potential to become an effective sensing platform for screening therapeutic agents that target signaling and cytoskeletal proteins.
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Dissipation monitoring for assessing EGF-induced changes of cell adhesion. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Song B, Yang R, Xi N, Patterson KC, Qu C, Lai KWC. Cellular-level surgery using nano robots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:425-34. [PMID: 23015517 DOI: 10.1177/2211068212460665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a popular instrument for studying the nano world. AFM is naturally suitable for imaging living samples and measuring mechanical properties. In this article, we propose a new concept of an AFM-based nano robot that can be applied for cellular-level surgery on living samples. The nano robot has multiple functions of imaging, manipulation, characterizing mechanical properties, and tracking. In addition, the technique of tip functionalization allows the nano robot the ability for precisely delivering a drug locally. Therefore, the nano robot can be used for conducting complicated nano surgery on living samples, such as cells and bacteria. Moreover, to provide a user-friendly interface, the software in this nano robot provides a "videolized" visual feedback for monitoring the dynamic changes on the sample surface. Both the operation of nano surgery and observation of the surgery results can be simultaneously achieved. This nano robot can be easily integrated with extra modules that have the potential applications of characterizing other properties of samples such as local conductance and capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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