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Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang Z. Recent Advance in Regulatory Effect of GRP120 on Bone Metabolism. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1714-1727. [PMID: 37196107 PMCID: PMC10529742 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between fatty acids and bone metabolism is complex and can be direct and indirect. This link has been reported in different types of bone cells and various stages of bone metabolism. G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), also called free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), is a member of the recently discovered G protein-coupled receptor family that can interact with both long-chain saturated fatty acids (C14-C18) and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (C16-C22). Research shows that GPR120 regulates processes in different types of bone cells, directly or indirectly affecting bone metabolism. Our research reviewed the literature on the effects of GPR120 on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, focusing on the research findings regarding the mechanism by which GPR120 alters specific bone metabolic diseases-osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The data reviewed here provide a basis for clinical and basic research into the role of GPR120 on bone metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haixia Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Huang F, Liu X, Fu X, Chen Y, Jiang D, Wang T, Hu R, Zou X, Hu H, Liu C. 3D-Printed Bioactive Scaffold Loaded with GW9508 Promotes Critical-Size Bone Defect Repair by Regulating Intracellular Metabolism. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050535. [PMID: 37237605 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of bone regeneration is complicated, and it is still a major clinical challenge to regenerate critical-size bone defects caused by severe trauma, infection, and tumor resection. Intracellular metabolism has been found to play an important role in the cell fate decision of skeletal progenitor cells. GW9508, a potent agonist of the free fatty acid receptors GPR40 and GPR120, appears to have a dual effect of inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteogenesis by regulating intracellular metabolism. Hence, in this study, GW9508 was loaded on a scaffold based on biomimetic construction principles to facilitate the bone regeneration process. Through 3D printing and ion crosslinking, hybrid inorganic-organic implantation scaffolds were obtained after integrating 3D-printed β-TCP/CaSiO3 scaffolds with a Col/Alg/HA hydrogel. The 3D-printed β-TCP/CaSiO3 scaffolds had an interconnected porous structure that simulated the porous structure and mineral microenvironment of bone, and the hydrogel network shared similar physicochemical properties with the extracellular matrix. The final osteogenic complex was obtained after GW9508 was loaded into the hybrid inorganic-organic scaffold. To investigate the biological effects of the obtained osteogenic complex, in vitro studies and a rat cranial critical-size bone defect model were utilized. Metabolomics analysis was conducted to explore the preliminary mechanism. The results showed that 50 μM GW9508 facilitated osteogenic differentiation by upregulating osteogenic genes, including Alp, Runx2, Osterix, and Spp1 in vitro. The GW9508-loaded osteogenic complex enhanced osteogenic protein secretion and facilitated new bone formation in vivo. Finally, the results from metabolomics analysis suggested that GW9508 promoted stem cell differentiation and bone formation through multiple intracellular metabolism pathways, including purine and pyrimidine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. This study provides a new approach to address the challenge of critical-size bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xihong Fu
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tingxuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rongcheng Hu
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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3
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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4
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Understanding the appetite modulation pathways: The role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114503. [PMID: 33711286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaconutrition is an area of current interest, especially concerning the advances in the pharmacology of nutrient-sensing receptors, as have been accomplished in the last 20 years. The family of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors is composed of four members, sequentially named as FFA1 to FFA4, which are activated by the short to long-chain fatty acids. The affinity of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors for the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prompted pre-clinical and clinical investigations regarding their involvement in metabolic diseases. The main studies have been focused on the receptors' expression analyses, the featuring of knockout mice, and the assessment of selective synthetic ligands. These clearly have indicated a relevant role for FFA1 and FFA4 in the peripheral and central circuits for the regulation of energetic metabolism. This review article aimed to discuss the relevance of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in appetite-related complications, mainly related to obesity, cancer cachexia, and anorexia in the elderly, emphasizing whether their pharmacological modulation might be useful for the management of these disorders.
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5
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Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation and Activity by Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010089. [PMID: 33430327 PMCID: PMC7825801 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue and is constantly being remodeled by bone cells. Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in the activation of these bone cells and skeletal metabolism, which fulfills the energy demand for bone remodeling. Among various metabolic pathways, the importance of lipid metabolism in bone cells has long been appreciated. More recent studies also establish the link between bone loss and lipid-altering conditions—such as atherosclerotic vascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and obesity—and uncover the detrimental effect of fat accumulation on skeletal homeostasis and increased risk of fracture. Targeting lipid metabolism with statin, a lipid-lowering drug, has been shown to improve bone density and quality in metabolic bone diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of lipid-mediated regulation in osteoclasts are not completely understood. Thus, a better understanding of lipid metabolism in osteoclasts can be used to harness bone cell activity to treat pathological bone disorders. This review summarizes the recent developments of the contribution of lipid metabolism to the function and phenotype of osteoclasts.
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6
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Sun C, Li Y, Li X, Sun J. Agonism of Gpr40 Protects the Capacities of Epidermal Stem Cells (ESCs) Against Ultraviolet-B (UV-B). DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:5143-5153. [PMID: 33262575 PMCID: PMC7699447 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s252060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Skin damage due to overexposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation can lead to the development of cancers and reduce the skin's functionality as a vital protective barrier. Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells responsible for skin regeneration and healing. Upon exposure to UV-B radiation, ESCs produce excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines. However, the functional protection of ESCs is not fully explored. G-protein coupled G protein-coupled receptor 40 (Gpr40) is a free fatty acid receptor that is emerging as a potential treatment target for various diseases. Gpr40 has been found to be expressed in various cell types. Methods ESCs were exposed to UV-B at the intensities of 25, 50, and 100 mJ/cm2 for 24 h using TL 20 W/12 RS UV lamps. ESCs were treated with UV-B at 50 mJ/cm2 in the presence or absence of 25 or 50 µM of the Gpr40 agonist GW9508 for 24 h. The gene expression of the Wnt1 pathway and proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated. To antagonize Gpr40 expression, ESCs were treated with 10 µM GW1100. Results Our findings demonstrate that Gpr40 agonism can reduce the production of ROS as well as the expression of interleukins 1β and 8, two key proinflammatory cytokines. We demonstrate that agonism of Gpr40 can rescue the reduction in integrin β1 and Krt19 induced by UV-B exposure, thereby improving the capacities of ESCs to resist UV-B damage. Moreover, we show that the effects of Gpr40 agonism observed in our experiments are mediated through the Wnt/β-catenin canonical signaling pathway, as evidenced by the expression of Wnt1 and cyclin D1. Conclusion Our findings present evidence of the role of Gpr40 agonism in mediating the protective capacities of ESCs against insult from UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkuan Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglan Li
- Departmentof Dermatology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Departmentof Dermatology, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
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Bao M, Zhang K, Wei Y, Hua W, Gao Y, Li X, Ye L. Therapeutic potentials and modulatory mechanisms of fatty acids in bone. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12735. [PMID: 31797479 PMCID: PMC7046483 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is a lifelong process that includes bone formation and resorption. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the predominant cell types associated with bone metabolism, which is facilitated by other cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), osteocytes and chondrocytes. As an important component in our daily diet, fatty acids are mainly categorized as long-chain fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFAs), saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs), medium-/short-chain fatty acids (MCFAs/SCFAs) as well as their metabolites. Fatty acids are closely associated with bone metabolism and associated bone disorders. In this review, we summarized the important roles and potential therapeutic implications of fatty acids in multiple bone disorders, reviewed the diverse range of critical effects displayed by fatty acids on bone metabolism, and elucidated their modulatory roles and mechanisms on specific bone cell types. The evidence supporting close implications of fatty acids in bone metabolism and disorders suggests fatty acids as potential therapeutic and nutritional agents for the treatment and prevention of metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyue Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangyini Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weihan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yanzi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of Cariology and EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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8
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Wang C, Liu Y, Pan Y, Jin H. Effect of GSK-137647A, the first non-carboxylic FFA4 agonist, on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in db/db mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 72:461-469. [PMID: 31858612 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of GSK-137647A, the first non-carboxylic FFA4 agonist, on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of db/db mice. METHODS Bone mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from 8-week-old db/db mice. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to evaluate the toxicity of GSK-137647A on BMSCs, and the optimal concentration of GSK-137647A was selected to investigate the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and relevant indicators of osteoblasts and adipocytes were detected. KEY FINDINGS GSK-137647A had no significant toxicity on cell growth and proliferation. Moreover, GSK-137647A showed a significant increase in mineralization of BMSCs differentiated osteoblasts compared to the control group and elevated the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in a time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the treatment of GSK-137647A decreased the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The expression levels of ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein 4, osterix and β-catenin were significantly increased in GSK-137647A-treated group, while the gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS All of these results demonstrated that GSK-137647A suppressed the adipogenic differentiation and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which is partly attributed to the increased expression of β-catenin in wingless/integrated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Science and Education, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Harasymowicz NS, Dicks A, Wu CL, Guilak F. Physiologic and pathologic effects of dietary free fatty acids on cells of the joint. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1440:36-53. [PMID: 30648276 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are potent organic compounds that not only can be used as an energy source during nutrient deprivation but are also involved in several essential signaling cascades in cells. Therefore, a balanced intake of different dietary FAs is critical for the maintenance of cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. A diet with an imbalanced fat composition creates a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and various musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and mechanistic insights regarding the role of dietary FAs, such as saturated FAs, omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and omega-3 PUFAs on joint inflammation and OA pathogeneses. In particular, we review how different types of dietary FAs and their derivatives distinctly affect a variety of cells within the joint, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and synoviocytes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of FAs on metabolic behavior, anabolic, and catabolic processes, as well as the inflammatory response of joint cells, may help identify therapeutic targets for the prevention of metabolic joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Harasymowicz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda Dicks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Cheshmehkani A, Senatorov IS, Dhuguru J, Ghoneim O, Moniri NH. Free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) modulates ROS generation and COX-2 expression via the C-terminal β-arrestin phosphosensor in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:139-150. [PMID: 28943238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Agonism of the G protein-coupled free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) has been shown to promote numerous anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages that arise due to interaction with β-arrestin partner proteins. Humans express functionally distinct short and long FFA4 splice variants, such that FFA4-S signals through Gαq/11 and β-arrestin, while FFA4-L is intrinsically biased solely towards β-arrestin signaling. Recently, we and others have shown that phosphorylation of the FFA4 C-terminal tail is responsible for β-arrestin interactability and signaling. Given the significance of β-arrestin in the anti-inflammatory function of FFA4, the goal of this study was to examine the role of the C-terminal β-arrestin phosphosensor in FFA4 signaling induced by PMA and LPS in murine Raw 264.7 macrophages. Our data reveal for the first time that both FFA4 isoforms modulate PMA-induced ROS generation, and that abolishment of the FFA4-S, but not FFA4-L C-terminal phosphosensor, is detrimental to this effect. Furthermore, we show that while both isoforms reduce PMA-induced expression of COX-2, removal of the FFA4-S phosphosensor significantly decreases this response, suggesting that these effects of FFA4-S are β-arrestin mediated. On the contrary, FFA4-S, as well as the truncated C-terminal congener lacking the β-arrestin phosphosensor were both able to reduce LPS-induced NF-κB activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, FFA4-L and its corresponding mutant were incapable of modulating either, suggesting that these responses are mediated by G protein coupling. Taken together, our data reveal important structure-function and signaling differences between the two FFA4 isoforms, and for the first time link FFA4 to modulation of ROS in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Cheshmehkani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ilya S Senatorov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ola Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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11
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Philippe C, Wauquier F, Landrier JF, Bonnet L, Miot-Noirault E, Rochefort GY, Sadoine J, Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR, Bernalier A, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. GPR40 mediates potential positive effects of a saturated fatty acid enriched diet on bone. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27611773 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The stimulation of the free fatty acid receptor G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 40 by GW9508 prevents bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we questioned whether the stimulation of the GPR40 receptor by dietary fatty acids may lead to the same beneficial effect on bone. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated (i) the impact of a fatty acid enriched diet (high-fat diet [HFD]) on bone health in C57/BL6 female mice depending on (ii) the estrogen status (ovariectomy) and (iii) the genotype (GPR40+/+ or GPR40-/- ). Bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, weight, inflammation and bone remodeling parameters were monitored. HFD decreased BMD in HFD-SH-GPR40+/+ mice but OVX failed to further impact BMD in HFD-OVX-GPR40+/+ mice, while additional bone loss was observed in HFD-OVX-GPR40-/- animals. These data suggest that when stimulated by fatty acid enriched diets GPR40 contributes to counteract ovariectomy-induced bone alteration. The sparing effect is supported by the modulation of both the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (OPG/RANKL) ratio in blood stream and the expression level of inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Bone preservation by GPR40 stimulation is dependent on the presence of long-chain saturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION GPR40 contributes to counter ovariectomy-induced bone loss in a context of saturated fatty acid enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
| | - Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
| | - Jean-François Landrier
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 1 et 2, Marseille, France
| | - Lauriane Bonnet
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 1 et 2, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INSERM, UMR990, IMTV, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Y Rochefort
- EA 2496 Pathologie, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, UFR Odontologie, Université Paris Descartes and PIPA, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Jérémy Sadoine
- EA 2496 Pathologie, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, UFR Odontologie, Université Paris Descartes and PIPA, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Mohamed Asrih
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Métabolisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Métabolisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
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12
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Gao B, Huang Q, Jie Q, Lu WG, Wang L, Li XJ, Sun Z, Hu YQ, Chen L, Liu BH, Liu J, Yang L, Luo ZJ. GPR120: A bi-potential mediator to modulate the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMMSCs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14080. [PMID: 26365922 PMCID: PMC4568495 DOI: 10.1038/srep14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids display diverse effects as signalling molecules through GPCRs in addition to their involvement in cellular metabolism. GPR120, a G protein-coupled receptor for long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, has been reported to mediate adipogenesis in lipid metabolism. However, whether GPR120 also mediates osteogenesis and regulates BMMSCs remain unclear. In this study, we showed that GPR120 targeted the bi-potential differentiation of BMMSCs in a ligand dose-dependent manner. High concentrations of TUG-891 (a highly selective agonist of GPR120) promoted osteogenesis via the Ras-ERK1/2 cascade, while low concentrations elevated P38 and increased adipogenesis. The fine molecular regulation of GPR120 was implemented by up-regulating different integrin subunits (α1, α2 and β1; α5 and β3). The administration of high doses of TUG-891 rescued oestrogen-deficient bone loss in vivo, further supporting an essential role of GPR120 in bone metabolism. Our findings, for the first time, showed that GPR120-mediated cellular signalling determines the bi-potential differentiation of BMMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the induction of different integrin subunits was involved in the cytoplasmic regulation of a seesaw-like balance between ERK and p38 phosphorylation. These findings provide new hope for developing novel remedies to treat osteoporosis by adjusting the GPR120-mediated differentiation balance of BMMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Lanzhou Gansu, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qian Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- KMEB, Molecular Endocrinology, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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13
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Kim HJ, Yoon HJ, Kim BK, Kang WY, Seong SJ, Lim MS, Kim SY, Yoon YR. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 Signaling Negatively Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation, Survival, and Function. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:844-51. [PMID: 26280807 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the role of GPR120 in osteoclast development and found that GPR120 regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival and function. We observed that GPR120 was highly expressed in osteoclasts compared to their precursors, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Activation of GPR120 by its ligand GW9508 suppressed receptor activator of NF- κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), a key modulator of osteoclastogenesis. GPR120 activation further inhibited the RANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of IκBα and JNK. In addition to osteoclast differentiation, GPR120 activation increased the apoptosis of mature osteoclasts by inducing caspase-3 and Bim expression. Activation of GPR120 also interfered with cell spreading and actin cytoskeletal organization mediated by M-CSF but not by RANKL. Coincident with the impaired cytoskeletal organization, GPR120 activation blocked osteoclast bone resorbing activity. Furthermore, knockdown of GPR120 using small hairpin RNA abrogated all these inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Together, our findings identify GPR120 as a negative modulator of osteoclast development that may be an attractive therapeutic target for bone-destructive diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 844-851, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Woo Youl Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsan, Korea
| | - Shin-Yoon Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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14
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Charles JF, Ermann J, Aliprantis AO. The intestinal microbiome and skeletal fitness: Connecting bugs and bones. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:163-9. [PMID: 25840106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances have dramatically increased our understanding of how organ systems interact. This has been especially true for immunology and bone biology, where the term "osteoimmunology" was coined to capture this relationship. The importance of the microbiome to the immune system has also emerged as a driver of health and disease. It makes sense therefore to ask the question: how does the intestinal microbiome influence bone biology and does dysbiosis promote bone disease? Surprisingly, few studies have analyzed this connection. A broader interpretation of this question reveals many mechanisms whereby the microbiome may affect bone cells. These include effects of the microbiome on immune cells, including myeloid progenitors and Th17 cells, as well as steroid hormones, fatty acids, serotonin and vitamin D. As mechanistic interactions of the microbiome and skeletal system are revealed within and without the immune system, novel strategies to optimize skeletal fitness may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Charles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, One Jimmy Fund Way, Rm650A, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joerg Ermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, One Jimmy Fund Way, Rm650A, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonios O Aliprantis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, One Jimmy Fund Way, Rm650A, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Wauquier F, Léotoing L, Philippe C, Spilmont M, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:121-45. [PMID: 25835096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in deciphering the causes and consequences of obesity-related disorders, the mechanisms linking fat intake to bone behaviour remain unclear. Since bone fractures are widely associated with increased morbidity and mortality, most notably in elderly and obese people, bone health has become a major social and economic issue. Consistently, public health system guidelines have encouraged low-fat diets in order to reduce associated complications. However, from a bone point of view, mechanisms linking fat intake to bone alteration remain quite controversial. Thus, after more than a decade of dedicated studies, this timely review offers a comprehensive overview of the relationships between bone and fatty acids. Using clinical evidences as a starting-point to more complex molecular elucidation, this work highlights the complexity of the system and reveals that bone alteration that cannot be solved simply by taking ω-3 pills. Fatty acid effects on bone metabolism can be both direct and indirect and require integrated investigations. Furthermore, even at the level of a single cell, one fatty acid is able to trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…) which may all have a say in the final cellular metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Laurent Léotoing
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Mélanie Spilmont
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France.
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