1
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Zelisko N, Lesyk R, Stoika R. Structure, unique biological properties, and mechanisms of action of transforming growth factor β. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107611. [PMID: 38964148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous molecule that is extremely conserved structurally and plays a systemic role in human organism. TGF-β is a homodimeric molecule consisting of two subunits joined through a disulphide bond. In mammals, three genes code for TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 isoforms of this cytokine with a dominating expression of TGF-β1. Virtually, all normal cells contain TGF-β and its specific receptors. Considering the exceptional role of fine balance played by the TGF-β in anumber of physiological and pathological processes in human body, this cytokine may be proposed for use in medicine as an immunosuppressant in transplantology, wound healing and bone repair. TGFb itself is an important target in oncology. Strategies for blocking members of TGF-β signaling pathway as therapeutic targets have been considered. In this review, signalling mechanisms of TGF-β1 action are addressed, and their role in physiology and pathology with main focus on carcinogenesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zelisko
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Rostyslav Stoika
- Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis, Institute of Cell Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
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2
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Song D, Ding Y. A new target of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1330099. [PMID: 38259489 PMCID: PMC10800811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1330099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one important treatment for malignant tumours. It is widely believed today that radiotherapy has not only been used as a local tumour treatment method, but also can induce systemic anti-tumour responses by influencing the tumour microenvironment, but its efficacy is limited by the tumour immunosuppression microenvironment. With the advancement of technology, immunotherapy has entered a golden age of rapid development, gradually occupying a place in clinical tumour treatment. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) widely distributing in the tumour microenvironment play an important role in mediating tumour development. This article analyzes immunotherapy, the interaction between Tregs, tumours and radiotherapy. It briefly introduces immunotherapies targeting Tregs, aiming to provide new strategies for radiotherapy combined with Immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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3
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Huang Y, Chen X, Jiang Z, Luo Q, Wan L, Hou X, Yu K, Zhuang J. Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Tgf-β-Mediated Noncoding RNA Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in DNA Damage in the 661W Photoreceptor Cell Line. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2140. [PMID: 36421815 PMCID: PMC9691224 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (Tgf-β), a pleiotropic cytokine, can enhance DNA repair in various cells, including cancer cells and neurons. The noncoding regulatory system plays an important role in Tgf-β-mediated biological activities, whereas few studies have explored its role in DNA damage and repair. In this study, we suggested that Tgf-β improved while its inhibitor LSKL impaired DNA repair and cell viability in UV-irradiated 661W cells. Moreover, RNA-seq was carried out, and a total of 106 differentially expressed (DE)-mRNAs and 7 DE-lncRNAs were identified between UV/LSKL and UV/ctrl 661W cells. Gene ontology and Reactome analysis confirmed that the DE-mRNAs were enriched in multiple DNA damaged- and repair-related biological functions and pathways. We then constructed a ceRNA network that included 3 lncRNAs, 19 miRNAs, and 29 mRNAs with a bioinformatics prediction. Through RT-qPCR and further functional verification, 2 Tgf-β-mediated ceRNA axes (Gm20559-miR-361-5p-Oas2/Gbp7) were further identified. Gm20559 knockout or miR-361-5p mimics markedly impaired DNA repair and cell viability in UV-irradiated 661W cells, which confirms the bioinformatics results. In summary, this study revealed that Tgf-β could reduce DNA damage in 661W cells, provided a Tgf-β-associated ceRNA network for DNA damage and repair, and suggested that the molecular signatures may be useful candidates as targets of treatment for photoreceptor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhigao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Linxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiangtao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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4
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Li Y, Liu Y, Chiang YJ, Huang F, Li Y, Li X, Ning Y, Zhang W, Deng H, Chen YG. DNA Damage Activates TGF-β Signaling via ATM-c-Cbl-Mediated Stabilization of the Type II Receptor TβRII. Cell Rep 2020; 28:735-745.e4. [PMID: 31315051 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of both the DNA damage response (DDR) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling induces growth arrest of most cell types. However, it is unclear whether the DDR activates TGF-β signaling that in turn contributes to cell growth arrest. Here, we show that in response to DNA damage, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) stabilizes the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) and thus enhancement of TGF-β signaling. Mechanistically, ATM phosphorylates and stabilizes c-Cbl, which promotes TβRII neddylation and prevents its ubiquitination-dependent degradation. Consistently, DNA damage enhances the interaction among ATM, c-Cbl, and TβRII. The ATM-c-Cbl-TβRII axis plays a pivotal role in intestinal regeneration after X-ray-induced DNA damage in mouse models. Therefore, ATM not only mediates the canonical DDR pathway but also activates TGF-β signaling by stabilizing TβRII. The double brake system ensures full cell-cycle arrest, allowing efficient DNA damage repair and avoiding passage of the damaged genome to the daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Jeffrey Chiang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yehua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xintong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanheng Ning
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Imatinib mesylate elicits extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation and enhances the survival of γ-irradiated epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:939-943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Liu J, Tang X, Shi F, Li C, Zhang K, Liu J, Wang G, Yin J, Li Z. Genetic polymorphism contributes to 131I radiotherapy-induced toxicities in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:1335-1344. [PMID: 30430914 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between SNPs in DNA damage response pathways and toxicities following 131I radiotherapy of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Materials & methods: We identified 22 functional SNPs of genes in DNA damage response pathways. MassArray was used to sequence SNP genotypes in 203 DTC patients. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the associations between the two alleles of each SNP and toxicity reactions were evaluated using χ2 analysis. RESULTS Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) rs620815 T-allele carriers were at increased risk of 131I radiation-induced gastrointestinal reaction compared with C allele carriers. TNFα rs1800629 GA genotype may increase the incidence of neck pain compared with GG genotype. Furthermore, TNFα rs1800629, ATM rs11212570, NF-κβ rs230493, and TGF-β rs1800469, rs2241716 were associated with throat pain following 131I radiotherapy. CONCLUSION The identified SNPs might serve as novel biomarkers for DTC treated with 131I radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China.,Department of Center for ADR Monitoring of Hubei, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Thyroid internal medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Cuilin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jiye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
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7
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Ruiz-Cañada C, Bernabé-García Á, Liarte S, Insausti CL, Angosto D, Moraleda JM, Castellanos G, Nicolás FJ. Amniotic membrane stimulates cell migration by modulating transforming growth factor-β signalling. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621502 DOI: 10.1002/term.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte migration is a mandatory aspect of wound healing. We have previously shown that amniotic membrane (AM) applied to chronic wounds assists healing through a process resulting in the overexpression of c-Jun at the wound's leading edge. We have also demonstrated that AM modifies the genetic programme induced by transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) in chronic wounds. Here we used a scratch assay of mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu) and a spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells to examine the influence of AM application on the underlying signalling during scratch closure. AM application induced c-Jun phosphorylation at the leading edge of scratch wounds in a process dependent on MAPK and JNK signalling. Strikingly, when the TGF-ß-dependent Smad-activation inhibitor SB431542 was used together with AM, migration improvement was partially restrained, whereas the addition of TGF-ß had a synergistic effect on the AM-induced cell migration. Moreover, antagonizing TGF-ß with specific antibodies in both cell lines or knocking out TGF-ß receptors in Mv1Lu cells had similar effects on cell migration as using SB431542. Furthermore, we found that AM was able to attenuate TGF-ß-Smad signalling specifically at the migrating edge; AM treatment abated Smad2 and Smad3 nuclear localization in response to TGF-ß in a process dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) activation but independent of EGF receptor or JNK activation. The involvement of Smad signalling on AM effects on HaCaT keratinocytes was further corroborated by overexpression of either Smad2 or Smad3 and the use of Smad phosphorylation-specific inhibitors, revealing a differential influence on AM-induced migration for each Smad. Thus, AM TGF-ß-Smad signalling abating is essential for optimal cell migration and wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Liarte
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y TGF-ß, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Luisa Insausti
- Unidad de Trasplante y Terapia Celular, Servicio Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego Angosto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y TGF-ß, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Moraleda
- Unidad de Trasplante y Terapia Celular, Servicio Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Castellanos
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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8
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Gao W, Li ZH, Chen S, Chan JYW, Yin M, Zhang MJ, Wong TS. Epstein-Barr virus encoded microRNA BART7 regulates radiation sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20297-20308. [PMID: 28423621 PMCID: PMC5386763 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is very sensitive to radiotherapy. To date, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that expression of EBV-encoded microRNA BART7 (ebv-miR-BART7) increases responsiveness of NPC to radiation treatment by targeting GFPT1/TGFβ1 signaling. GFPT1 is the the key rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine signaling pathway and governs TGFβ1 production. TGFβ1, a pleotropic cytokine with the potency to trigger self-renewal and damage-repair machinery in somatic cells. TGFβ1 can protect zebrafish embryo from the lethal effects of radiation treatment. In silico analysis showed that ebv-miR-BART7 could target GFPT1 transcript. Correlation analysis on primary NPC tissues suggested that ebv-miR-BART7 and GFPT1 have negative expression correlation. Expression of GFPT1 and TGFβ1 were inducible by radiation in NPC cell with ebv-miR-BART7 expression. Further, suppressing endogenous GFPT1 expression inhibited TGFβ1 which subsequently increased the responsiveness of NPC to radiation treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ebv-miR-BART7 controls TGFβ1 production by targeting GFPT1. Detection of ebv-miR-BART7 may provide useful indicator for monitoring NPC progression and predict therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zeng-Hong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min-Juan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Thian-Sze Wong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Guangdong Province, China
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9
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Lee J, Kim HJ, Yi JY. A secretome analysis reveals that PPARα is upregulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation in three-dimensional keratinocyte cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:270-276. [PMID: 27845041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that γ-irradiation induces various biological responses, including oxidative stress and apoptosis, as well as cellular repair and immune system responses. However, most such studies have been performed using traditional two-dimensional cell culture systems, which are limited in their ability to faithfully represent in vivo conditions. A three-dimensional (3D) environment composed of properly interconnected and differentiated cells that allow communication and cooperation among cells via secreted molecules would be expected to more accurately reflect cellular responses. Here, we investigated γ-irradiation-induced changes in the secretome of 3D-cultured keratinocytes. An analysis of keratinocyte secretome profiles following fractionated-dose γ-irradiation revealed changes in genes involved in cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and the immune system. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) was upregulated in response to fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. This upregulation was associated with an increase in the transcription of known PPARα target genes in secretome, including angiopoietin-like protein 4, dermokine and kallikrein-related peptide 12, which were differentially regulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. Collectively, our data imply a mechanism linking γ-irradiation and secretome changes, and suggest that these changes could play a significant role in the coordinated cellular responses to harmful ionizing radiation, such as those associated with radiation therapy. This extension of our understanding of γ-irradiation-induced secretome changes has the potential to improve radiation therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyong Lee
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lee J, An YS, Kim MR, Kim YA, Lee JK, Hwang CS, Chung E, Park IC, Yi JY. Heat Shock Protein 90 Regulates Subcellular Localization of Smads in Mv1Lu Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:230-8. [PMID: 26104915 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates the stability of various proteins and plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis. Many client proteins of HSP90 are involved in cell growth, survival, and migration; processes that are generally accepted as participants in tumorigenesis. HSP90 is also up-regulated in certain tumors. Indeed, the inhibition of HSP90 is known to be effective in cancer treatment. Recently, studies showed that HSP90 regulates transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced transcription by increasing the stability of the TGF-β receptor. TGF-β signaling also has been implicated in cancer, suggesting the possibility that TGF-β1 and HSP90 function cooperatively during the cancer cell progression. Here in this paper, we investigated the role of HSP90 in TGF-β1-stimulated Mv1Lu cells. Treatment of Mv1Lu cells with the HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17AAG), or transfection with truncated HSP90 (ΔHSP90) significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced cell migration. Pretreatment with 17AAG or transfection with ΔHSP90 also reduced the levels of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3. In addition, the HSP90 inhibition interfered the nuclear localization of Smads induced by constitutively active Smad2 (S2EE) or Smad3 (S3EE). We also found that the HSP90 inhibition decreased the protein level of importin-β1 which is known to regulate R-Smad nuclear translocation. These data clearly demonstrate a novel function of HSP90; HSP90 modulates TGF-β signaling by regulating Smads localization. Overall, our data could provide a detailed mechanism linking HSP90 and TGF-β signaling. The extension of our understanding of HSP90 would offer a better strategy for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyong Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Sun An
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Ah Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Lee
- Radiation Blood Specimen Biobank, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Sun Hwang
- Human Resource Biobank, Cheil General Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunkyung Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Lee J, Kim MR, Kim HJ, An YS, Yi JY. TGF-β1 accelerates the DNA damage response in epithelial cells via Smad signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:420-425. [PMID: 27237972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evidence suggests that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) regulates the DNA-damage response (DDR) upon irradiation, and we previously reported that TGF-β1 induced DNA ligase IV (Lig4) expression and enhanced the nonhomologous end-joining repair pathway in irradiated cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on the irradiation-induced DDRs of A431 and HaCaT cells. Cells were pretreated with or without TGF-β1 and irradiated. At 30 min post-irradiation, DDRs were detected by immunoblotting of phospho-ATM, phospho-Chk2, and the presence of histone foci (γH2AX). The levels of all three factors were similar right after irradiation regardless of TGF-β1 pretreatment. However, they soon thereafter exhibited downregulation in TGF-β1-pretreated cells, indicating the acceleration of the DDR. Treatment with a TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor (SB431542) or transfections with siRNAs against Smad2/3 or DNA ligase IV (Lig4) reversed this acceleration of the DDR. Furthermore, the frequency of irradiation-induced apoptosis was decreased by TGF-β1 pretreatment in vivo, but this effect was abrogated by SB431542. These results collectively suggest that TGF-β1 could enhance cell survival by accelerating the DDR via Smad signaling and Lig4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyong Lee
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Kim
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - You Sun An
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Persa E, Balogh A, Sáfrány G, Lumniczky K. The effect of ionizing radiation on regulatory T cells in health and disease. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:252-61. [PMID: 25754816 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treg cells are key elements of the immune system which are responsible for the immune suppressive phenotype of cancer patients. Interaction of Treg cells with conventional anticancer therapies might fundamentally influence cancer therapy response rates. Radiotherapy, apart from its direct tumor cell killing potential, has a contradictory effect on the antitumor immune response: it augments certain immune parameters, while it depresses others. Treg cells are intrinsically radioresistant due to reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation, which leads to their systemic and/or intratumoral enrichment. While physiologically Treg suppression is not enhanced by irradiation, this is not the case in a tumorous environment, where Tregs acquire a highly suppressive phenotype, which is further increased by radiotherapy. This is the reason why the interest for combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy approaches focusing on the abrogation of Treg suppression has increased in cancer therapy in the last few years. Here we summarize the basic mechanisms of Treg radiation response both in healthy and cancerous environments and discuss Treg-targeted pre-clinical and clinical immunotherapy approaches used in combination with radiotherapy. Finally, the discrepant findings regarding the predictive value of Tregs in therapy response are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Persa
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary.
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Kim MR, Lee J, An YS, Jin YB, Park IC, Chung E, Shin I, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Yi JY. TGFβ1 protects cells from γ-IR by enhancing the activity of the NHEJ repair pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:319-29. [PMID: 25319009 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0098-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several groups have reported that TGFβ1 regulates cellular responses to γ-irradiation; however, the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the current study, the role of TGFβ1 in cellular responses to γ-irradiation was investigated in detail. The data indicate that TGFβ1 pretreatment decreased the aftermath of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage in a SMAD-dependent manner. To determine the underlying mechanism for these effects, the extent of IR-induced DNA repair activity in the presence or absence of TGFβ1 was examined. Studies reveal that TGFβ1 upregulated DNA ligase IV (Lig4), augmented IR-induced nuclear retention of the DNA ligase, and enhanced nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair activity. In addition, knockdown of Lig4 reduced the TGFβ1-induced protection against IR. Overall, these data indicate that TGFβ1 facilitates the NHEJ repair process upon γ-irradiation and thereby enhances long-term survival. IMPLICATIONS These findings provide new insight and a possible approach to controlling genotoxic stress by the TGFβ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ra Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyong Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Sun An
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Primate Research Center, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunkyung Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Incheol Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiation and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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14
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Diet-induced obesity modulates epigenetic responses to ionizing radiation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106277. [PMID: 25171162 PMCID: PMC4149562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both exposure to ionizing radiation and obesity have been associated with various pathologies including cancer. There is a crucial need in better understanding the interactions between ionizing radiation effects (especially at low doses) and other risk factors, such as obesity. In order to evaluate radiation responses in obese animals, C3H and C57BL/6J mice fed a control normal fat or a high fat (HF) diet were exposed to fractionated doses of X-rays (0.75 Gy ×4). Bone marrow micronucleus assays did not suggest a modulation of radiation-induced genotoxicity by HF diet. Using MSP, we observed that the promoters of p16 and Dapk genes were methylated in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a HF diet (irradiated and non-irradiated); Mgmt promoter was methylated in irradiated and/or HF diet-fed mice. In addition, methylation PCR arrays identified Ep300 and Socs1 (whose promoters exhibited higher methylation levels in non-irradiated HF diet-fed mice) as potential targets for further studies. We then compared microRNA regulations after radiation exposure in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a normal or an HF diet, using microRNA arrays. Interestingly, radiation-triggered microRNA regulations observed in normal mice were not observed in obese mice. miR-466e was upregulated in non-irradiated obese mice. In vitro free fatty acid (palmitic acid, oleic acid) administration sensitized AML12 mouse liver cells to ionizing radiation, but the inhibition of miR-466e counteracted this radio-sensitization, suggesting that the modulation of radiation responses by diet-induced obesity might involve miR-466e expression. All together, our results suggested the existence of dietary effects on radiation responses (especially epigenetic regulations) in mice, possibly in relationship with obesity-induced chronic oxidative stress.
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Zhao L, Lu X, Cao Y. MicroRNA and signal transduction pathways in tumor radiation response. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1625-34. [PMID: 23602933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor radiation response is an essential issue in radiotherapy and a core determining factor of tumor radioresistance or radiosensitivity. Multiple factors can influence tumor radiation response, and among them tumor genetic and epigenetic background, tumor microenvironment and tumor blood flow status may take a leading role. During the whole process of tumor radiation response, tumor radiosensitivity can be regulated in an orderly manner through some classical signal transduction pathways. Although these pathways have already owned multiple biological functions and involved in the process of carcinogenesis, their regulatory roles in tumor radiation response can not be ignored. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding RNA of about 22 nucleotides in length, which binds to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target gene and controls the expression of it at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNA participates in numerous physiology and pathology processes and acts as oncogene or tumor suppressor to affect cancer progression. Through interplaying with the key components in radiation related signal transduction pathways, miRNA could effectively activate the expression of DNA damage response genes and cell cycle related genes in the nucleus, and play a critical role in the modulation of radiation response and radiosensitivity in tumor cells. In this review, we mainly elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and functions of miRNA in these radiation related signal transduction pathways from three different aspects which include the upstream receptors, midstream transducer pathways, and downstream effector genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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